Singly Reinforced Beam Design Procedure

Singly Reinforced Beam:

Singly Reinforced Beam Design

When the area of steel is provided in tension zone only i.e the reinforcement is given only in
tension zone, it will be known as singly reinforced beam.

In singly reinforced beam, the reinforcement carries the ultimate bending moment and tension
due to bending of the beam. On the other hand, the concrete carries the compression of that
beam.

The actual NA of singly reinforced beam is calculated by the below given formula.

Generally, these types of beams are balanced, under reinforced or over reinforced type.

In practical work, there is no such way to use reinforcement only in tension area, because we
have to bind the stirrups. So, in the compression zone, always two rebars are used to bind the
stirrups where, the rebars just withstand those stirrups.

Singly Reinforced Beam Design Procedure:

1. Determine the value of N by the following formula:
[Where N = Critical N.A Constant.]

2. Find the value of J.

Where J = Lever arm constant

3. Determine the moment of resistance coefficient

4. Select appropriate breadth (b) and equate the bending moment and moment of resistance with
the effective depth of the section.

5. Calculate the value of At

Where At = Area of tensile steel.

t = Allowable tensile stress in steel.

Design Of RCC Columns
Design Of Columns:

The safe axial load carrying capacity of different types of columns can be determined as follows:

1. Short Column Having Lateral Ties Or Binders:

Where σcc = Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression.

Ac = (A-Asc) Net cross-sectional area of concrete excluding any finishing material and
reinforcing steel.

σsc = Permissible compressive stress for column bars.

Asc = Cross-sectional area of longitudinal steel.

P = Safe load carrying capacity of the column.

2. Short Column With Helical Reinforcement:

These columns are reinforced with closely and uniformly spaced spiral reinforcement in addition
to longitudinal steel. These columns are also known as circular columns and are generally
spirally reinforced. Sometimes, individual loops may be used instead of spirals. Columns having
helical reinforcement shall have minimum 6 longitudinal bars.
For columns with helical reinforcement, the permissible load satisfying the requirements shall be
adopted as 1.05 times the permissible load of a similar member of lateral ties.

Note: the ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not be less
than

Where Ag = Gross area of the section.

Ac = Area of the core of the helically reinforced column which is measured to the outside
diameter of the helix.

fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete.

fy = Characteristic strength of the helical reinforcement but not more than 415 N/mm2

Pitch Of Helical Reinforcement:

Helical reinforcement should be in the regular form having the turns of the helix evenly spaced
and the ends should be anchored accurately by giving one and half extra turns of the spiral bar.

The pitch of the helical turns shall not be greater than 75 mm, nor more than 1/6th of the core
diameter of the core diameter of the column. nor less than 25 mm, nor less than three times the
diameter of the steel bar forming the helix.

Diameter Of The Helical Reinforcement:

The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall be not less than 1/4th the diameter of the largest
longitudinal bars and in no case less than 5 mm.

3. Long Columns:

When the ratio of the effective length and the least lateral dimension of a column exceeds 12, the
column will be considered as long column. In the design of such columns considering the factor
of buckling, lower value of working stresses in steel and concrete is adopted, by multiplying the
general working stresses by the reduction coefficient Cr.

So for long column,

Safe stress in concrete = Cr × Corresponding safe stress for short column and
Safe stress in steel = Cr × Corresponding safe stress for short column.

The reduction coefficient can be obtained by the following formula

For more exact calculation

Where Cr = Reduction coefficient.

lef = Effective length of the column.

b Least lateral dimension.

rmin = Least radius of gyration.

Permissible Stresses In RCC Columns:

1. Permissible stresses in concrete (IS: 456-1978) :

M15 – 4 N/mm2

M20 – 5 N/mm2

M25 – 6 N/mm2

2. Permissible Stresses In Steel:

For column bars compression

σsc = 130 N/mm2

For helical reinforcement

σsh = 100 N/mm2.

How To Calculate Height Of A

Building/Tower

How To Calculate Height Of A Building:

Sometimes we may need to find out the height of a building before or after construction. There
are several methods for calculating the height of a building. In this article, I will use
trigonometry method for calculating the height of the building. This is the simplest method. You
can use this method to find out the height of any objects such as tower, water tank, tree,
lighthouse etc,

Required Data:

Distance and angle (as shown in fig).

