Experiment 3

Manometer and Boyle’s Law

Objective:

The activity aims to discuss the concept and principle of Boyle’s Law in the determination of pressure with
the aid of the U – tube manometer.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

At the end of the activity the students shall be able to:

1. Discuss the concept of Boyles law
2. Demonstrate the use of manometer in the determination of pressure of a fluid.
3. Solve problems involving the principles of Boyle’s law.

Discussion:

A. Manometer
The term manometer is given to a wide variety of devices that measure the pressure by balancing the
pressure against to column of liquid in static equilibrium/ the most common types of manometer are:
1. Open manometer- it has an atmospheric surface in one leg and capable of measuring relative or
gage pressure.
2. Differential Manometer- it does not have any atmosphere surface and used for measuring pressure
difference.

Basically, the use of manometer in measuring pressure or difference in pressure is relatively a

good technique in as much as the instrument is simple tube bent in the form of a u and gives precise
measurement.

Boyle's Law, a principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.
According to this law, the pressure exerted by a gas held at a constant temperature varies inversely with
the volume of the gas. For example, if the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled; and if the volume is
doubled, the pressure is halved.

Boyle's Law actually applies only to an ideal, theoretical gas. When real gases are compressed at
a constant temperature, changes in the relationship between pressure and volume occur. However, the law
is accurate enough to be useful in a number of practical applications. It is used, for example, in calculating
the volume and pressure of internal-combustion engines and steam engines.

The law was first stated in 1662 by Robert Boyle. In 1676, EdmeMariotte of France independently
stated the same law, and it is sometimes calledMariotte's Law.

Stated as a formula, Boyle's Law reads:

 P1V1 = P2V2 (at constant temperature)

where V1 equals the original volume, V2 equals the new volume, P1 the original pressure, and P2 the new
pressure.

Procedures:

1. Set up a manometer with a liquid inside the tube.

2. Connect the rubber tubing at one end of the manometer while the other end at the smaller end of
the funnel.

3. Slowly immerse the glass funnel down to the water (in the container) allowing the water to enter.

4. Take note of the difference in height of the surface of the mercury in the manometer. Designate it
as h.

5. Also take note the height of water that enters into the glass funnel, designate that as h 1.,record as
well the diameter of the water surface that enters the funnel. Designate it as d.

6. Repeat set up 1 to 5 with other liquids.

7. Evaluate pressure using the formula below

p1 v 1 = p2 v 2

π 2
V = ( )(R + r + Rr)
3

p1 = 101.3 kpa

R
2
(¿¿ 2+r +rr 1)(h−h1 )
1
V2 =
π
( )¿
3

p2 = po + y h 2 o S g H g hg

Newton’s Law of approximation 3rd degree

 h=h− p(h1)/ p(h 1)

h−h 1
x= (R−r )
h

r 1 = r + x (h−h2) /h ( R−r )

x r−r
=
h−h1 h

Laboratory Report:

Group No.: 2 Section: CE41FA3

 Date Performed: 11/26/18 Date Submitted: 12/03/18
Name of Members: Bondoc, Michael
Pacia, Erica
Mendoza, Ivy Jane
Martinez, Jhiro
Panes, Vanessa
Singson ,Alnorb Japhlet

1. Data and Results:

Fluid d (cm) h (cm) h1 (cm) P2 (kPa)

Water 7.5 6.4 7.75 83.68 kPa

Soy Sauce 7.5 6.7 8.1 83.81 kPa

Oil 7.5 8.4 8.1 105.08 kPa

Vinegar 7.5 7.8 8.1 97.57 kPa

COMPUTATIONS:

Water: 101.325 [π(3.75)2 (6.4)] = P2 [π(3.75)2 (7.75)]

P 2 = 83.68 kPa
Soy Sauce: 101.325 [π(3.75)2 (6.7)] = P2 [π(3.75)2 (8.1)]
P 2 = 83.81 kPa
Oil: 101.325 [π(3.75)2 (8.4)] = P2 [π(3.75)2 (8.1)]
P 2 = 105.078 kPa
Vinegar: 101.325 [π(3.75)2 (6.4)] = P2 [π(3.75)2 (7.75)]
P 2 = 83.675 kPa

2. Observation:

The students observed that by using the 5 steps repeatedly on the fluids given on the table, the oil
has a greater pressure exert with a pressure of 105.078 kPa. The manometer helped us to determine
the pressure and height of the fluids.
 3. Source/s of error

Human error
Technical Error
Apparatuses are not used properly.
Several trials should be done in the experiment to get the accurate value.

