Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EN 1992 : 2003
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures
1
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF EUROCODE 2
Content of EN 1992-
1992-1-1
1. General
2. Basis of design
2.1 Requirements
2.2 Principles of limit state design
2.3 Basic variables
2.4 Verification by the partial factor method
2.5 Design assisted by testing
2.6 Supplementary requirements for foundations
2.7 Requirements for fastenings
3. Materials
3.1 Concrete
3.2 Reinforcing steel
3.3 Prestressing steel
3.4 Prestressing devices
4. Durability and cover to reinforcement
4.1 General
4.2 Environmental conditions
4.3 Requirements for durability
4.4 Methods of verification
2
EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)
5. Structural analysis
5.1 General
5.2 Geometric imperfections
5.3 Idealisation of the structure
5.4 Linear elastic analysis
5.5 Linear analysis with limited redistribution
5.6 Plastic analysis
5.7 Non-
Non-linear analysis
5.8 Second order effects with axial load
5.9 Lateral instability of slender beams
5.10 Prestressed members and structures
5.11 Analysis for some particular structural members
6. Ultimate limit states (ULS)
6.1 Bending with or without axial force
6.2 Shear
6.3 Torsion
6.4 Punching
6.5 Design with strut and tie models
EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)
3
EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)
EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)
11. Lightweight aggregated concrete structures
11.1 General
11.2 Basis of design
11.3 Materials
11.4 Durability and cover to reinforcement
11.5 Structural analysis
11.6 Ultimate limit states
11.7 Serviceability limit states
11.8 Detailing of reinforcement - General
11.9 Detailing of members and particular rules
11.10 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
structures
11.12 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
12. Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
12.1 General
12.2 Basis of design
12.3 Materials
12.5 Structural analysis: ultimate Limit states
12.6 Ultimate limit states
12.7 Serviceability limit states
12.9 Detailing of members and particular rules
4
EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)
Annexes
A (Informative)
Modification of partial factors for materials
B (Informative)
Creep and shrinkage strain
C (Normative)
Reinforcement properties
D (Informative)
Detailed calculation method for prestressing steel relaxation losses
losses
E (Informative)
Indicative Strength Classes for durability
F (Informative)
Reinforcement expressions for in-in-plane stress conditions
G (Informative)
Soil structure interaction
H (Informative)
Global second order effects in structures
I (Informative)
Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls
J (Informative)
Examples of regions with discontinuity in geometry or action
5
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
• SAFETY (STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE)
• SERVICEABILITY
• DURABILITY
- Design working life
- Inspection and maintenance levels
• ECONOMY
• AESTHETICS
6
Structural Analysis
¾ Linear elastic analysis (ULS-
(ULS-SLS)
¾ Linear analysis with limited redistribution (ULS)
¾ Plastic analysis (ULS)
¾ Non-
Non-linear analysis (ULS-
(ULS-SLS)
Assumptions
¾ Plane sections remain plane
¾ Tensile strength of concrete ignored
¾ No relative slip between concrete and steel
¾ Possible strain distributions in cross-sections
7
Possible strain distributions in the
Ultimate Limit State
(1- εc2/εcu2)h
or
(1- εc3/εcu3)h B
A s2
d C
h
Δεp εp(0)
Ap A
As1
εs , εp εc
ε ud εy 0 ε c2 εcu2
(εc3 ) (εcu3 )
VRd,c
Rd,c Design shear resistance of the member without
shear reinforcement
VRd,s Design value of the shear force which can be
sustained by the yielding shear reinforcement
2) VEd ≤ VRd,s
Rd,s and VEd ≤ VRd,max
Rd,max
8
Truss Model & Notation for Shear Reinforced Members
VRd,c
Rd,c
= [(0,18/γc)k(100 ρlfck)1/3 + 0,15 σcp] bwd
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2
d effective depth of the cross-section in mm
9
Ultimate limit state – Shear (contnd)
