INTERNSHIP REPORT

SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD

HASEEB

STUDENT OF: BS (ELECTRONICS)

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 1

 Introduction to PTCL Network

 SWITCHING NETWORK:
Since the invention of the telephone, circuit switching has been the dominant technology for
voice communications, and it will remain so well into the ISDN era.

 Local loop for switching network

For transmission of data beyond a local area communication is typically achieved by
transmitting data from source to destination through a network of intermediate switching nodes.
This switching networks design is sometimes used to implement LANs and MANs as well. Local
loop connects Exchange and subscriber

 Local loop types

 Copper wire loop
 Optical Fiber Access Network (OFAN)
 Wireless local loop (WLL)
 Copper wire local loop
Subscriber is connected to exchange through copper cable. Copper loop is divided into three
portions
 Primary cable
 Secondary cable
 Drop wire
 Local loop elements
 Telephone set or modem
 Drop wire
 Distribution point (DP)
 Secondary cable
 Cabinet
 Primary cable
 MDF
 OFAN
It is a mixture of copper and optical fiber cable. The primary cable and MDF is replaced by
OF cable. Access part of switch is shifted to the locality and connected to the switch vide OF
cable and it is called ONU. Different ONU’S are connected to OLT and OLT is connected to
switch. Star , ring and mesh topologies can be used for ONU network. V5.2 protocol is used
which allows different vendors to interconnect their hardware and make it operational.

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 2

Wireless local loop
There is no fixed line Subscriber is connected to the switching office through radio interface.
Different access techniques like CDMA, GSM, and Microwave can be used for WLL. No need
to burry tons of copper wire just buys a bandwidth and deploy network. Minimum fault ratio.
Mobility of subscriber can be controlled by not providing roaming facility and low radiation
power of BTS. Economical compared to fixed line loop.

 Why CDMA for WLL

More capacity for a fixed Bandwidth compared to GSM or AMPS. CDMA provides 4~6
times more capacity then GSM and 15 times more capacity to AMPS. More secure technique as
it is very difficult to intercept... Large coverage area for example to cover 1000 sq km GSM
requires 200 BTS sites whereas CDMA requires only 50 BTS sites. Less power resources
required compared to other techniques.

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 3

Average transmitted power of GSM mobile phone is 2mW with a maximum transmitted power
of 125mW BUT CDMA’s average transmitted power is 2 mW with a maximum transmitted
power of 200 Mw.
 Local Exchange
Analogue Subscribers are connected through local loop. (Commercial and ordinary)Data
lines are connected. ISDN lines (Digital subscribers and data lines)
 DSB’S
 PABX’S
 End nodes
 Functions of Local Exchange
 ACCESS
 CONCENTRATION
 BORSCHT
 DATA BASE (SCP)
 ROUTING
 SWITCHING(SSP)
 CHARGING
 SIGNALING
 Subscriber administration
 BORSCHT
 B~ Battery
 O~Over voltage protection
 R~Ringing
 S~Supervision
 C~Coding
 H~Hybrid
 T~Testing

 Access Part
Subscribers are terminated. Subscribers are provided with BORSCHT. Subscribers are
concentrated. Analogue signals are converted to digital using PCM. Digital lines are also
connected to access part.

 Data Base (SCP)

Consists routing data. Subscriber’s data authentication and facilities. Charging data. System
files (call records, exchange events and many other files data).

 Routing Administration
LE receives and evaluates digits and sends it to a particular direction. For example if someone
dials a number 03331234567. He is directed to Ufone MSC via Transit exchange. Alternate
routes are also provided in data base so that in case of failure of any route or congestion another
route is available. Every route consists of trunks and hence called Trunk Groups.

