MEC551

THERMAL ENGINEERING
1.0 Introduction

Muhammad Fairuz
B16-13C 1
 Text book

• Heat Transfer
a practical approach
• 2nd Edition in SI Units

• Yunus A. Cengel

2
 Course Outline

1) Introduction
2) Conduction
3) Convection
4) Heat Exchangers

3
 Introductory Definitions

• Heat
– Form of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a result of a
temperature difference.
• Heat Transfer
– Science that deals with the determination
of rates of energy transfer.

4
 Why Study Heat Transfer?

• Thermodynamics is concerned with the

amount of total heat transfer as a
system undergoes a process from one
equilibrium state to another.
• However, the study of thermodynamics
gives no indication of how long it takes.

5
 Why Study Heat Transfer?

• Thermodynamics
– Deals with equilibrium states and changes
from one system to another

• Heat Transfer
– Deals with systems that lack thermal
equilibrium (e.g. non-equilibrium
phenomenon).

6
 Foundational Laws

• However, the laws of thermodynamics

lay out the framework for studying heat
transfer.
• 1st Law – Energy Equation
– Rate of energy transfer into a system
equal the rate of increase of energy in the
system
• 2nd Law
– Heat is transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature. 7
Heat Transfer Direction

HOT COLD

8
Types of Heat Transfer

9
 Conduction
• Transfer of energy from the more
energetic particles of a substance
to an adjacent substance with
less energetic particles.

• Can take place in liquids, solids,

or gases.
– In a gas, conduction is due to the
collisions and diffusion of the
molecules due to their random
motion.
– In solids, it is due to the combination
of vibrations of the molecules in their
lattice and the energy transport of
free electrons.
10
 Conduction Equation
(Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction)

T Y Area (Ax)
Temperature
T1
profile
Qx
T
T2 X X
x
x1 x2
•
Q cond  k  A 
T1  T2 
x
k   Area  Temperature Difference

Thickness
11
 Conduction Equation
(Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction)

• Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction (1822) is:

•
Q x  kA
dT
~ Watts
dx
•
Q x ~ Rate of conduction in x  direction W 

dT  C 
~ Temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow  
dx m

A ~ Cross  sec tional area normal to the direction of

the heat flow m 2 
 W 
k ~ Thermal conductivity of the material   12
 m  C 
 Thermal conductivity
• The thermal conductivity (k) of a material is
defined as the rate of heat transfer through a
unit thickness of a material per unit area per
unit temperature difference.

• Symbol: k
• Units: W/(m·ºC)

• Tables in text book

13
 Conduction
(Example 1.1)

• The inside and outside of the

surface of a window glass are at  
20ºC and -5ºC respectively. If the
glass is 100 cm x 50 cm in size 20ºC -5ºC
and 1.5 cm thick, with a thermal
100 cm
conductivity of 0.78 W/(m·ºC). x
50 cm
• Determine the heat loss through
the glass over a period of 2 hours.

1.5 cm

14
 Conduction
(Example 1.1)

T1 = 20 ºC
T2 = -5 ºC  
A = (100x50)= 5,000 cm2 = 0.5 m2 20ºC -5ºC
k = 0.78 W/(m·ºC)
100 cm
dx= 0.015 m x
50 cm
• T1  T2
Q  k  A
x 1.5 cm
20 C   5 C 
 0.78 W
m C  0.5 m 
2
 650 W
0.015 m
Total Heat Loss over 2 hours :
 0.65 kW  2 hours  1.3 kW  hr 15
 Convection
• Is the mode of energy
transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas that is in
motion.
• Convection involves the
combined effects of
conduction and fluid motion.

16
 Convection Equation
(Newton’s Law of Cooling)

• Newton’s Law of Cooling (1701) is:

y u∞ T∞

x
Heated Surface

Q conv  h  A  Twall  T fluid 

•
~ Watts

17
 Convection Equation
(Newton’s Law of Cooling)

Q conv  h  A  Twall  T fluid 

•
~ Watts

•
Q conv ~ Rate of convection in y  direction W 
 W 
h ~ Convection coefficient  2 
 m  C 
A ~ Surface area m2 

Twall ~ Wall surface temperature C 

T fluid  T ~ Fluid temperature C 

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Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient

• The convection heat transfer coefficient (h) is

not a property of a fluid (unlike k). It is an
experimentally determined parameter whose
value depends on surface geometry, fluid
motion, fluid properties, and bulk fluid
velocity.