Given:

Angle = θ = 30º

Distance = d = 3000 feet.

Procedure:

We know,

Tangent = The ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side.

Which means tanθ = Opposite side/Adjacent side

here θ = 30º

So tan30º = Opposite side/Adjacent side = x/d = x/3000

x = tan30º x 3000 = 0.577 x 3000 = 1732 feet.

∴ The height of the building is 1732 feet.

Bar Bending Schedule Of Lintel Beam:
In this article, I will discuss how to prepare BBS of RCC Lintel Beam.

1. Calculate Total Length Of Main Bars:

Length of 1 bar = Length of lintel – clear cover for both sides

= 2500 – 2 x 25 [Clear cover for both sides]

=2450 mm

= 2.4 m.

Length of 4 bars = 2.4 x 4 = 9.6 m

2. Calculate Weight Of Steel For Main Bars:

Weight of steel for 12 mm bar = D²L/162 = 12² x 9.6/162 = 8.53 kg.

3. Calculate No Of Stirrups:

No of stirrups = (Total length of lintel/c/c distance between strriups) + 1

= (2500/150) + 1 = 18

4. Calculate Total Length Of Stirrups:

Inner depth distance = 150 -25 -25 -8 =84 mm

Width distance = 150 – 25 – 25 -8 = 84 mm.

Cutting length of stirrups =(2x Inner deoth diatance) +(2xWidth depth) + Hooks Length – Bend

Hooks length = 10d

Bend = 2d

We have 2 hooks and 5 bend

So,

Cutting length of stirrups = (2×84) + (2 x84) +2x10x8 -5x2x8 = 418 mm = 0.418 m

Total length of stirrups = 0.418 x 18 = 7.54 m

5. Calculate Weight Of Steel For Stirrups:

Weight of steel for stirrups = D²L/162 = 8² x 7.54/162 = 7.61 kg.

Total weight of steel for lintel = 8.53 + 7.61 = 16.14 kg.

How To Calculate Bend Deduction Length Of
Bar

How To Calculate Bend Deduction Length Of Bar:

When we bend a steel bar, the length of the bar slightly increased due to stretching in the
bending area (refer to below image). The expansion of length depends on the grade of steel and
the degree of bend. The length increases with the increase of bending degree and decreases with
the higher grade steel. (Fe250, Fe450, Fe500)

In this article, I will discuss how to calculate the bend deduction length for bars.

The formulae for bend deduction are

1. For 45° bend = 1 x d

2. For 90° bend = 2 x d

3. For 135° Bend = 3 x d

4. For 180° bend = 4 x d

Where d = diameter of the bar.

Useful Information For Civil Site Engineers

Useful Civil Engineering Tips For Site Engineers:

Following are the basic civil engineering tips you should be remembered while working on a
construction site.

1. Grade Of Concrete:
M5 – 1 : 4 : 8

M10 – 1 : 3 : 6

M15 – 1 : 2 : 4

M20 – 1 : 1.5 : 3

M25 – 1 : 1 : 2

2. Clear Cover To Main Reinforcement:

Footings: 50 mm

Raft Foundation (Top) : 50 mm

Raft Foundation (Bottom): 75 mm

Raft Foundation (Side) : 75 mm

Beam: 25 mm

Strap Beam: 50 mm

Column :40 mm

Slab: 15 mm

flat Slab: 20 mm
Staircase: 15 mm

Retaining Wall: 20 – 25 mm

Water Retaining Structures: 2 0- 30 mm.

Maximum water absorption by bricks – 15%

Compressive strength of bricks – 3.5 N/mm2

Density Of Bricks- 1600-1920 Kg/m3

Minimum thickness of slab – 125 mm

Dimension tolerance for cubes – +2

Maximum free fall of concrete – 1.50 m

Lapping should not be used for the bars having larger dia than 36 mm.

Binding wire required for steel reinforcement – 8 kg per MT

3 samples should be taken for every 100 m2 in core cutting test.

Maximum chair spacing – 1 m.

Minimum dia should be used in dowels rod – 12 mm.