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 Switching (SSP)
The actual matrix that provides cross connections is duplicated for redundancy purpose. Time
and space switching are used in switching matrix.
Since the processing workload is distributed over several microprocessors within the EWSD
system, a common processor for Coordination tasks is extremely useful. These functions are
handled by the Coordination Processor (CP).
 The CP consists of the:
 Coordination Processor (CP)
 External Memory (EM)
 Operation and Maintenance Terminal (OMT)
 System Panel (SYP)
 Message Buffer (MB)
 Central Clock Generator (CCG)
 Load Distribution
In order to reduce the workload of the Coordination Processor (CP) and to achieve faster
processing times, some processing functions are distributed over autonomous control devices.
Since the EWSD subsystems independently execute all necessary tasks within their respective
areas, they require their own control devices,
EWSDSUBSYSTEMS

Access Switching
SDC
DLU LTG SN1 - Digital LineUnit (DLU )
DLUC GP
SN0
SDC
LTG
GP - LineTrunkGroup (LTG)

CommonChannel
Signaling
- SwitchingNetwork (SN)

SDC
CCNC
CCNP - CommonChannel
NetworkControl (CCNC )
Coordination SYP
SYPC
EM SDC
MB - CoordinationProcessor
CP MBC
OMT GC
(CP)
CCG SGC

DistributedcontrolsinanEWSDexchange
 Such as the:
 DLU
 • Digital Line Unit Controller (DLUC)
 LTG
 • Group Processors (GP)
 SN
 • Switch Group Control (SGC)
 SYP
 • System Panel Control (SYPC)
 MB
 • Message Buffer Control (MBC)
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 5
  CCNC
 • Common Channel Network Processor (CCNP)

 Digital Line Unit (DLU)

 Overview:
DLU is responsible for terminating subscriber lines and concentrating subscriber line
traffic. Function of DLU Units
Subscriber Line Module Analogue (SLMA)
Every Subscriber Line Module Analogue (SLMA) has eight Subscriber Line Circuit Analogue
(SLCA) which are controlled by a processor Subscriber Line Module Processor (SLMCP).
 The Subscriber Line Module, Analogue provides:
BORSCHT summarises the general tasks of subscriber line modules.
 Battery Supply
 Over voltage Protection
 Ringing
 Signalling
 Coding
 Hybrid 2/4-Wire
 Testing

 The Digital Interface Unit for the DLU (DIUD):

 Receives and transmits speech information from and to the SLMs and distributes this
information.
 Extracts control information for the DLUC from the PDC that links the DLU to the
LTGB.
 uses signals from the PDC for pulse synchronisation

 DLU Control (DLUC)

The DLUC controls the DLU internal sequences of operation and distributes or concentrates
control signals between subscriber line circuits and the DLUC.

 Test Unit (TU)

The Test Units test the following:
 analogue and digital subscriber lines,
 Subscriber line circuits
 Telephone Set of Analogue Subscriber.

 Emergency Service

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Even if all outgoing PDC links of a Remote DLU fails, it is still possible to establish calls
between subscribers served by the same DLU. This is called Emergency Service.
The DLU emergency operation is made possible through a combination of EMSP emergency
units and specialized software modules.

 Line/Trunk Group (LTG)

The Line/Trunk Groups (LTGs) are the interfaces between the digital Switching Network and the
network environment of the exchange, which may be analogue or digital.
For reasons of safety a LTG is always connected to both Switching Network (SN) plane. If the
link between the LTG and the Switching Network, or even one plane of the Switching Network
fails, call processing will continue without interruption.

 LTG TYPES:

 Line/Trunk Group (LTGA)

 Line/Trunk Group (LTGB)
 Line/Trunk Group (LTGC)
 Line/Trunk Group (LTGD)

 Main Functional Units of LTG:

 up to 8 line/Trunk Units (LTUs)

 signalling Unit (SU)
 Speech Multiplexer (SPMX) or Group Switch (GS)
 Link Interface Unit between LTG and Switching

 The Line/Trunk Units (LTUs) can be connected to:

 Digital Line Units (DLUs)
 Other exchanges.
 Digital Switchboards (DSBs)
An LTGB can interface 60 Digital Switchboards (DSBs) via digital access lines.
The SU is equipped with code receivers (CR) &Tone Generator (TOG) for generating audible
tones
The SPMX is used if the LTG interfaces with trunk lines. The Group Switch (GS) is used
if the LTG interfaces with subscriber lines. The GS also handles the 3 party conference calls.
SPMX/GS is also multiplexed 4x2 Mbit/sec into 8 Mbit/sec and vice versa.
The Link Interface Unit (LIU) is the interface between the LTG and the Switching
Network (SN). It:
 duplicates the channels to both SN planes
(SN0 and SN1).
The Group Processor (GP) is an independent periphery controller.

