Pediatric

Cardiology

Muarif

Copy: https://emedicine.medscape.com/pediatrics_cardiac
Contents
CARDIOLOGY
 Acquired Mitral Stenosis
 Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery
 Aortopulmonary Septal Defect
 Atrioventricular Node Reentry Supraventricular Tachycardia
 Bicuspid Aortic Valve
 Coarctation of the Aorta
 Commotio Cordis
 Congenital Mitral Stenosis
 Coronary Artery Anomalies
 Coronary Artery Fistula
 Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defects
 Double Aortic Arch
 Double Orifice Mitral Valve
 Double Outlet Right Ventricle With Normally Related Great Arteries
 Double Outlet Right Ventricle With Transposition
 Double-Chambered Right Ventricle
 Endocardial Fibroelastosis
 Heterotaxy Syndrome and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
 High Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension
 Infundibular Pulmonary Stenosis
 Interrupted Aortic Arch
 Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia
 Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect
 Myocardial Infarction in Childhood
 Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defects
 Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defects
 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
 Pediatric Aortic Valve Insufficiency
 Pediatric Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia
 Pediatric Atrial Flutter
 Pediatric Atrial Septal Defects
 Pediatric Bacterial Endocarditis
 Pediatric Cardiac Tumors
 Pediatric Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects
 Pediatric Congenital Atrioventricular Block
 Pediatric Congestive Heart Failure
 Pediatric Cor Triatriatum
 Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy
 Pediatric Ebstein Anomaly
 Pediatric Fungal Endocarditis
 Pediatric Holt-Oram Syndrome
 Pediatric Hypertension
 Pediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
 Pediatric Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
 Pediatric Idiopathic Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
 Pediatric Infective Pericarditis
 Pediatric Left Bundle Branch Block
 Pediatric Lipid Disorders in Clinical Practice
 Pediatric Long QT Syndrome
 Pediatric Malignant Pericardial Effusion
 Pediatric Mitral Valve Insufficiency
 Pediatric Mitral Valve Prolapse
 Pediatric Nonviral Myocarditis
 Pediatric Partial and Intermediate Atrioventricular Septal Defects
 Pediatric Patent Foramen Ovale Atrial Septal Defects
 Pediatric Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
 Pediatric Rheumatic Heart Disease
 Pediatric Right Bundle Branch Block
 Pediatric Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block
 Pediatric Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm
 Pediatric Subvalvar Aortic Stenosis
 Pediatric Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
 Pediatric Third-Degree Acquired Atrioventricular Block
 Pediatric Tricuspid Atresia
 Pediatric Unbalanced Atrioventricular Septal Defects
 Pediatric Valvar Aortic Stenosis
 Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation
 Pediatric Ventricular Tachycardia
 Pediatric Viral Myocarditis
 Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect
 Persistent Newborn Pulmonary Hypertension
 Postpericardiotomy Syndrome
 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistulae
 Pulmonary Artery Sling
 Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum
 Right Aortic Arch in Vascular Ring Defects
 Single Ventricle
 Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defects
 Supracristal Ventricular Septal Defect
 Supravalvular Ring Mitral Stenosis
 Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve
 Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Atresia
 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
 Transposition of the Great Arteries
 Truncus Arteriosus
 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis
 Velocardiofacial Syndrome
 Ventricular Inversion
 Ventricular Septal Defects
 Williams Syndrome

CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY
 Aortopulmonary Window Surgery
 Atrioventricular Septal Defect Surgery
 Chest Wall Deformities
 Circulatory Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Hypothermia
 Congenital Lung Malformations
 Cor Triatriatum Surgery in the Pediatric Patient
 Double Outlet Right Ventricle Surgery
 Ebstein Malformation Surgery
 Heart Anatomy
 Neurologic/Myocardial Protection During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
 Pediatric Surgery for Unroofed Coronary Sinus
 Pediatric Thoracic Trauma
 Pulmonary Artery Banding
 Pulmonary Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect
 Surgical Approach to Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery
 Surgical Approach to Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch
 Surgical Approach to Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
 Surgical Approach to Partial and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
 Surgical Treatment of Infections of the Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum
 Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
 Systemic to Pulmonary Artery Shunting for Palliation
 Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Stenosis
 The Fontan Procedure for Pediatric Tricuspid Atresia
 The Ross Procedure for Treatment of Pediatric Aortic Valve Disease
 Vascular Ring and Sling Surgery
 Ventricular Septal Defect Surgery in the Pediatric Patient

