Glasses

An introduction

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 Amorphous - Glass
Solid which is dimensionally stable i.e has a volume of its own

Classification of solids by atomic arrangement

ordered disordered
Atomic arrangement regular random
Order long range short range
Name crystalline amorphous

Glass- solid lacking long range order

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 Disordered solids

Inorganic compounds – silicates

Organic compounds – polymer
Elements – sulfur
Alloys – metallic glasses – 80% metal – 20% metalloids
example Fe80B20
Crystalline – quartz
Both SiO2
amorphous – glass

Glass – atomic arrangement

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Conditions promoting glass formation

- Amorphous
- crystal

- Mobility of atoms ; viscosity

- Complexity of solid crystal structure
- Rate of cooling

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Silicates - based on SiO2 – silica oxide
Si- silicon element
SiO4 -Silicate – fully oxidize

Sp3 hybridized

O O
I I
Si Si

O O O O O

Bridging
oxidation

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Energies via bond density

Crystal – ordered
- high packing
-more bond per unit volume

Binding energy – volume (measurable)

E crystal < E glass

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Vxs = V glass – V xtal measure of disorder

Transition temperature – temperature of

transformation of liquid to solid

B2O3, P2O5, GeO2, V2O5,As2O5, Sb2O5

Properties of oxide
-Chemically inert
- Electrically insulating
- Mechanically brittle
- Optically transparent

- High melting point

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Reduce processing temperature

Change in composition
- Introduce oxygen O-2 to break the chain
- Shorter change higher fluidity
- Higher fluidity lower temperature requirement
- Needs oxide ion
- CaO, Na2O, Li2O, MgO, Sc2O3, PbO,SnO

O -2

O O- O-
Bridging oxygen Terminal oxygen
Non bridging oxygen

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Intermediate – covalent oxide with different coordination
number from that of network formers

- promote thermal shock because of large

volume

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Strengthening glasses

Yield stree effective = natural yield stress + compressive

stress

1. Thermal treatment – tempering

Air Compressive stress

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2. Chemical treatment – ion exchange

SiO2 Soak in molten salt like KCl

Na2O
B2O Na+ K+
Cl-

Na+ K+ K+

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