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 GP functions are:
 controlling all functional units in the LTG
 exchange data with the Coordination Processor (CP)
 And other LTGs,
 self-diagnosis and safeguarding

 Line/Trunk Group C & D

As the LTGC is used to terminate inter-office trunks while LTGD is used in International
Gateway exchange.
 Switching Network (SN)
The actual switching process that establishing a call connection between two subscribers takes
place in the hardware subsystem called switching Network (SN).
 SN Overview
For safeguarding reasons, the Switching Network (SN) is always duplicated.
The External interface of the Switching Network is the same. They are Secondary Digital
Carriers (SDCs) its data rate is 8 Mbit/s.
 Switching
SN consists of Time Stages and Space Stages.
A time stage consists of Time Stage Module (TSM) and space stage consist of Space Stage
Module (SSM).
Each stage consists of its own controller Switch Group Control (SGC)

SWITCHING NETWORK
The main components of
a SN are : T S or SSS T

Time Stages A Sub.

In time stages octets to be

switched change time slot
and highway according to
their destination

Space Stages
In space stages they change
highway without changing
time slots

Switch Group Control

(SGC)
Connection paths through
the time & space stages are B Sub.
switched by the SGC in
accordance with the
switching information from
the CP.

 Co-ordination Tasks

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In addition to the Co-ordination Processor (CP) with its External Memory (EM) and the
Operation and Maintenance Terminal (OMT), the “Co-ordination” subsystem includes the
following functional units:
 the Message Buffer (MB) with its micro processor control (MBC),
 the central Clock Generator (CCG)
 the System Panel (SYP) with its micro processor control (SYPC)

 CP MAIN FUNCTIONS:
The CP performs the following functions
 Call Processing
 Operation & Maintenance
Safeguarding
The Message Buffer (MB) serves as an interface adapter and transmission adapter for the
internal information exchange between:
• CP • SN • LTGs
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEM.

Operational Task
 Subscriber administration
 Routing administration
 Traffic administration
 Tariff and charging administration
 System administration

Maintenance
 Maintenance of subscriber lines
 Maintenance of inter-exchange trunks
 Hardware maintenance
 Software maintenance

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 9

 – :
Month Day Time External
alarms
Entry
Supervision
SwitchingNetwork
Switching Network Fire
Line/trunkGroups
Line/trunk GroupsLTG
LTG
SN
SN
Extern DC Power Power
Servic
Maintenance al supply failure
e
Alarm equipm
Alarm Aircon-
ent
ditioning
Message
Central buffer
E CP
CoordinationProcessor
Processor Units
Coordination RLCP Common
Processor Channel
Clock
Load Signaling

Trunk Trunk External

Group Group DLU HW units
alarm blocked Alarms Signaling
Administra
Line links
SystemPanel
System Panel Cat. 1 tive
Lockout blocked
Alarm
SYP
SYP Signaling Alarm
Cat. 2 Recovery indications
Lines
Call
Update Test Accept System Time suppresse
Identificati d
Operator Insecure
on

 Operator Guide Line (OGL)