Inf. of VRd,s
Rd,s
= (Asw/s) z fywd cotθ
and VRd,max
Rd,max
= bw z ν fcd/(cotθ + tanθ )
1,0 ≤ cotθ
cotθf ≤ 2,0
(compression flange)
flange)
1,0 ≤ cotθ
cotθf ≤ 1,25
(tension flange)
flange)
10
Ultimate limit state verifications
TORSION
A zi
A - Centre-
Centre-line
B - Outer edge of effective cross-
cross-
C
section, circumference u, B
C - Cover TEd
PUNCHING tef/2
d h
θ θ
2d
2d A
bef bef
a a
F F
Verification of ties :
D h=b z = h/2 h = H/2
B H
B – Continuity region
D
D – Discontinuity
b
F
b
F region
bef = b bef = 0,5H + 0,65a; a ≤ h
11
Examples of strut and tie models:
models:
• for half joints (§ 10 – precast concrete elements & structures)
• for a corbel (Annex J- regions with discontinuities)
discontinuities)
12
Serviceability criteria
Ed ≤ Cd
The verifications relate to:
stress limitation
limitation of crack width
limitation of deformations
limitation of vibrations
EN 1998-1 : 2004
Eurocode 8 : Design of structures
for earthquake resistance
13
Contents of EN 1998-1 : 2004
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for
earthquake resistance
FOREWORD
1 GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
1.3 ASSUMPTIONS
1.4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES
1.5 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1.6 SYMBOLS
1.7 S.I. UNITS
2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
2.1 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
2.2 COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
3 GROUND CONDITIONS AND SEISMIC ACTION
3.1 GROUND CONDITIONS
3.2 SEISMIC ACTION
4 DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
4.1 GENERAL
4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS
4.3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.4 SAFETY VERIFICATIONS
14
6 SPECIFIC RULES FOR STEEL BUILDINGS
6.1 GENERAL
6.2 MATERIALS
6.3 STRUCTURAL TYPES AND BEHAVIOUR FACTORS6.4 STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
6.5 DESIGN CRITERIA AND DETAILING RULES FOR DISSIPATIVE
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR COMMON TO ALL STRUCTURAL TYPES
6.6 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
6.7 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR FRAMES WITH CONCENTRIC
BRACINGS
6.8 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR FRAMES WITH ECCENTRIC
BRACINGS
6.9 DESIGN RULES FOR INVERTED PENDULUM STRUCTURES
6.10 DESIGN RULES FOR STEEL STRUCTURES WITH CONCRETE CORES OR
CONCRETE WALLS AND FOR MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
COMBINED WITH CONCENTRIC BRACINGS OR INFILLS
6.11 CONTROL OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
15
8 SPECIFIC RULES FOR TIMBER BUILDINGS
8.1 GENERAL
8.2 MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES OF DISSIPATIVE ZONES
8.3 DUCTILITY CLASSES AND BEHAVIOUR FACTORS
8.4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
8.5 DETAILING RULES
8.6 SAFETY VERIFICATIONS
8.7 CONTROL OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
10 BASE ISOLATION
10.1 SCOPE
10.2 DEFINITIONS
10.3 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
10.4 COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
10.5 GENERAL DESIGN PROVISIONS
10.6 SEISMIC ACTION
10.7 BEHAVIOUR FACTOR
10.8 PROPERTIES OF THE ISOLATION SYSTEM
10.9 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
10.10 SAFETY VERIFICATIONS AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) ELASTIC DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE SPECTRUM
ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) DETERMINATION OF THE TARGET
DISPLACEMENT FOR NONLINEAR STATIC (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS
ANNEX C (NORMATIVE) DESIGN OF THE SLAB OF STEEL-CONCRETE
COMPOSITE BEAMS AT BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS IN MOMENT RESISTING
FRAMES
16
EUROCODE 8 (SEISMIC DESIGN):
SPECIFIC RULES FOR CONCRETE
BUILDINGS
Ductility classes
z New ductility classes (DC)
(changes dictated by national comments supported by a
number of background studies)
– DC ‘H’ (≈old ‘Μ’, increased q, CD for VSd in beams, ...)
– DC ‘Μ’ (≈old ‘L’, increased q, CD for VSd in beams, ...)