Hook for strriups (one side) – 9D

No. of strriups = (clear span/spanning) + 1

Length of main steel in cantilever anchorage – 69D.

Minimum no. of bars in square column – 4

Minimum no. of bars in circular column – 6

Minimum dia of main bars and distributors in the slab – 8 mm.

Maximum dia of main bars and distributors in the slab – 1/8 of slab thickness.

All reinforcement should be free from mill scales, loose rust, and coats of paints, oil or any other
substances.
3. Setting Time:
Initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes.

Final setting time should not be greater than 10 hours.

4. Required Curing Days:

Super sulfate cement – 7 days

Ordinary portland cement – 10 days

Cement with minerals and admixtures – 14 days.

5. Slump Value (IS-456):

Lightly reinforced concrete: 25 – 75 mm.

Heavily reinforced concrete: 75 – 100 mm.

Trench fill : 100 – 150 mm ( for in-situ & tremie).

6. Cube Samples:
1 – 5 m3 : 1 No.

6 – 15 m3 : 2 No..

16 – 30 m3 :3 No.

31 -50 m3 : 4 No.

Above 50 m3 : 4 + 1 no. of addition for each 50 m3.

Types Of Loads On Structure

Types Of Loads On Structure:

The different types of loads coming on the foundation of a structure are described below.

1. Dead Loads:

Dead loads consist of self-weight of the structure (weight of walls, floors, roofs etc). The weight
of the foundation and footings and all other permanent loads acting on the structure. These can
be computed by finding the weights of cubical contents of the different materials used for
constructing the structure.
2. Live Loads:

Live loads consist of moving or variable loads like people, furniture, temporary stores etc. It is
also called super-imposed load.

3. Wind Loads:

The Wind acts horizontally on the surfaces of the walls, roofs and inclined roof of the structure.
That means it exerts uniform pressure on the structural components on which it acts and tends to
disturb the stability of the structure.
The value of wind loads varies depending on several factors such as geographical location of the
structure, height of the structure, duration of wind flow etc.

4. Snow Loads:

The amount of snow load depends on various factors such as shape and size of roof structure,
roofing materials, location of the structure, insulation of the structure, duration, and frequency of
snow.

5. Seismic Load:

These loads are internal forces which act on the structure due to earthquake developed ground
movements.
Types Of RCC Beam
RCC Beam:
Beam can be defined as a structural member which carries all vertical loads and resists it from
bending. There are various types of materials used for beam such as steel, wood, aluminum etc.
But the most common material is reinforced cement concrete (RCC).

Depending upon different criteria RCC beam can be of different types such as –

Depending upon shape beams can be T-beam, rectangular beam, etc.

Depending upon placement of reinforcement – singly reinforced beam, doubly reinforced beam
etc.

In this article, we will discuss different types of RCC beam depending upon their supporting
systems.

Types Of RCC Beam:

Depending upon their supporting system RCC beam can be classified into four categories as
follows

1. Simply Supported Beam:

This beam contains only a single span which is supported by two supports at both of the ends.
2. Continuous Beam:
The beam which is supported by more than two supports and continues as straight line along its
length is known as continuous beam.

3. Semi-continuous Beam:
This type of beam contains two spans with or without restraint at both ends.

4. Cantilever Beam:
This beam is supported by only one end and the other end is exposed beyond the wall/support.
That means one end is fixed and the other end is opened.
Design Of Grillage Foundation
Grillage Foundation Design:

Figure 1 demonstrates a simple design of a one tier grillage foundation for a steel stanchion. The
bending moment and shear force required for the grillage beam design can easily be arrived by
the following simple method.

Let, W = Load supported by one beam in N.

L = The length of the beam in m.

l = The length of the base plate in m.

Figure 1 also shows the load distribution. It is apparent the highest bending moment in the beam

= (W/2 * L/4) – (W/2 * L/4)

= W/8(L-l) in Nm

In the beam maximum shear force develops at the edge of the base plate. The upward pressure of
soil on the beam = W/L N/m

Cantilever projection of the beam beyond the edge of the base plate

= (L-l/2)
Maximum shear force in the beam = W/L (L-l/2)

Doubly Reinforced Beam

Doubly Reinforced Beam:

R.C.C beam which comprises of reinforcement both in tension zone, as well as compression
zone is called doubly reinforced beam.