Application and Organization
Communication between operating personnel and the EWSD system is made possible by the
man-machine language (MML).The MML consists of:
 The input language (commands)
 The output language (responses to inputs and alarms)
 The commands are entered in a man-machine dialog (Fig.1.1).
 There are two versions of MML:
 The basic MML (BMML.)
 The extended MML (EMML)
 Input Language
The input language describes the structure and meanings of the MML commands.
 Basic Structure of the MML Commands
A command consists of the command code and a number of command parameters (fig.1.1). The
command code indicates the action and the object on which the action is performed. The
command parameters contain the additional information required in order to execute the relevant
command.
For example: DISP SUB: LAC = 0995, DN = 77332;
DISPSUB DISPLAY subscriber data
LAC=0995 local area code 0995
DN = 77332 directory number 77332
 Explanation of the MML Syntax Command:
Each command starts with the command code. The parameters are separated from the command
code by a “ : ” (Colon) the end of the commands indicated by a “ ; ” (semicolon). A command
may contain a maximum of 256 characters (blanks are not counted as character).
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 10
 Command Code
The command code comprises the action and the object. They may be separated by a blank.
 Parameter
A parameter consists of the parameter name and its value. These two are separated by an “=
“(equal sign). Parameters are separated from each other by a “,” (comma).
 Parameter Value
The Parameter value comprises one or more parameter arguments. A number of MML
commands which differ only in the information units for a parameter argument can be combined
to form a single command in which the various arguments are linked by “&” (ampersand)
characters.
For example:
DISP SUB: DN = 77332 & 77312;
(display subscriber data for directory numbers 77332 and 77312). If a parameter argument
consists of a number, the commands for an entire range can be combined by linking the upper
and lower values in the range by “&&” (double ampersand). For example:
DISP SUB: DN = 77332&&77335; (display subscriber data for directory numbers 77332, 77333,
77334, and 77335).
For compound numerical parameter arguments, the ranges for the last information units can be
formed in the same way.
For example:
DISP LTG: LTG=0-5 && 0-7;
(Display data for the line/trunk groups with the numbers
0-5, 0-6 and 0-7
DISP LTG: LTG=0-4&0-6;
(Display data for the line/trunk groups with the numbers 0-4 and 0-6).

 Parameter Arguments
There are three types of parameter argument: simple, compound and new/old. Simple parameter
arguments comprise a single information unit, whereas compound parameter arguments consist
of two to four information unit linked by a “-” (hyphen). For example:
EQN = 1-5-3-8... (Equipment number = TSG number 1, LTG number 5, LTU number 3, channel
number 8).
New/old parameter arguments consists of two parameter arguments separated by a “/”. Atypical
use is in modifying commands to indicate which new parameter value is to replace an old value.
For example:
MOD TAR: ... RATE = F1-25000/F1-20000...., (modify tariff F1 from 20s per charge unit to
25s).
 Information Unit
Information units can be predefined character strings symbolic names, numbers or text strings.

 SUBSCRIBER ADMINISTRATION
Subscriber’s Facilities in Digital Exchanges (EWSD)
The subscriber who wants to have any of the following facilities, special push button (DTMF)
telephone set will be provided to him. These facilities are provided on demand. Amount of Rs.
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 11
25/- per month is charged for each facility and amount of Rs. 100/- per month for the package of
all facilities & Rs: 30 for CLI per month.
1. SECRET CODE DIALING (CODE BARING FACILITY)
The STD subscriber having this facility is able to allow and prevent outgoing calls from his
telephone set i.e. the STD subscriber can convert his telephone to Non-STD and vice versa.
Procedure
*33* Key Word* 01# Block STD
*33* Key Word* 02# Allow STD
*33* Key Word* 04# All Block (eg Booking, local mobile, STD etc)
(“Key Word” is the key word of four digits with any possible combination.)

MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 77332, TRARSTR = TRACLACT&TRACLMOD;

ENTRKEYWORD: LAC=0995, DN=77332, KEY =1234, SECURE=Y;
2. CODE MODIFICATION:
In addition to code baring facility the subscriber is allowed to modify his “key Word” from his
own telephone set.
Procedure:
*99* old code* New code #
3. ABBREVIATED DIALING
A subscriber can dial a code instead of dialing the complete telephone number. Maximum ten
telephone numbers can be recorded (Codes 0 to 9). Code number is a digit (0,1,2....9) For
making a call to the required telephone number. In case, a subscriber wishes to modify a code,
first he will deactivate the old code and then enter the new code.
Procedure:
Activation: *51* Code Number *B-Telephone number #
Deactivation: # 51*Code number #
To dial: ** Code number e.g. **1
MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 77332, ABB=ABBD10&ABNMOD1; (For 10 numbers)
4. DO NOT DISTURBS
An announcement will be made to all those subscribers who make calls to the subscribers having
this facility.
Procedure:
Activation: *26#
Deactivation: # 26#
MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 77332, DIV=DIVND;
5. CALL WAITING
A subscriber “A” having this facility when in conversation with another subscriber “B” is
informed of an incoming call from a third subscriber “C” by a peptone. He can then:
Refuse the call from subscriber “C” by ignoring the peptones. After one minute busy tone
will be sent to subscriber “C”.
Accept the call by pressing the cradle switch once to receive the dial tone. Then he Dials digit
“2” to be connected to subscriber “C” and hold Subscriber “B”.
Return to subscriber “B” by pressing the cradle switch one again to receive the dial tone. Then he
dials digit “2” to be connected to subscriber “B”.