• Symbol: h
• Units: W/(m2·ºC)

19
 Convection
(Example 1.2)

• Atmospheric air at a T∞=10ºC

temperature of 10ºC flows
with a velocity 5 m/s AIR V = 5 m/s
across a tube with an h = 85 W/(m2·ºC)
outer diameter (OD) of 1
cm and a length of 5 cm.
The surface is maintained
at 110ºC.
• Determine the rate of heat 1 cm
flow from the tube surface 5m
to atmospheric air if h is
85 W/(m2·ºC).
Tw=110ºC
20
 Convection
(Example 1.2)

Surface Area: A    D  L

   0.01 m   5 m   0.157 m 2
Heat Transfer per unit area:
•
•
q   h  Tw  T 
Q
A
 85 m 2WC  110 C  10 C   8,500 mW2
Total Heat Flow:
  
• •
Q  q A  8,500 mW2  0.157 m 2  1,335 W
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 Radiation
• The energy emitted by matter in
the form of electromagnetic waves
(or photons) as a result of changes
in electronic configurations of the
atoms or molecules.
• Unlike conduction or convection,
the transfer of energy by radiation
does not require the presence of
an intervening medium. Energy
transfer by radiation is the fastest
(speed of light) and suffers no
attenuation in a vacuum.
22
 Radiation Equation
(Stefan-Boltzmann Equation)

• Stefan-Boltzmann Equation:
•
Q rad      A  T 4
~ Watts
 ~ emissivity 0    1.0
 ~ Stefan  Boltzmann cons tan t
W
  5.67 108 2 4
m K
T ~ absolute surface temperature K 

Eb    T 4 ~ Blackbody emissive power 23

 Radiation constants

• Stefan-Boltzman constant
(σ = 5.67x10-8 W/(m2·K4)
– The maximum amount of radiation that can be
emitted from a surface at absolute temperature.
• Blackbody
– Idealized surface that emits radiation at this
maximum rate (σ).
• Emissivity (0  ε  1)
– A measure of how closely the surface
approximates a blackbody.
24
 Radiation Equation
(Example 1.3)

• A horizontal pipe, with a 50

mm outside diameter, is T2=20ºC
maintained at a temperature
of 50ºC in a large room
where the air and wall
temperature are kept at
20ºC. The surface emissivity
of the steel pipe may be
50 mm
taken as 0.8.
L
• Calculate the heat loss by
radiation per unit length.
T1=50ºC
ε = 0.8 25
 Radiation Equation
(Example 1.3)

T1  50C  273  323K

T2  20C  273  293K

A    D  L    0.05 m   L  0.157  L

Heat loss by radiation per unit length:

•
Q
L
 
       D   T14  T24

  
 0.8  5.67 10 m 2 K 4  0.157 m   323 K   293 K 
8 W 4 4

 25.03 Wm 26
 Combined Example
(Example 1.4)

Air blows (at 20ºC) over carbon Energy Loss by Radiation

steel [k=43 W/(m2·ºC] hot plate (300 W)
which is 0.5 m x 0.75 m and 20
mm thick maintained at 250ºC.
The convection heat transfer Air (T∞=20ºC)
h= 25 W/(m2·ºC)
coefficient is 25 W/(m2·ºC) and
the heat loss from the plate Tw= 250ºC
surface by radiation is 300 W.
(a) Calculate the heat transfer.
k=43 W/(m2·ºC)
(b) The inside plate temperature.
Hot plate
T1
27
 Combined Example
(Example 1.4)

• Heat Transfer from Newton’s Law of Cooling:

Q  h  A  Tw  T f 
•

 
 25 m 2WC  0.50  0.75m 2  250C  20C 
 2,156.25 W
• Energy balance:
• • •
Q cond  Q conv  Q rad
T
 kA  2.156 kW  0.3 kW  2.456 kW
x 28
 Combined Example
(Example 1.4)

• Solving for the inside plate temperature:

T 
 2,456 W   x 
kA

 2,456 W   0.02 m 
 3.05C
 
43 m 2 C  0.75 m  0.5 m 
W

T1  T2  T
 250C   3.05C   253.05C
29
End of Introduction

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