Doubly reinforced beam is generally adopted in following conditions:

1. When the size of the beam is confined.

2. When the section of the beam is subjected to inversion stress.
3. When the beam is nonstop more than a few backings.

Critical NA of a doubly reinforced beam is calculated by this given formula:

n = mcd/t+mc

Where, n = Critical NA

m = Modular ratio.

c = Max. compressive stress in the concrete.

d = Effective depth of the beam.

t = Allowable tensile stress in steel.

Actual NA is determined by taking moments of the effective zone about the centroid of the
effective segment.
bn2/2 + (1.5m-1)Ac(n-dc) = mAt(d-n)

Where, b = Breadth of the beam.

Ac = Area of compressive steel.

dc= Centre of gravity (c.g) of compressive region of steel from external fibres.

At = Area of tensile steel.

Doubly reinforced beam is inefficient in steel, as steel is utilized as a part of compression zone is
never stressed to its full limit. Compressive stress in steel relies on the compressive stress in
concrete at that level. Stress in concrete (C1) at level of compressive steel can be determined by
using following equation.

C1 = c(n-dc)/n

Moment Of Resistance In Doubly Reinforced Beam:

The total moment of resistance is calculated by adding the moments of following two couples.

1. Couple (M1) having tensile steel A and compressive concrete.

2. Couple (M2) having extra tensile steel At and compressive steel.

The moment of resistance M = M1 + M2 = (bnc/2)(d-n/3) + (1.5-1)AcC1(d-dc)

Where C1 = c(n-dc/n)

Isolated Column Footing Design

Isolated Column Footing Design:
Generally, isolated column footing is square, rectangular or circular in shape. The upper surface
of this footing may be flat i.e horizontal, stepped or sloped. The footing is provided with slope or
steps to protect the concrete and impact economy.

Depth Of The Footing:

The following two points should be considered for the design of footing depth.

1. Maximum bending moment about the column face.

2. Punching shear about the column perimeter.

1. Depth Of The Footing From BM Consideration:

Let, B = Length of the sides of square footing.

b = Length of the sides of the square column.

p = Upward soil pressure.

In the footing slab, the critical section for BM is at the column face. It acts as a cantilever loaded
slab with the total upward soil pressure p. Consider the rectangular area of the footing to
calculate the column face. (As shown in the Figure)
BM calculation about the face of the rectangle:

Effective depth of the footing = √BM/Rb

2. Depth Of The Footing On Punching Shear:

The slab thickness of the footing should be adequate to oppose the inclination of the column for
punching shear through the slab.

The critical section for punching shear is considered at d/2 from the face of the column. (As per
IS 456-1978)

Depth based on this consideration:

Where Sp = Allowable shear stress.

The footing depth is assumed greater than the two values.

The slab of the foundation must be checked for shear and bond.

Minimum Thickness Of The Footing Slab At Free Edge:

When the footing slab is laying on the soil minimum thickness of 15 cm at the edges should be
used. When the footing slab is laying on piles, the minimum thickness at the edges is considered
as 30 cm.

R.C.C T-Beam
Admin | March 22, 2017 | STRUCTURAL | No Comments
RCC T-beam:
The beam consists of a flange and a rib in the form of a T, generally made of RC concrete or
metal is known as T-beam. The top part of the Slab which acts along the beam to resist the
compressive stress is called flange. The part which lies below the slab and resists the shear stress
is called rib.

Dimension Of T-beam:
1. The effective width of the flange is adopted as the minimum of c/c distance of the nearby ribs
or beams.

2. The overall thickness of the slab crossing over the beam is taken as flange thickness.

3. The breadth of the rib is taken on down earth ground. It should be adequate to hold the steel
zone in it, effectively. It might be taken as between 1/3 to 2/3 of the general depth of the beam.

4. The depth of the T-beam is taken between 1/10 tp 1/20 of the span, contingent on the loads
acting on it. It can be likewise accepted from the economy point by the given formula:
Where,

r = Proportion of the cost of steel to the cost of concrete.

br = Breadth of rib.

M = Maximum bending moment.

N.A Of T-beam:
The actual NA is calculated by the given formula.