Activation: *43#

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 12

 Deactivation: # 43#

MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 77332, COS=CWACT&ACTCW ;

6 CALL DIVERSION ON IMMEDIATE
A subscriber having this facility can transfer his all-incoming calls immediate to a pre-recorded
number; the number may be of another exchange also.
Procedure:
For Activation: *21* 77332#
For Deactivation: # 21#
MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 50001, DIV=DIVI & DIVI MOD;
NOTE: DIVIMOD EXTEND THE AUTHORISATION TO THE SUB.
Subscriber input,
For Activation: *21* 77332
For Deactivation #21#
7 CALL DIVERSION ON DON’T ANSWER
For Activation: *06* 77332#
For Deactivation: # 06#
MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 77332, DIV=DIVDA & DIVDA MOD;
NOTE: DIVIMOD EXTEND THE AUTHORISATION TO THE SUB
8 CALL DIVERSION ON BUSY LINE
For Activation: *09* 77332#
For Deactivation: # 09#
MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 77332, DIV=DIVBY & DIVBY MOD;
NOTE: DIVBYMOD EXTEND THE AUTHORISATION TO THE SUB

9. CONFERENCE FACILITY

This is an exchange-controlled facility. With the help of this facility a subscriber with a call in
progress may use his telephone to ring a third party to set up 3 party conference call.

Procedure:
If a subscriber “A” talking with subscriber “B” wishes to include subscriber “C” he presses the
cradle switch once to get dial tone and dials subscriber “C” number. The call is set up from
subscriber “A” to subscriber “C” and the subscriber “B” is placed on hold position.
If subscriber “A” wishes to talk with subscriber “B” again he presses the Cradle switch to get
dial tone and dials digit”2”, Call “A-B” is set up and “C” is placed on hold position. If “A”
desires again to talk with “C” he will get dial tone by pressing his cradle switch again and will
dial digit “2”. Call “A-C” is set up and “B” is placed on hold position.
To make a three party conference call. Subscriber “A” dials “B” subscriber’s number to set up a
call “A-B”. Then “A” will press his cradle switch, after getting dial tone he will dial “C”
subscriber’s number to establish a call “A-C”. After that subscriber “A” will press his cradle
switch once again to get dial tone and will dial digit “3” to establish 3 party conference call
together.
MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 77332, COS=CONF3;
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 13
10. DELAY HOT LINE

A subscriber having this facility can make a call with a pre-recorded number without dialing the
# number. When a subscriber lifts his hand set after delay of 10 seconds he is connected to a pre-
recorded number.

Procedure:
Activation: *53* B-Number #
Deactivation: # 53#
MODSUB: LAC=0995, DN = 77332, COSDAT=HOTLDEL- 77311 & DNHLMOD;

11. WAKE UP
This is an exchange-controlled facility. Subscriber having a special telephone (DTMF) set is able
to activate makes up function. Wake up time is a four-digit number i.e. 0830, 0900....2330 etc.
There are two types of wake-up facility.
Wake-up for casual time:
Procedure: Activation: *55* wake up time #
Deactivation: # 55#
Wake-up for up to 99 days.
Procedure: Activation: *56* wake up time *99#
Deactivation: # 56* wake up time #
12. CALLER LINE IDENTIFICATION: (CLI)
MODSUB: LAC=0995,DN=77332,COS=CLIP & FSK;

 Standard Command Action:

Action Meaning
Display DISP display the specified in a command for the relevant
(DISP) command object in edited form (generally table or matrix form).
If selected data are to be displayed the SEL (semi permanent data)
or SRCH (transient data) commands should be used instead of
DISP
Example: DISP SUB: DN = 12134;
Status STAT displays the operating states of the specified object in
(STAT) edited form.
Example: STAT TRUNK:TGNO=BHRP;
Create CR (opposite: CAN) creates a memory map of an object either to
(CR) unknown to the system. Additional associated data can then be
incorporated with ENTR.
Example: CR SUB:DN=77332, CAT=MS,EQN=10-0-0-0;
Modify MOD modifies the semi permanent data for an existing or creates
(MOD) a new entry for the object specified in the command.
Example: MOD CPT: CODE-089, DEST=BHRP;
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 14
Activate ACT activities an existing object or system function
(ACT) Example: ACT OUTSUP;
Configure (CONF) CONF modifies the operating state of the specified object. For
this to be done it must be possible to configure the object and the
state transition must be allowed
Example; CONF SN: SN=1, OST = MBL;
Diagnose (DIAG) DIAG is used to test the specified object for possible errors. For
this to be done the object must be MBL.
Example DIAG MB: MB=0, TA=ALL;
Deactivate (DACT) DACT deactivates object or system function previously activated.
However, it does not cancel the object.
Example DACT OUTSUP:
LOCDEV=SYSTEMDEVICE=FUOMT;
Cancel CAN cancels the existing semi permanent entry designated by the
(CAN) command object.
Example: CANSUB: DN = 1234, INCEPT = CHANGEDN;
 Introduction to Digital Switching System EWSD
(Electronic Switching System Digital)
Siemens manufactures the EWSD equipment installed in the PTCL exchanges.
This technology was introduced in Pakistan for the first time in 1989. Its maiden installation was
in Haripur Training School and then in the PTCL Complex Satellite Town Branch, Rawalpindi.
 Components of the EWSD
The primary components of the EWSD are listed as under:
1. Access Center
 DLU (Digital Line Unit)
 LTG (Line Trunk Group)
 TE (Test Equipment)
2. Switching Center
 Switching Network
3. Control Center
 CCG (Central Clock Generator)
 CP (Coordination Processor)
 SYP (System Panel)
 MB (Message Buffer)
4. Signaling
 CCNC (Common Channel Network Controller)
 CCS7
5. Power Supply
 Introduction to PTCL WLL (Wireless Local Loop):
PTCL Wireless is a WLL (Wireless Local Loop) operator operating in the major cities and
also in some remote areas of Pakistan via the CDMA Technology. The MSC (Mobile Switching
Centre) and HLR (Home Location Register) equipment is manufactured and installed by
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 15
HUAWEI, which is a Chinese company, while the BSC (Base Station Controller) and BTS (Base
Transceiver Station) equipment is manufactured and installed by ZTE.
 Components of the MSC
The MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) is composed of two major components namely
 Media Gateway (UMG8900)
 Soft Switch (CSOFTX3000)
 MEDIA GATEWAY UMG8900
The Media Gateway is further subdivided into
 Trunk Gateway
 Signalling Gateway

 Trunk Gateway:
The Trunk Gateway (TG) section provides interface to the Copper Cable in the form of E1’s,
optical fiber in the form of STM, Fast Ethernet (FE) and Gigabit Ethernet (GE). The computer
snapshot of a shelf, which provides the TG functionality, is shown below:

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 16

 All E1’s coming from any side (such as BSC or any other network) is terminated in the
Media Gateway on the ME32 card. One ME32 card provides interface for 32 E1’s. BSC and
MSC are interconnected to each other with copper cables. MS2L card provides interface to the
optical fiber cable. One MS2L card provides 2STM -1 interface. The Media Gateway IP based
data goes into the Soft Switch via the MNET Card. MG10 Card provides GIGA BIT interface.

 Signaling Gateway:
The Signaling Gateway (SG) section provides signal processing, signaling
conversion and interacts with the Soft Switch. H 248 Protocol is used between Media Gateway
and the Soft switch. The computer snapshot of a shelf, which provides the SG functionality, is
shown below: All signaling information goes into the MSPF Card. It processes the signaling and
using SIGTRAN, converts the circuit switch based signaling into IP based Signaling. One MSPF
converts 16 MTP-2 links into 4 M2UA links. Then this IP based data goes into the SOFT
SWITCH through the MNET card. MOMU card provides the operation and maintenance of the
Media Gateway. It gathers all alarms in the Media Gateway and through a LAN switch network;
these alarms are displayed on the 3 or 4 interconnected LMT’s (Local Maintenance Terminal).

