1.

0 INTRODUCTION

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, mineral, gases, liquids and organisms that together
support life. Most soils have a dry bulk density between 1.1 and 1.6g/cm³ , while the soil
particle density is much higher, in the range of 2.6 to 2.7 g/cm³. Soil science has two basic
branches of study namely edaphology and pedology. Edapology is concerned with the
influence of soils on living things. Pedology is focused on the formation, description and
classification of soils in their natural environment. Meanwhile, in engineering terms, soil is
included in the broader concept of regolith, which also includes other loose material that lies
above the bedrock, as can be found on the moon and other celestial objects as well.

Soil temperature depends on the ratio of the energy absorbed to that lost. Soil has a
temperature range between -20 to 60℃ according to Biomes (2017). Soil temperature has
important seasonal, monthly and daily variation fluctuations in soil temperature being much
lower with increasing soil depth according to the Exeter, United Kingdom (2018). There are
various factors that affect soil temperature. Such as water content, soil color, soil cover
(shading and insulation) and also to air temperature. In terms of temperature effect on shear
strength, conflicting results could be detected from the literature review. Hong et al (2013)
argued that the effects of temperature on shear strength of clay are strongly dependent on the
volume change induced by heating. According to Hamidi et al. (2014), heating could make
the soil friction angle decrease, increase or stay unchanged. The soil behaviour is found to be
dependent on its mineralogy, the loading history and the applied experimental method.

Settlement is the natural process of soil causes due to change in moisture content. The
lack of moisture or an excess of moisture within soil can result in foundation settlement.
Mostly settlement causes due to consolidation and almost it is the same. Immediate, primary
and secondary settlement occurs due to consolidation. Meanwhile, consolidation is a process
in which reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long term static loads.
It occurs when stress applied to a soil that causes soil pack more tightly and water squeezed
out of soil.

Rate of change is the speed at which a variable changes over a specific period of time. It
is often used when speaking about momentum, and it can generally be expressed as a ratio
between a change in once variable relative to a corresponding change in another, graphically
the rate of change is represented by the slope of a line. It is also used to mathematically
describe the percentage change in value over a defined period of time, and it represents the
1
momentum of a variable. The calculation for it is simple in that it takes the current value of a
stock or index and divides it by the value from an earlier period. Normally, it is interest at
obtain the rate of change for certain physical characteristics such as volume, surface area and
so on.

In this study the effect of temperature on shear strength behavior soils and soil interface is
extended to the range of low temperatures ( 30℃, 100℃, 140℃ ) . Recall that for function of
single variable, we can find that rate of change used in this research is by the following
formula:

dy dy dx

dt dx dt
The main objective of this project is to determine on temperature, measure hotness or
coldness in expressed in terms of any of several arbitrary scales and indicating the direction in
which heat energy will flow and it impact to the settlement of soil. To conclude this project,
the problem statement of changes of temperature either effect the soil settlement or not from
our field experiment data. To help solve this problem, the application of the rate of change is
applied in which to find the rate at which some quantity is changing by relating the quantity to
other quantities whose rate of change are known.

2
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In our project, we are required to study the changes of temperature or climate change
impact on soil settlement. Soil settlement is defined as the vertical movement of the ground,
generally caused by the changes in stresses within the earth. Settlement is most likely to occur
when increased vertical stresses are applied to the ground on or above soft or loose soil strata.
Both peninsular and insular Malaysia lie in the same tropical latitudes and are affected by
similar air streams. They have high temperatures and humid, heavy rainfall, and a climatic
year patterned around the northeast and southeast monsoons. The four seasons of the climatic
year are the northeast monsoon from November or December until March, the first inter
monsoonal period March to April or May, the southwest monsoon May or June to September
or early October, and the second inter monsoonal period October to November. The onset and
retreat of the two monsoons are not sharply defined.

For our project, we required to study the change of temperature effect on the settlement
of soil. As we know, soil settlement posed a huge problems for civil engineering structure.
The main objective of our study is to determine on temperature, measure hotness or coldness
in expressed in terms of any of several arbitrary scales and indicating the direction in which
heat energy will flow and it impact to the settlement of soil. To conclude, we can said the
problem statement of changes of temperature either effect the soil settlement or not from our
field experiment data.

To help solve this problem, we applied the rate of change application in which to find the
rate at which some quantity is changing by relating the quantity to other quantities whose rate
of change are known. For our case, we want to study the rate of change of height and radius
of soil sample against the change of temperature applied to the soil.

3
3.0 METHOD

dV V dh V dr
   
dT h dT r dT

Volume of soil in cylinder, V = πr2h

Dimension of the soil in mold before put at the different temperature,

d = 9.6 cm
r = 4.8 cm
h = 10cm

Temperature Height Radius (cm) Change of height Change of radius

(℃) (cm) with temperature, with temperature,
cm/℃ cm/℃

30 10 4.8 1/3 4.8/30

100 8.5 4.5 8.5/100 4.5/100
140 7.5 4.1 7.5/140 4.1/140
Table 1.0 Result of the Experiment