– DC ‘L’ (EC2, no brittle steel Α, q≤1.5)
z Basic value of behaviour factor (q0)
STRUCTURAL TYPE DCH DCM
Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system 4,5αu/α1 3,0αu/α1
Wall system 4,0αu/α1 3,0
Core system 3,0 2,0
Inverted pendulum system 2,0 1,5
17
z Overstrength
– α1 : seismic action at first yield (anywhere)
– αu : seismic action at development of overall structural
instability (collapse mechanism)
→ Obtained from pushover analysis (αu/α1≤1.5), or defaults:
z Frames (or frame-equivalent dual):
αu/α1=1.3 (1.1 for one-storey, 1.2 for one-bay frames)
z Wall (or wall-equivalent dual):
− Wall systems with only two uncoupled walls per horizontal
direction: αu/α1=1.0
− Other uncoupled wall systems: αu/α1=1.1
− Wall -equivalent dual, or coupled wall systems: αu/α1=1.2
z Final behaviour factor q=qo.kw ≥ 1,5
18
Design criteria
z Local resistance condition: Ed ≤ Rd
z Capacity design rule: Ed from equilibrium conditions,
assuming plastic hinges with their possible overstrengths
formed in adjacent areas
→ to avoid brittle or undesirable failure mechanisms
z Local ductility condition: high plastic rotational capacities
in potential plastic hinge regions
– sufficient curvature ductility (post-failure 85%-moment
resistance level) in all critical regions of primary elements
μφ=2qo-1 if T1≥TC
μφ=1+2(qo-1)TC/T1 if T1<TC
(based on μφ=2μδ-1 and μδ=q if T1≥TC, μδ=1+(q-1)TC/T1 if T1<TC)
Note that q<qo for irregular structures (no reduction in μφ,req!)
19
Safety verifications
z For ULS verifications, partial safety factors for
materials γc and γs shall account for strength
degradation due to the cyclic deformations
z γc=1.5 and γs=1.15 (as in EC2) can be taken
(convenient for practice!) assuming that
– due to local ductility provisions the ratio between the
residual strength after degradation and the initial one is
roughly equal to the ratio between the γM-values for
accidental and fundamental load combinations
– if strength degradation is appropriately accounted in the
evaluation of the material properties, the γM-values
adopted for the accidental design situation may be used
20
Properties of reinforcement (EC2 – Annex C)
Note: The values for the fatigue stress range with an upper limit of β fyk and for the minimum relative rib area
for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended values are given in Table C.2N. The
value of β for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0,6.
Design for DC M:
Geometrical constraints and materials
z Material requirements
– use of concrete <C16 not allowed in primary elements
– use of concrete >C50 (HSC) for DC M is not covered
– only ribbed bars are allowed as longitudinal reinforcing
steel in critical regions of primary elements
– in primary elements, reinforcing steel of class B or C
(table C.1 EN1992-1) shall be used
– welded wire meshes of steel B or C are allowed (should
be ribbed if used as longitudinal reinforcement)
21
z Geometrical constraints
BEAMS
– eccentricity of beam axis < bc/4
– width bw ≤ min {bc + hw ; 2bc }
COLUMNS
– unless θ≤0.1, in primary columns b≥0.1lo
(lo: distance from end to point of contraflexure)
DUCTILE WALLS
– web thickness bwo ≥ max{150mm, hs/20}
(hs: clear storey height)
– additional requirements for confined boundary elements
LARGE LIGHTLY REINFORCED WALLS
– web thickness bwo ≥ max{150mm, hs/20}
Design for DC M:
Design action effects
z Moments and axial forces from analysis, except in
primary ductile walls; redistribution of M permitted
z Shear forces from capacity design
(shears Vmax,i, Vmin,i calculated for end moments Mi,d)
– Beams
M i , d = γRd M Rb, i min(1,
∑ M Rc )
(γRd=1.0) ∑ M Rb
22
– Columns
M i , d = γ Rd M Rc, i min(1,
∑ M Rb )
∑ M Rc
(γRd=1.1)
z Ductile walls:
– Redistribution between primary walls, up to 30%
– Redistribution between coupling beams, up to 20%
b a a
MEd
MEd
a = from analysis
M'Ed b = design envelope
M'Ed
al al al = tension shift
wall systems dual systems
23
– Design shear force diagram (dual systems with
slender walls):
Vwall,top>Vwall,base/2
design
envelope
c 2
h
3 w
b
a=from analysis
b=magnified a
c=design envelope
(b) 1h
3 w
Vwall,base
q +1
VEd = VEd
'
2
24
Design for DC M:
ULS verifications and detailing
z Beams
– bending and shear resistances are computed according
to EN1992-1
− part of top-
a c
2hf 2hf hf 4hf 4hf hf
reinforcement in T-
beams (& Γ-beams)
may be placed
outside the web,
b d
within effective hf
2hf 2hf
hf
<50mm
hw
lcr lcr
25
z Columns
– bending and shear resistances are computed
according to EN1992-1
– simplified biaxial bending check with 0.7MRd,uniax
– in primary columns normalised axial force νd ≤0.65
– Detailing of DCM columns for local ductility
z long. reinforcement ratio 1%≤ ρl≤4%
z at least one intermediate bar (between corner bars)
z critical (end) regions: lcr = max {hc ; lcl / 6; 450 mm}
z if lcl/hc<3 (short column), the entire height lcl=lcr
z within lcr, μφ,req (e.g. =2qo-1) is provided
z if μφ,req involves εcu≥0.0035 → confinement required!
