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--------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------
The road construction works have tendency to build strong variances among the stakeholder which involved in
projects, they can turn quickly into disputes and become difficult to resolve them. All developing countries are
increasing their economic growths, Pakistan is one of them which rapidly growing its resources spending on
construction projects effectively. Road construction disputes are one the major issues which will affect the
successful completion of the projects. This research aim to analyze the causes and impacts of disputes in roads
construction projects of Pakistan construction industry. This study is undertaken to identify the causes, impacts
and remedial measures/appropriate suggestion to overcome from disputes. The construction claims are
considered as one of the most unpleasant and disruptive event of a construction project, which will effects intern
of costs overrun, time overrun and dynamic nature of projects. This study is limited to determination of causes
and Impacts of disputes as observed by Clients, contractors and consultants working in road construction projects.
Get a path way to manage disputes from informed, selection of remedial measures. The data were collected from
respondents which are concerned in road construction, after analysis of the data, concluded that incomplete
documentation, inappropriate contract system, unrealistic price of tenders, errors in design and overstated claims
are the major Causes of disputes in construction projects. Mediation and negotiation were identified the common
desired method to manage disputes.
INDEX TERMS: Causes and Impacts of disputes, Types of disputes, Roads construction projects, Avoidance
Strategies.
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Date of Submission: Date, 10 November 2018 Date of Accepted: 13 November 2018
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I. INTRODUCTION
The improvement of any country no longer simplest rely on technologies however it also rely upon the infra-
structure. Construction industries are the strength of a developing as well as for a developed country. These are
the many complex industries within the international which contain sort of issues [1]. A construction enterprise is
sub-divided into diverse sectors consisting of roads network, building sectors, infrastructure tasks and many
others. Each kind has its own complexities which includes disputes, conflicts and claims. Disputes mostly occurs
in between client, consultant and contractor due to various issues and these issues always create a cost in various
forms like, deviations in the scope of work, typical site condition and delays in work [2]. The construction industry
of Pakistan performs as key position within the financial increase of the country, the construction industry
becomes the 2nd largest industry after the agriculture which contribute in economic growth national GDP and
labor force [3]. For the developing countries the participants have different views, talents and high level of
knowledge of the construction process in the highly risky and competitive environment. Being a complex industry,
the participants face different problem during a construction project. The stakeholders like Client, Contractor and
Engineer have different perception about the construction issues. Therefore which leads to conflicts and disputes
then the disagreement about something is inevitable [4]. Dispute is well-defined as a form of conflict which
demonstrates itself in pleasing reasonable problems. It involves clash of words over problems able to choice
through negotiation, mediation and adjudication. Which means a dispute will most in reality arise best if assert is
left out with the useful resource of one participant to the agreements. In similar manner suggested that conflict
occur in which there is an unsuitability of interest. Due to the dangers and complexities which might be naturally
inherent with construction initiatives in addition to the diverging pastimes of the parties concerned, disputes may
be taken into consideration unavoidable effects of the construction processes particularly road construction
process [5].
The results show that the requirements for changes, in particular, direct changes in subtypes, indirect changes,
errors and omissions, amounted to 64% of applications filed in the surveyed construction project, and together
with deferred claims represent a total frequency of 84%. The ratio is 0.76, taking into account the requested
amount and payment [8]. Road construction projects are associated to each other in such a way that lack of
communication among participant lead them to failure. Such a failure may create disputes among the stakeholder
which are contributing in road construction projects [9]. The problems which creates disputes on road construction
project have several factors, including change in design, adverse climate condition, number of involved parties,
cost and time overrun the road construction projects are facing problems which are dividing in to six stages. These
stages are identification of disputes, notify, to examine, documentation, presentation and disputes negotiation. The
results specify that the absence of site staff awareness to proactively discover disputes, isolation or inaccessibility
of appropriate documents, and clashes which rises during owner/contractor negotiation are all serious
complications related with the procedure of disputes management [10]. In assessment to one-kind of construction
responsibilities, highway obligations are performed in a more diverse surroundings with plenty of transferring and
lots of converting conditions. This creates tendency to pain of dispute occurrences. In this variation system claims
are most effective ultimately formed into a dispute whilst party to whom it is directed rejects the claim [11].
A) Causes of disputes.
B) Impacts of disputes.
C) Appropriate avoidance from disputes.
Using sampling of questionnaire were sent clients’, contractors, and consultants. The total response was at 61.5%
which is significant. The most disputes occur to clients’ from contractor during construction phase.
Table: 3 indicate that the losses of company reputation, cost overrun and time schedule delays were found as
significant one by the respondents with the lowest co-efficient of variances 0.117.
D). Methods of Dispute Resolutions: In client’s perspective the respondents mostly favored negotiation and
mediation as an effective methods of disputes avoidance on road construction projects. The graphical
representation of these results is shown in graph # 1 below.
Litegation
Expert determination
Arbitration
Adjudication
Negotiation
Mediation
Concilliation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of respondants
Table 5 indicate that the late information putout and unwieldy and access to the RFIs the highly significant
reason of disputes with VOV worth 0.163, and least COV worth is 0.252 of the mechanical and electrical
design.
Table # 7 shows the most significant types of disputes with the respondent rates 89.60 % the highly rates and the
20.50% is the lowest rate.
D). Methods of Dispute Resolutions: In the consultant perspective the respondents mostly favored negotiation
and mediation as an effective methods of disputes avoidance on road construction projects. The graphical
representation of these results is shown in graph # 2 below.
Litegation
Expert determination
Arbitration
Adjudication
Negotiation
Mediation
Concilliation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Number of respondants
Table: 8 indicate that the late information putout and unwieldy and access to the RFIs the highly significant
reason of disputes with COV worth 0.203, and least COV worth is 0.423 of the mechanical and electrical
design.
D). Methods of Dispute Resolutions: In the contractors perspective the respondents mostly favored negotiation
and mediation as an effective methods of disputes avoidance on road construction projects. The graphical
representation of these results is shown in graph # 3 below.
Litegation
Arbitration
aviodance
Negotiation
Concilliation
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Number of respondants
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this research study a deeply review of the literature is carried out to identified the general area of causes of
disputes in road construction sector and disputes remedial measures approaches, in Pakistan construction industry.
As in the analysis of results indicated the key causes of disputes in road construction projects. Therefore these are
ranked as in the viewpoint of Clients, Contractor, and consultant, these are the most important stakeholder in any
projects which have been successfully completed. Furthermore the most significant causes of disputes and their
impact were found in road construction sector. The current practices of dispute are describe in Pakistan
construction industry, to avoid/ addressed or resolve disputes. Mediation and negotiation is measured the most
significant one which represented 85.5% and 85.32% of the respondent’s responses. In this research study the
most significant causes of disputes and their impact have been recognized after by using all parties concerned in
the road construction projects, further this study will help in identification and prevention of disputes during road
construction sectors.
IX. ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS
Authors are thankful to Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro for providing necessary
resources for carrying this research work.
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