4. Conclusion:

The students therefore conclude that the determination of pressure can be obtain by the use of
Boyle’s Law. Boyle’s Law states that when a real gases are compressed at a constant temperature,
changes in relationship between pressure and volume occur.

Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):

CRITERIA BEGINNER ACCEPTABLE PROFICIENT SCORE

1 2 3

I. Laboratory Skills
Members always
Manipulative Members do not Members occasionally
demonstrate needed
Skills demonstrate needed skills. demonstrate needed skills.
skills.
Members are able to set-up Members are able to set-
Experimental Members are unable to
the materials with up the material with
Set-up set-up the materials.
supervision. minimum supervision.
Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Process
demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted
Skills
process skills. process skills. process skills.
 Members follow safety
Safety Members do not follow Members follow safety
precautions most of the
Precautions safety precautions. precautions at all times.
time.
II. Work Habits
Time
Members finish ahead of
Management Members do not finish on Members finish on time with
time with complete data
/ Conduct of time with incomplete data. incomplete data.
and time to revise data.
Experiment
Members are on tasks
Members do not know their Members have defined
and have defined
Cooperative tasks and have no defined responsibilities most of the
responsibilities at all
and responsibilities. Group time. Group conflicts are
times. Group conflicts are
Teamwork conflicts have to be settled cooperatively managed
cooperatively managed at
by the teacher. most of the time.
all times.
Clean and orderly
Clean and orderly workplace
Neatness and Messy workplace during workplace at all times
with occasional mess during
Orderliness and after the experiment. during and after the
and after the experiment.
experiment.
Ability to do Members do not need to
Members require Members require occasional
independent be supervised by the
supervision by the teacher. supervision by the teacher.
work teacher.
Other Comments / Observations: TOTAL SCORE
TotalScore
RATING = ( 24 ) x
100%
 Experiment 4

Determination of the Density of a Fluid

Objective:

The activity aims to determine the density of a fluid.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

At the end of the activity the students shall be able to:

1. Demonstrate ability to measure, collect and record data accurately.
2. Demonstrate ability to use data in a formula to solve for density.
3. Identify the density of water and compare with common liquids.
4. Identify if there is a relationship between the volume and mass of the volume in solving for
density.

Discussion:

Density is a physical property of matter, as each element and compound has a unique density
associated with it. Density defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of
objects with a constant volume.
Density is the mass of the fluid contained in a unit volume. The specific weight and density of a
fluid both decrease with an increase in temperature, which causes the molecular activity and spacing to
likewise increase. On the other hand, with the application of additional pressure which tends to increase the
amount of molecules in the fluid, it is possible to increase the specific weight and density of the fluid.
More commonly, the specific weight of a gas is computed through the combination of the Boyle
and Charle’s Laws, which gives
Pg
γ =ρg=
RT

Where:
Y = Specific Gravity
P = Density in kg/m3
G = acceleration due to gravity in m/s 2
P = absolute pressure in Pa
R = gas constant in N-n/kg-0K
T = temperature in 0K

Resources/Instruments Required:

 Graduated Cylinder
 Hydrometer Cylinder
 Scale or Triple Beam Balance
 Liquids whose properties are to be measured
 Block of wood

Procedure:

Method 1
1. Weigh an empty graduated cylinder or beaker.
2. Weigh a known volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder or beaker.
3. Identify the density of the liquid from the difference in weight divided by the volume.