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 17

 SOFT SWITCH CSOFTX3000
The Soft Switch is considered as the brain of the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). It is
purely IP based. It receives signaling data in IP form from the Media Gateway. Only the
signaling data goes into the Soft Switch. The main cards used in Soft Switch are shown below:

The IP packets from the Media Gateway first come to the WIFM card in the Soft Switch and
then go to the WBSG card. The WBSG card decides which IP Based Signaling data should go on
which card. Normally it goes into the WCCU card. WVDB is a VLR (Visitor Location Register)
based card.
All the shelves in the Soft Switch communicate with each other via the LAN switch. WCCU
is the most vital card in the Soft Switch. It is responsible for providing and maintaining the call
between different users. BAM (Back Administration Module) is also present in Soft Switch rack.
All the alarms of the Soft Switch are stored in BAM, which are then displayed on the LMT’s
connected to the BAM via a LAN switch. IGWB (Gateway Billing Server) present in the Soft
Switch rack is used for Pre-Paid and Post paid Billing.

 Coding Techniques used in CDMA

WLL uses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) as a medium of access control. The
advantage of CDMA is that all users share same bandwidth at the same time by using different
codes.
Three different types of codes are used which are listed as under:
 Long PN Codes
 Short PN Codes
 Walsh Codes

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 LONG PN CODES:
These codes are used on reverse channels from MS (Mobile Station) to BTS (Base Transceiver
Station) and distinguish each user separately.

 SHORT PN CODES:
These codes are used to determine each sector of a cell. There are two short PN sequences I
and Q and each of these is 32,768 chips long.

 WALSH CODES:
These codes are used on a forward channel from BTS (Base Transceiver Station) to MS
(Mobile Station). Total 64 different Walsh codes are present. Each code is 64 chips (bits) long
and each code is orthogonal to each other. A chip is a binary digit having a value of either a ‘1’
or a ‘0’. MS and BTS are connected via the air Interface. BTS connects to the BSC through
cooper cables or air interface. BSC connects to the MSC via copper cables. BSC racks are
interconnecting with each other through optical fiber cables. Voice and signaling data both reach
on MG but only signaling data goes into the Soft Switch Internet.
Router is a device, which decides that on which output line an incoming packet data is to be
transmitted. So the router routes the data towards packet data switch network (PDSN). Router
and PDSN are connected with each other through optical fiber cables. In BSC, Packet Data
Control Function (PCF) card is used for handling the Internet data.
 Advantages of CDMA:
There are numerous factors of using the CDMA technique some of which are listed below:
 Frequency re-use Factor
 High Privacy
 High Spectrum Capacity
 Large Coverage Area
 Soft Handoff
 Power Control
 Good Voice Quality
INTERFACES USED IN THE NETWORK:
Source/Destination Interface
MS to BTS Um Interface
BTS to BSC Abis Interface
BSC to MSC A1, A2 interface
MSC to PSTN Ai Interface
MSC to PSTN Di Interface
MSC to ISDN B Interface
MSC to VLR C Interface
MSC to HLR D Interface
HLR to VLR E Interface
MSC to EIR F interface
BSC to BSC T1 Interface
BSC to PDSN A3, A7 Interface
PDSN to AAA Server A10, A11 Interface

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 ABBREVIATIONS:
 MS  Mobile Subscriber or Mobile Station
 BTS  Base Transceiver Station
 BSC  Base Station Controller
 BSS  Base Station sub system
 MSC  Mobile Switching Center
 PDSN  Packet Data Switch Network
 HLR  Home Location Register
 VLR  Visitor Location Register
 PSTN  Public Switched Telephone Network
 ISDN  Integrated Service Digital Network
 PN  Pseudo Noise
 CDMA  Code Division Multiple Access
 TRX  Transceiver
 HPA  High Power Amplifier
 PWS  Power Subsystem
 LAN  Local Area Network
 AAA  Authorizing, Authentication, Accounting

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