During 30℃,

dV 1 4
 [ (4.82 )  ]  [2 (4.8)(10)  ]
dT 3 25

= 24.127+ 48.255

=72.382cm3/℃

4
During 100℃,

dV 8.5 4.5
 [( (4.82 )  )]  [( 2 (4.8)(10)  ]
dT 100 100

= 6.152 + 13.572

=19.724cm3/℃

During 140℃,

dV 7.5 41
 [ (4.82 )  ]  [2 (4.8)( )]
dT 140 1400

= 3.878 + 0.883

= 4.761 cm3/℃

Temperature, T (℃) Rate of change of volume, dV/dT (cm/℃)

30 72.382
100 19.724
140 4.761
Table 2 The Result of Rate of Change of Volume

5
 Rate of change of volume, dV/dT (cm/℃) vs
Temperature, T (℃) chart
80
Rate of change of volume, dV/dT (cm/℃)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Category 1
Temperature, T (℃)

30 100 140

Graph 1: Rate of change of volume, dV/dT (cm/℃) vs Temperature, T (℃) chart

6
4.0 FILA TABLE
Facts (From given trigger):
1.Rate of change is such
problems one tries to find
the rate at which some
quantity is changing by
relating the quantity to
other quantities whose
rate of change are known.
2.Rate of change =
dh dh ds
 .
dt ds dt
3.Temperature, measure
hotness or coldness in
expressed in terms of
any of several arbitrary
scales and indicating the
direction in
which heat energy will
spontaneously flow.
4. Cylinder tube fill with
soil and expose to heat to
determine the settlement
of soil before and after
heating.
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENVIRONAMNTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSIEN ONN MALAYSIA
Fila Table
Ideas Learning Issues Action
1. Information can be use 1. How to calculate the 1. Find information
to determine the settlement of soil. through research
settlement of soil by rate data scientist.
of change application.
2. To determine the
changes of temperature 2. Find information
2. Determine the affected the soil through websites.
temperature. settlement..
3. Find information
through books at
library.
4. Generate the
formula from rate of
change.
5. Exchange
information and
knowledge from
others groups.
7
5.0 CONCLUSION

In civil engineering course, we are required to define the problem with a model
mathematical equations which describing the relationships of the different aspects of the
problems, usually through Calculus. Basic things that occur all the time in Civil Engineering
fields are rate of change with respect to time, or space of such variables as heat, wave, gas,
electric current, electromagnetic fields, conductivity, vibration in solids like bridges and
building and etc. These basic problems seek to minimize or maximize a quantity of a profit, or
a surface area of some object, or the distance a projectile that can be achieved. The rate of
change may be refers on how that quantity changes over time. Rates of changes are
commonly used in physics, especially in applications of motion. Typically, the rate of change
is given as a derivative with respect to time and is equal to the slope of a function. The
𝑑𝑦
derivative, , of a function y(x) is the rate of change of that function at the point (x, y(x)).
𝑑𝑥

The rate of change at a specific point is known as the instantaneous rate of change.

As for our project, by using the calculation of rate of change, we are able to determine the
settlement of soil due to the effect of temperature changes by studying the relationship of the
rate of change of height with radius of soil samples against the change of temperature applied
to the soil. According to our finding graph as shown above (Graph 1), as the temperature
begins to increase, the height of a soil sample begins to decline as well as the radius of soil
sample. Therefore, the rate of change of volume with the respects to temperature has
decreased in volume due to the hot temperature effects.

In a nutshell, it is an importance for civil engineers to know on how to define the

mathematical equation problems which involved any situation in civil engineering fields,
especially in defining geotechnical properties of soils which influence the stability of civil
engineering structures. Besides, the rate of change can also be used in dam construction, road
and traffic designs, climate changes and etc.

8
6.0 REFERENCES

Abd Wahid Md. Raji, Phang Chang & Phang Piau. (2008). Engineering Mathematics III
(BSM 2913). Learing Module, Second Edition. Pusat Pengajian Sains University Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia.

Braja M. Das, (2010). Principles Of Geotechnical Engineering, Seventh Edition. USA.

George B. Thomas, Jr. (2008). Thomas’ Calculus Early Transcendentals, Eleventh Edition.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Hursh, Andrew; Ballantyne, Ashley; Cooper, Leila; Maneta, Marco; Kimball, John & Watts,
Jennifer (2017). "The sensitivity of soil respiration to soil temperature, moisture, and
carbon supply at the global scale" (PDF). Global Change Biology. 23 (5): 2090–103.

Hong PY, Pereira JM, Tang AM, Cui YJ. 2013. On some advanced thermo-mechanical
models for saturated clays. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods
in Geomechanics 37: 2952-2971 Crossref, Google Scholar.

Hamidi A, Tourchi S, Khazaei C. 2014. Thermomechanical constitutive model for saturated

clays based on critical state theory. International Journal of Geomechanics 15(1):
04014038 Crossref, Google Scholar

Margaret L. Lial, Raymond N. Greenwell & Nathan P. Ritchey. (2001). Calculus with
Applications. Seventh Edition. Pearson Education America River College.

Neda Yavari, Anh Minh Tang, Jean-Michel Pereira, Ghazi Hassen. Effect of temperature on
the shear strength of soils and the soil–structure interface. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, NRC Research Press, 2016, 53 (7), pp.1186-1194. <10.1139/cgj-2015-0355>.
<hal-01515798>.

"Soil temperatures". Exeter, United Kingdom: Met Office. Retrieved 3 February 2018.