Method 2
1. Weigh a block of wood in air.
2. Weigh a block of wood in liquid
3. Identify the buoyant force acting on the object from the difference of its weight.
4. Identify the density of the liquid from the difference in volume of the liquid displaced
which is equivalent to the weight per unit volume.
Laboratory Report:

Group No.: 2 Section: CE41FA3

Date Performed: 11/26/18 Date Submitted: 12/03/18
Name of Members: Bondoc, Michael
Pacia, Erica
Mendoza, Ivy Jane
Martinez, Jhiro
Panes, Vanessa
Singson ,Alnorb Japhlet

1. Data and Results:

Method 1

Data needs to be gathered Water (g) Oil (g)

Mass of the graduated cylinder 119.414g 119.414 g

Mass of the graduated cylinder 165.51g 162.730 g

and liquid
46.096g 43.316 g
Mass of the liquid
48 mL 49 mL
Volume of liquid

Method 2
 Data needs to be gathered Water (g) Oil (g)

Mass of the graduated 198.175 g 198.175 g

cylinder

Mass of the graduated 165.61 g 162.730 g

cylinder and liquid
46.096 g 43.316 g
Mass of liquid

Data needs to be gathered Water (g) Oil (g)

27.715 g 27.715 g
Mass of the wood in air

Mass of the graduated 323.859 g 314.630 g

cylinder + liquid + wood

Mass of the wood in liquid 158.249 g 151.90 g

Volume of liquid 100 mL 100 mL

Total volume of the wood 47,232 cm3 47,232 cm3

Volume of the wood 115 mL 117 mL

submerged

Volume of the liquid 15 mL 17 mL

(displaced)

2. Observation:

The students observed that using method 1 and method 2, we will get different densities on water
and oil with the difference of number more than 28 kg/m 3. The two methods have a slight difference on
each other resulting on the given fluids. The volume of wood is greater in the oil than the water.

3. Source/s of Error/s

Human error
Technical Error
Apparatuses are not used properly.
 Several trials should be done in the experiment to get the accurate value.
4. Conclusion:

The students therefore conclude that this experiment show that the water has high density than the oil.
It also concludes that the mass of the fluid is directly proportional to density while the volume of the
fluid is inversely proportional to its density while the volume of the fluid is inversely proportional to its
density.

Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):

CRITERIA BEGINNER ACCEPTABLE PROFICIENT SCORE

1 2 3

I. Laboratory Skills
Members always
Manipulative Members do not Members occasionally
demonstrate needed
Skills demonstrate needed skills. demonstrate needed skills.
skills.
Members are able to set-up Members are able to set-
Experimental Members are unable to
the materials with up the material with
Set-up set-up the materials.
supervision. minimum supervision.
Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Process
demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted
Skills
process skills. process skills. process skills.
Members follow safety
Safety Members do not follow Members follow safety
precautions most of the
Precautions safety precautions. precautions at all times.
time.
II. Work Habits
Time
Members finish ahead of
Management Members do not finish on Members finish on time with
time with complete data
/ Conduct of time with incomplete data. incomplete data.
and time to revise data.
Experiment
Members are on tasks
Members do not know their Members have defined
and have defined
Cooperative tasks and have no defined responsibilities most of the
responsibilities at all
and responsibilities. Group time. Group conflicts are
times. Group conflicts are
Teamwork conflicts have to be settled cooperatively managed
cooperatively managed at
by the teacher. most of the time.
all times.
Clean and orderly
Clean and orderly workplace
Neatness and Messy workplace during workplace at all times
with occasional mess during
Orderliness and after the experiment. during and after the
and after the experiment.
experiment.
Ability to do Members do not need to
Members require Members require occasional
independent be supervised by the
supervision by the teacher. supervision by the teacher.
work teacher.
Other Comments / Observations: TOTAL SCORE
TotalScore
RATING = ( 24 ) x
100%
 Fluid Mechanics
CE 402-CE41FA3

2nd Semester AY 2018-2019

EXPERIMENT NO.3

SUBMITTEDY BY:
 Bondoc, Michael G.
Martinez, Jhiro
Mendoza, Ivy Jane B.
Pacia, Erica
Panes, Vanessa Miru B.
Singzon, Japhet

SUBMITTED TO:

Engr. Alpanorwen D. Aseo

December 3, 2018

Fluid Mechanics
CE 402-CE41FA3

2nd Semester AY 2018-2019

EXPERIMENT NO.4

SUBMITTEDY BY:
 Bondoc, Michael G.
Martinez, Jhiro
Mendoza, Ivy Jane B.
Pacia, Erica
Panes, Vanessa Miru B.
Singzon, Japhet

SUBMITTED TO:

Engr. Alpanorwen D. Aseo

December 3, 2018