αn =1
α s = (1 − s / 2 Do )
26
z to prevent early local buckling of longitudinal bars
– within lcr : s = min{bo/2; 175mm; 8dbL}
– distance between supported bars smax ≤ 200 mm
z Beam-column joints
– horizontal confinement reinforcement in joints of
primary beams with columns shall not be less than
that provided within lcr of columns
– if beams with bw≥bc frame into all four sides of the
joint, spacing of horizontal confinement
reinforcement in the joint may be increased to
twice that required above, but s≤150 mm
– at least one intermediate (between column corner
bars) vertical bar shall be provided at each side of a
joint of primary beams and columns
27
z Ductile walls
– bending and shear resistances computed according to
EN1992-1
– in primary walls, normalised axial force νd ≤ 0.4
– vertical web reinforcement shall be included in
calculation of flexural resistance of wall sections
– flexural resistance of composite sections (L, T, U, I or
similar) based on effective flange width, min of:
z actual flange width
z ½ distance to adjacent web of the wall
z 25% of total height of wall above the level considered
⎧2 ⋅ l w
⎪
hcr = max [l w, H w / 6] but hcr ≤ ⎨⎧hs for n ≤ 6 storeys
⎪⎨ 2 ⋅ h for n ≥ 7 storeys
⎩⎩ s
28
z confinement of boundary elements should extend
– vertically: over hcr
– horizontally: over lc (assuming εcu2=0.0035)
not good
practice
29
z Large lightly reinforced walls
– bending resistances computed according to EN1992-1
– when VEd≤VRd,c=[CRd,ck(100ρl fck)1/3 + 0.15σcp]bwd
ρw,min in the web is not required
– sliding shear check is done according to EN1992-1, but
anchorage length of clamping bars increased by 50%
– hoop and cross-tie vertical spacing ≤min{100mm, 8dbL)
– vertical bars engaged by hoop or cross-tie with d≥6mm,
within boundary elements with lc ≥min{bw 3bwσcm/fcd},
(σcm: mean value of concrete stress in compression zone)
– horiz. + vert. ties according to EN1992-1 provided
z along all intersections of walls
z around openings in the wall
z at all floor levels
Design for DC H
z generally similar to DCM, but more stringent detailing
z more detailed verification of beam-column joints
z if VEd > VE m ax = (2 + ζ ) ⋅ f ctd ⋅ bw ⋅ d , cross-inclined
reinforcement required to resist shear in beams
z explicit calculation of joint resistance
2
ν ⎛ V jhd ⎞
V jhd ≤ ηf cd 1 − d b j hc ⎜ ⎟
Ash ⋅ f ywd ⎜ b j ⋅ h jc ⎟
η ≥
⎝ ⎠
− f ctd
b j ⋅ h jw f ctd + ν d f cd
⎧⎪1,3 ⋅ ΣAsj ⋅ f cd ⋅ f yd
Vdd = min ⎨
[( )
⎧μ f ⋅ ΣAsj ⋅ f yd + N Sd ⋅ ξ + M Ed / z
V fd = min ⎨
]
⎪⎩0,25 ⋅ f yd ⋅ ΣAsj ⎩0,5ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ ξ ⋅ l w ⋅ bwo
30
Provisions for anchorages and splices
– hoops should be closed stirrups with 135° hooks and
10dbw long extensions
z Anchorage of reinforcement
Columns
– anchorage length lbd of column bars in critical regions