Formula 1 is used when the NA is resting under the bottom area of the slab, i.e NA is in the rib
and formula 2 is used when NA is resting in the flange of the slab.

As the compressive area of the rib is extremely small, it is always neglected.

Moment Of Resistance Of T-beam:

Mr = Total compression * Lever arm

Where,

c = compressive stress in the concrete acting bellow the flange.

y = Distance of center of gravity of the compressive force acting under the outermost fiber.
The critical NA is calculated by the same equation used for singly reinforced beam.

To determine NA of the T-beam, first, we need to know the area of the steel. It can be evaluated
by taking the value of j as 0.9 or on the other hand accepting the center of gravity of the
compressive force is lying at mid-depth of the flange slab.

Development Length Of Bars

Development Length Of Bars:
The development length can be characterized as the length of the bar required for transferring the
stress into the concrete.
A development length is the quantity of the rebar length that is actually required to be enclosed
into the concrete to make the desired bond strength between two materials and furthermore to
produce required stress in the steel at that area.

The development length Ld of a bar is calculated as following

Where d = diameter of the bar.

σs = stress in the bar at the section considered as design load.

τbd = Design bond stress.

In the below example, we need 10 db development length at the end section so that the concrete-
steel bond stays continuous. The bar is bent because there is no space available at the end
section. You can see that only 90-degree configuration is used but here we can use more
configuration like that.

The ascertained compression or tension reinforcement at every section of an RC member is

produced on both sides of that section by hooks embedded length or mechanical gadgets.

If the restraining section of concrete is relatively thin and unable to withheld the position of
highly stressed bars the development length is given. In this way, the splitting of bars from
concrete is avoided.

The additional embedded length is known as development length. The main aim is to give proper
and settled support to the bars.
In compression reinforcement, hooks are not provided but where no or little space is available for
extra length, hooks can be used for restraints.

Girder Design Procedure

Girder Design Procedure:

Girder Design

The design of girder or built up beam is done by trial and error method. The section of the girder
is chosen and checked for the stresses. The general steps of girder design are as following.
1. Calculate the bending moment to be opposed by the beam with respect to loads and span of
the beam.

Let the maximum bending moment to be opposed is M, and maximum shear force is F.

2. Calculate the suitable measure of modulus of section by the below given formula.

Z = M/P

where P = Permeable bending stress.

3. Select a rolled steel section.

If the modulus of section is small than the required amount of Z, extra cover plates might be
included on the both flanges to get required value of Z.The girder sections now checked against
bending stresses in extreme fibers.

5. The section of the girder should also be checked for shear force and deflection/

Shear stress of the section is calculated by the below formula

q = F/tw* h

where q = Shear stress

tw =Web thickness,

h = depth of the beam.

The value of q should not cross 94.5 N/mm2. Permeable deflection should not cross L/325 limit.

Where L = Effective span of the beam.

Also Read – Septic Tank Design.

Advantages Of Steel Roof Truss Over Timber

Truss
Advantages Of Steel Roof Truss Over Timber Truss:

Photo Source: alibaba.com

A truss consists of an assembly of rigid but elastic members jointed in the form of triangles to act
as a beam. The safe working tensile stress of mild steel is about 20 times that of structural
timber. Thus steel trusses work out to be economical, especially for biggest spans. Out of the
various shapes of steel sections, angles are considered most suitable for steel roof truss. This is
on account of the fact that angles can resist both compressive and tensile stresses effectively. In
additional angles can be produced economically and can be jointed easily.

Advantages of steel roof truss over timber truss are given below:

1. Steel trusses are stronger than timber trusses.

2. Steel section forming the truss are light in weight and can be fabricated in any desired pattern
to suit the architectural requirement.

3. There is no danger of the material being eaten away by white ants or other insects.

4. Steel trusses are more fire-resisting than timber trusses.

5. They do not have span restrictions and as such steel trusses can be used for industrial buildings
and other such structures where large areas are required to be covered without obstructions due
to columns etc.

6. The sections forming a steel truss are easy in transportation.

7. The sections can be obtained in any desired form or length to suit the requirements and there is
not much wastage of the material in cutting etc.

8. On account of their easy erection techniques, the progress of roofing work with steel trusses is
fast.