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Department of Statistics
National Chengchi University
Taipei 11605, Taiwan
E-mail: chengt@nccu.edu.tw
Outline
(y 1 − y 2 ) − D0 (16.515) − 0
t= q = q = 0.958
1 1 1 1
sp n + n 4.2( 4 + 3 )
1 2
where
• Randomization
• Randomization is the random assignment of treatments to
units in an experimental study.
• Breaks the association between potential confounding
variables and the explanatory variables
Three importance principles-II
• Replication
• Replication implies an independent repetition of the basic
experiment.
• Reasons for replicating an experiment:
• demonstrating the results to be reproducible
• providing some insurance against aberrant results due to
accident
• providing an estimate for experimental error variance
• increasing the precision for estimating treatment means
Three importance principles-III
• Blocking
• Blocking is the grouping of experimental units that have
similar properties
• Within each block, treatments are randomly assigned to
experimental units.
• Blocking allows us to remove extraneous variation from
the data.
• When do we need to consider blocking and/or
randomization?
• There are nuisance factors which are not our interest but
they do affect the response.
• For the nuisance factors
• Block what you can control
• Randomize what you cannot control
Nuisance factors