based on As,req/As,prov = 1
– first 5dbL of column bar within a joint not included in lbd
– if NEd is tensile in a column, lbd increased by 50%
Beams
– the part of beam bars bent in joints for anchorage should
be placed inside the corresponding column hoops
d bL 7,5 ⋅ f ctm
z exterior beam-column joints ≤ ⋅ (1 + 0,8 ⋅ ν d )
hc γ Rd ⋅ f yd
DC H DC M
kD 1 2/3
γRd 1.2 1.0
31
hc
Additional measures for
anchorage in exterior lb > 5dbL for DCH
beam-
beam-column joints
a) exterior stubs
hc
c) transverse bars
inside the bend dbw>0.6dbl
> 10 dbl
hoops around
column bars
dbl
z Splicing of reinforcement
– lap-splicing by welding not allowed within the lcr
– splicing by mechanical couplers allowed in columns
and walls, if covered by appropriate (cyclic) testing
– spacing of transverse reinforcement in the lap zone:
s = min{b/4; 100mm}
– required area of transverse reinforcement Ast within the
lap zone (
Ast = s (d bl / 50 ) f yl, d /f ywd )
area of one leg of transverse reinforcement
32
Design and detailing of secondary
seismic elements
z designed/detailed to maintain bearing capacity, when
subjected to max deformations under seismic actions
z does not apply to non-seismic members (e.g. slab ribs)
z max deformations calculated from analysis, in which the
contribution of secondary elements to lateral stiffness is
neglected and primary elements are modelled with their
cracked flexural and shear stiffness
z verification: Md≤MRd and Vd≤VRd where Md, Vd
calculated from above max deformations and cracked
flexural and shear stiffness of secondary elements
33
Seismic performance of multistorey R/C
buildings designed to the prEN-1998-1:
34
Behaviour factors q
¾ q=1.5, for DC “L”
¾ q= kw·qo, for DC “M” and “H”
- frame system / DC “M”: q=3.90
- dual system / DC “M”: q=3.6
- frame system / DC “H”: q=5.85
- dual system / DC “H”: q=5.40
3Φ18
2Φ14
4Φ14 Φ8/210
Φ6/165
Φ6/115 εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα
4ου ορόφου
2Φ14
4Φ20 2Φ18
2Φ14 2Φ16 2Φ16 2Φ14 4Φ20
2Φ18
εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα 1Φ16
Φ6/210
5ου - 6ου ορόφου Φ8/180
Φ6/195
4Φ20
3Φ14 4Φ20
2Φ14
Φ8/215
35
detailing of frame system / DC “M”
εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
1ου - 2ου ορόφου 1ου - 2ου ορόφου
εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα
3Φ16 2Φ163Φ14 1ου - 2ου ορόφου 1ου - 2ου ορόφου
4Φ18
1Φ16 2Φ18
εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα
3ου - 4ου ορόφου 3ου - 4ου ορόφου 3ου - 4ου ορόφου 3ου - 4ου ορόφου
3Φ16 2Φ16 2Φ14
4Φ18
1Φ16 2Φ18
2Φ18
4Φ18 1Φ16
Φ6/110 Φ6/110
Φ6/100
Φ6/120
2Φ14 3Φ14
2Φ20
1Φ18 3Φ14
Φ6/110
Φ6/110 Φ6/110 Φ6/140
2Φ14 3Φ14
2Φ20
4Φ20 1Φ18
Φ6/70 Φ6/80 Φ8/100 Φ8/90
Φ6/80 Φ6/80
Εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα Εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα
3ου - 4ου ορόφου 3ου - 4ου ορόφου
4Φ18
2Φ18 1Φ16
2Φ14 2Φ14
2Φ18
4Φ18 1Φ16
Φ8/90
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη Φ8/105
5ου-6ου ορόφου δοκού 5ου-6ου ορόφου
4Φ12 6Φ12
36
detailing of dual system / DC “L”
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού υποστύλωμα
Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου - 2ου ορόφου
3Φ12
2Φ16 2Φ14 5Φ16
3Φ14
3Φ12
Φ6/180 Φ6/160
Φ8/140
2Φ10 2Φ10
υποστύλωμα
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
3ου - 4ου ορόφου
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου 2Φ14 2Φ12
4Φ16 5Φ16 2Φ14
4Φ14
Φ6/175
2Φ12
Φ6/145
Φ8/140
3Φ16 4Φ16
υποστύλωμα
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
5ου - 6ου ορόφου
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου 4Φ14
4Φ16 4Φ16 1Φ14
4Φ14
4Φ14
Φ6/175 Φ6/150
Φ8/165
2Φ16 2Φ14
3Φ16
4Φ8/m²
Φ12/170 Φ8/190
4Φ8/m²
Φ10/300 Φ8/210
4Φ8/m²
Φ10/300 Φ8/240
Φ10/300 Φ8/300
Φ ²
τοίχωμα 5ου - 6ου ορόφου
7Φ18 Φ8/190 Φ8/400
Φ10/300 Φ8/400 Φ ²
Φ8/210 Φ8/400
4Φ14
Τοίχωμα 3ου ορόφου
Φ ²
Φ8/245 Φ8/400
4Φ14
Τοίχωμα 4ου ορόφου
Φ ²
Φ8/305 Φ8/400
4Φ14
Τοίχωμα 5ου - 6ου ορόφου
Φ ²
Φ8/400 Φ8/400
4Φ14
37
detailing of dual system / DC “Μ”
Εξωτερική στήρίξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου
2Φ18
Φ6/95
Φ6/110 1Φ16
Φ6/110
2Φ14
3Φ14
2Φ18
Φ6/95 Φ6/110 1Φ16
Φ6/125
2Φ14 3Φ14
Φ ²
Φ ²
Φ ²
Φ ²
Φ ²
38
detailing of dual system / DC “Η”
εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού
υποστύλωμα
2Φ14 2Φ12 πόδας ισογείου
1Φ16 2Φ18
Φ6/70
2Φ18
1Φ16
Φ8/80 τοίχωμα 1ου ορόφου
2Φ14
Φ 4Φ8/m²
εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
1ου - 2ου ορόφου 12Φ14 Φ8/200 Φ8/130
υποστύλωμα
2Φ14 3Φ12
κεφαλή ισογείου τοίχωμα 2ου ορόφου
4Φ8/m²
1Φ16 2Φ18
Φ 8Φ14 Φ8/200 Φ8/145
Φ6/70 2Φ18
1Φ16
τοίχωμα 3ου - 4ου ορόφου
3Φ12 Φ8/90
4Φ8/m²
Quantities of materials
concrete volume
Όγκος σκυροδέματος inν συστημάτω
πλαισιακώ frameν concrete volume in dual
Όγκος σκυροδέματος διπλώ ν συστημάτω ν
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0 0
DC "L" DC "M" DC "H" DC "L" DC "M" DC "H"
40
60 52,559
29,809
50 28,127
30 25,39
37,24
40 35,013
30 20
20
10
10
0 0
DC "L" DC "M" DC "H" DC "L" DC "M" DC "H"
39
Design of 10-storey buildings for DC “H”
FR (T=0.96s) FW (T=0.64s)
q=5.85 q=5.40
PGA=0.25g, C20/25 concrete, S400 steel
27.18
75 30 25.21
54.49 53.47
60 47.66 25 19.24
20
45
15
30
10
15 5
0 0
newDC H old DC M old DC H new DC H old DC M old DCH
40
75 75 65.16 64.42
58.74 59.48 60.7 55.73
60 60
45 45
30 30
15 15
0 0
newDC H old DC M old DC H newDC H old DC M old DC H
27.35
50 40.8 28
37.07
40 32.48 25.06
26
30 23.25
24
20
10 22
0 20
newDC H old DC M old DC H newDC H old DC M old DC H
41
Seismic performance assessment
Modelling: Standard point hinge (DRAIN-2D/2000)
Takeda model for members with N≅const.