CRITICAL CARE
 Dehydration
 Intraosseous Cannulation
 Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis
 Pediatric Head Trauma
 Pediatric Hepatorenal Syndrome
 Pediatric Hyperkalemia
 Pediatric Hypernatremia
 Pediatric Hypokalemia
 Pediatric Hyponatremia
 Pediatric Metabolic Acidosis
 Pediatric Metabolic Alkalosis
 Pediatric Respiratory Acidosis
 Pediatric Respiratory Alkalosis
 Pediatric Respiratory Failure
 Pediatric Status Epilepticus
 Pulmonary Infarction
 Shock in Pediatrics
 Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
 Treatment of Sepsis and Septic Shock in Children

NEONATOLOGY
 Anemia of Prematurity
 Apnea of Prematurity
 Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus
 Birth Trauma
 Bowel Obstruction in the Newborn
 Breast Milk Jaundice
 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
 Chorioamnionitis
 Congenital Pneumonia
 Counseling the Breastfeeding Mother
 Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care
 Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant
 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Nutrition Management of the Newborn
 Follow-up of the NICU Patient
 Fungal Infections in Preterm Infants
 Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
 Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
 Human Milk and Lactation
 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
 Infant of Diabetic Mother
 Kernicterus
 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
 Multiple Births
 Necrotizing Enterocolitis
 Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
 Neonatal Hypertension
 Neonatal Jaundice
 Neonatal Sepsis
 Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal Period
 Omphalitis
 Pediatric Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
 Pediatric Hydrops Fetalis
 Pediatric Omphalocele and Gastroschisis
 Pediatric Periventricular Leukomalacia
 Perinatal Drug Abuse and Neonatal Drug Withdrawal
 Perioperative Pain Management in Newborns
 Periventricular Hemorrhage-Intraventricular Hemorrhage
 Polycythemia of the Newborn
 Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios
 Prematurity
 Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
 Respiratory Distress Syndrome
 Retinopathy of Prematurity
 Shock and Hypotension in the Newborn
 Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
 Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn

TOXICOLOGY
 Ackee Fruit Toxicity
 Amatoxin Toxicity
 Castor Bean and Jequirity Bean Poisoning
 Cough, Cold, and Allergy Preparation Toxicity
 Histamine Toxicity from Fish
 Hydrocarbons Toxicity
 LSD Toxicity
 Oral Hypoglycemic Agent Toxicity
 PCP Toxicity
 Pediatric Carbamazepine Toxicity
 Pediatric Carbon Monoxide Toxicity
 Pediatric Ethanol Toxicity
 Pediatric Iron Toxicity
 Pediatric Lead Toxicity
 Pediatric Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Toxicity
 Pediatric Organophosphates Toxicity
 Pediatric Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Toxicity
 Pediatric Single-Dose Fatal Ingestions
 Pediatric Theophylline Toxicity
 Plant Poisoning, Caladium, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron
 Salicylate Toxicity
 Seafood Toxicity
 Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity in Pediatrics
 Acquired Mitral Stenosis

synonymous with rheumatic heart disease

rheumatic fever occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection (only 2-3%
of patients with untreated group A streptococcal pharyngitis develop this complication)
Rare causes of acquired MS include carcinoid causes, systemic lupus
erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and some mucopolysaccharidoses.
Process  a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue

Progressive disease
Rheumatic heart disease primarily affects the mitral valve; mitral regurgitation (MR), or
mitral valve regurgitation  hemodynamic consequence.
Lesions of the mitral valve begin as deposits of fibrin and RBCs that form small
verrucae along the borders of the mitral valve leaflets.
When the inflammation subsides, the verrucae are replaced by fibrous tissue.
Over at least several years, the individual may then develop fibrosis of the mitral ring;
contracture of the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles; and
commisural adhesions that result in valve stenosis.

Pathophysiology