Bilinear with My-N interaction if N=n(t)
Failure criteria
Local (member failure)
(i) Rotational capacity check: θp = kV (φu - φy) (kμ lpo)
(ii) Shear force exceeding the corresponding capacity of the member
at the maximum ductility level
Global (storey failure): Dual criterion based on
(i) limiting interstorey drift of 2% and
(ii) simultaneous development of a sidesway collapse
mechanism
Input motions: 6 records from Greece (from 3 earthquakes)
→ scaled to modified spectrum intensity (SIm)
42
Required and available plastic rotations in the exterior
columns of FR for the most critical motion
θp,req (A=0,25g) θp, av (A= 0,25g)
θp,req (new DC H) θp,av (new DC H)
θp,req (A=0,50g) θp, av (A= 0,50g)
θp,req (old DC M) θp,av (old DC M)
10
θp,req (old DC H) θp,av (old DC H)
9
10
8 9
7 8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3 3
2 2
1
1
0
0
0. 00 0.02 0.04 0. 06 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
performance of the new DC H frame comparison with the ‘old’ EC8 (A=0.25g)
43
Required and available shear capacities (in kN) in the
columns of FR for the most critical motion
Vmax (A =0.25g) VR (A=0.25g) Vmax (new DC H) VR (new DC H)
V max (old DC M) VR (old DC M)
Vmax (A =0.50g) VR (A=0.50g)
Vmax (old DC H) V R (old DC H)
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 60 0 80 0 100 0
performance of the new DC H frame comparison with the old EC8 (A=0.25g)
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
performance of the new DC H frame comparison with the old EC8 (A=0.25g)
44
Percentage of the dissipated energy in the
structural members of the frame structure
A=0.25g A=0.50g
100 80.75
80 64.63
60
40 23.22
12.15 14.61
20 4.64
0
ext. columns int. columns beams
M ea n ( A = 0 . 2 5 g ) n ew D C H
M ax imu m (A = 0 . 2 5g ) o ld D C M
M ea n ( A = 0 . 5 0 g ) o ld D C H
M ax imu m (A = 0 . 5 0g ) 10
9
10
8
9
7
8
6
7
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2
1
1
0 0
0 .0 0.2 0.4 0.6
0 .0 0.2 0 .4 0.6 0.8
Δ x / h (% )
Δ x / h (% )
45
Required and available plastic rotations in the vertical
elements of FW for the most critical motion (A=0.25g)
θp,req (new DC H) θp,av (new DC H)
θp,req (new DC H) θp,av (new DC H)
θp,req (old DC M) θp,av (old DC M) θp,req (old DC M) θp,av (old DC M)
θp,req (old DC H) θp,av (old DC H) θp,req (old DC H) θp,av (old DC H)
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.04 0. 06 0.08
wall columns
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0. 04 0.05 0. 06 0.000 0.005 0.010 0. 015 0. 020 0.025
46
Required and available shear capacities (in kN) in the
structural elements of FW for the most critical motion
(A=0.25g)
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 200 40 0 600 800 0 100 200 300 400 500
A=0.25g A=0.50g
100
75.31
80 65.64
60
27.48
40
22.16
20 6.88
2.53
0
columns wall beams
47
CONCLUSIONS
z Design of R/C buildings for new DC H
(prEN1998-1) appears generally adequate since:
– seismic performance of both the frame and dual
systems subjected to design earthquake was
satisfactory with regard to all critical response
parameters, i.e.
z deflections and drifts
z rotational ductility demands
z shear capacity
– the buildings behaved satisfactorily even for twice
the design earthquake (related to collapse
prevention requirement)
– largest amount of input seismic energy dissipated in the
beams even for the ‘collapse prevention earthquake’
CONCLUSIONS (contnd.)
z Seismic performance: prEN version satisfactory,
generally similar to that of ENV designs, without
being over-conservative mainly with regard to
the design of the vertical elements for the high
ductility (DC H) class.
z Economy: designing to the new EC8 for DC’H’
appears to be more cost-effective than to previous
versions, since
– volume of concrete was (slightly) lower
– quantity of reinforcement (longitudinal, as well as
transverse) were lower than in the ENV design;
– main reason: combination of higher q-factor with less
stringent detailing requirements in the new DC H.
48