DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this is the result of our own research work done in the College of

Nursing, Ntotroso under the supervision of ………………………... This project includes

nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others, and is not substantially the

wsame as any that may have submitted for any other course as partial fulfilment for the award of

diploma in general nursing by the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Ghana, either now or in the

past.

Candidates’ Name:

1. Miss Oteng-Poku Susanna Amankwah …………. …………….

ID number-2975117 Signature Date

2. Miss Owusu Agyei Leticia …………… …………….

ID number-2977617 Signature Date

3. Miss Owusu Serwaa Grace ……………. …………….

ID number-2982217 Signature Date

Supervisor:

Mrs. Rita Gyamfi ……………. ……………..

Signature Date
Principal

Monica Nkrumah …………….. ………………

Signature Date

i
i
ABSTRACT

Introduction: Across the world, people with mental disorders, mental health services, mental

health professionals and even the very concept of mental health receive negative publicity and

are stigmatized and discriminated against in spite of growing evidence of the importance of

mental health for development. The unpleasant phenomenon is often accompanied by

stereotyping, rejection, status loss and discrimination.

Purpose: the purpose of the study was to find out about stigmatization against the mentally

challenged

Method: this research was conducted in College of Nursing, Ntotroso, Asutifi North District,

among 50 respondents who were all nursing students. A non-probability, cross sectional research

design was used to conduct the research. A written questionnaire with both open and closed

ended questions were presented to the respondents. Data collected was then analyzed and

presented using tools such as frequency table, pie chart, bar chart to ensure data collected was

easy to understand.

Findings and recommendations: Demographic data: 70% were between 21-25 years, 70% of

respondents were males, 48% of respondents were in second year, 94% of respondents were

Christians and 78% of respondents were Akans.

Knowledge and beliefs on mental health: most respondents believed a person was mad when

they go about wearing tattered clothes, sleeps under trees and surround himself with dirty things,

90% of respondents agreed that mental illness was not communicable, 50% of respondents heard

about mental health from media sources, 76% believed that witches, voodoo or curse may cause

mental illness, 90% of responds taught that the best place to treat mental illness was at the

ii
psychiatric hospital, 32%(16 respondents) taught that mental illness was caused by

spiritual/curse causes, 94%( 47 respondents) will change their attitude towards mentally

challenged people if they had enough knowledge, , 44 respondents representing 88% of the total

respondents said they will not get mental illness in their lifetime, 18 respondents (36%) said

mentally ill people were aggressive, 39 respondents ( 78%) will not befriend a mentally ill

person, 30 respondents 60%) said they will ashamed to be a friend/relative of mentally

challenged person and 28 respondents(56%) said mentally challenged people were not allowed to

attend social gathering.

Prevention of stigma against mental illness: On the available services in the community for the

mentally challenges, 29 respondents (58%) said prayer camp was available for respondents and

23 respondents wanted the media to educate people against stigmatization.

Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made to stakeholders to help ensure

stigmatization and myths about mental health are curbed. It is our conviction that this research

will be a stepping stone for future research and to be reference point for other researches also.

Recommendations: Government must team up with media, healthcare workers, NGO’s and

other stakeholders to ensure the public are educated on mental health to aid in reduction of

stigma.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………... i

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….ii

Table of contents ………………………………………………………...…………..….iv

List of tables …………………………………………………………………………… vii

List of figures …………………………………….……………………………….…… viii

Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………..….ix

Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………..x

CHAPTER ONE:

Background of the study ………………………………………………………………1

1.0.Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1

1.1.Problem statement …………………………………………………………………..4

1.2.General objectives……………………………………………….……………….….5

1.2.2.Specific Objectives ………………………………………….……………………5

1.3 Research questionaires……………………………………………………………....5

1.4 Significance of the study…………………………………………………………….6

1.5 Scope/Delimitation…………………………………………………………………..6

1.6 Organisation of Chapters ……………………………………………………………6

1.7 .Operational definition ……………………………………………..………….…….7

iv
CHAPTER TWO:

Literature review……………………………………………………..………..8

2.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………8

2.1 History of Ghana’s Mental Health Care ………………………………….. 8

2.2 Knowledge on Mental Health (Mental Health Literacy)…………………...9

2.3 Beliefs and Perception About Mental Illness ……………………. ………10

2.4 Attitudes /Stigma towards the Mentally challenged. …………………… 12

2.5 Prevention of stigmatization against mental illness………………………..14

CHAPTER3:

Materials and methods………………………………………………….………17

3.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………….…......17

3.1 Study area and population…………………………………………………….17

3.2 Study type ……………………………………………………….…………. 18

3.3Sampling Technique And Size………….…………………………..………...18

3.4 Data collection techniques and tools…………………………………………18

3.5 Data analysis …………………….…………………………………………..18

3.6 Limitation of the study …………………………………………….……….. 18

3.7 Ethical considerations ……………………………………………..……… 19

v
CHAPTER 4:

Analysis of data and interpretation of result

4.0 Introduction……………………………………………………................................ 20

4.1 Section A Demographic and Background Data Of Respondents………………….. 20

4.2 Section B Knowledge and beliefs on mental health ………………………………. .23

4.3 Section C Stigma towards mentally challenged……………………………………..30

4.4 Section D Prevention of stigma against mental illness…………………………….. 35

CHAPTER 5:
Discussion Of Findings, Conclusion and recommendations
5.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………..…….. 37
5.1 Discussion of findings………………………………………………………………37

5.2 Recommendations ………………………………….………………….…………. 42

5.3 Summary and conclusion …………………………………………………………. 42

APPENDIX

REFERENCES…………………………………………………..…………….……….45

QUESTIONNAIRE…………………………………………………………………….47

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 1 A percentage table showing the age group of respondents………………………20

Table 2 A percentage table showing the sex respondents ………………………………..21

Table 3 A percentage table showing the year of nursing of respondents………………...21

Table 4 shows the religious background of respondents ………………………………...22

Table 5 A percentage table showing the ethnic background of respondents …………….22

Table 6 A table showing the common names most respondents address the

mentally challenge ……………………………………………………………………...32

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 1 A pie chart showing if mental health is communicable ……………………………23

Figure 2 A pie chart showing respondents sources of information on mental health………..24

Figure 3 A pie chart showing whether witches, voodoo or curse can cause mental illness….25

Figure 4 A pie chart showing the best place to treat mental illness …………………………26

Figure 5 A pie chart showing the causes of mental illness according to respondents ……….27

Figure 6 A pie chart showing whether respondents would change their attitudes towards mentally

challenged people if they had adequate information on mental health………………………28

Figure 7 A bar chart showing Whether respondents taught they may have mental disorder in

their lifetime…………………………………………………………………………………29

Figure 8A bar chart showing whether respondents taught about mental illness ……………30

Figure 9 A bar chart showing whether respondents will have a mentally ill person as friend..31

Figure 10 A bar chart showing whether respondents felt ashamed to be a relative/friend of a

mentally challenged person …………………………………………………………………..33

Figure 11 A bar chart showing the various ways in which respondents are stigmatized against on

daily basis……………………………………………………………………………………34

Figure 12 A pie chart showing the services available to the mentally challenged in the

community…………………………………………………………………………………..35

Figure 12 A bar chart showing ways to prevent stigma against mentally challenged……..36

viii
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

Our heartfelt thanks goes to the almighty God for granting us the in-depth knowledge, wisdom,

understanding and strength in undertaking this project

We cannot also forget the enormous contribution of our respondents thus the student nurses of

the College of Nurses, Ntotroso.

Our sincere gratitude also goes to our supervisor for his support and guidance during the study.

Finally we thank the authors of the references used and every individual who helped in diverse

ways to make this study successful

ix
 DEDICATION

Dedicated to all our loved ones, friends and family

x
xi
 CHAPTER ONE

Background of the study

1.0 Introduction

Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her

own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully,

and is able to make a contribution to her or his community (World Health Organisation

[WHO], 2014 Mental illnesses worldwide are accompanied by another pandemic, that of

stigma and discrimination. Globally, stigmatization and discrimination against persons with

mental illness is a matter of public health concern. This is due to the fact that many people

with mental illness are challenged twice; on one hand, they struggle with the symptoms and

disabilities that result from the disease and on the other, they are stereotyped and prejudiced

due to misconceptions about mental illness (Crab et al, 2012). Persons with mental disorders

represent a considerable proportion of the world’s population (World Health Organization,

WHO, 2010).

It is estimated that about one million people die due to suicide every year (WHO, 2010) and

one in four people worldwide will experience mental illness in her or his lifetime (WHO,

2010).

In Ghana for instance, the World Health Organization’s report (2010) on mental health

indicated that out of the 21.6 million people living in Ghana, 650,000 were suffering from

severe mental disorders and 2,166, 000 were suffering from moderate to mild mental

disorders. While the burden of mental health care is a public health concern worldwide

(Prince et al., 2007), there is a significant gap between the level of mental health needs and

the availability of quality services to aptly address these needs (Faydi et al., 2011). For low

income countries like Ghana, mental health is often given the lowest health priority by

2
authorities (Ofori-Atta, Read & Lund, 2010) and this could deepen the stigma and

discrimination faced by this population.

In both low-income and middle-income countries in Africa, it is estimated that between 76

percent and 99 percent of people with serious mental disorders do not have access to the

treatment they need for their mental health problems (Faydi et al., 2011; World Health

Organization, 2010). Some scholars (Ofori-Atta, Read & Lund, 2010) have argued that

political apathy towards mental health combined with widespread stigma, hinders the

progress of mental health care in Ghana. The stigmatization of mental illness is a serious

issue given that it adversely affects patients and their relatives as well as institutions and

health care personnel working with persons with mental illness (Ofori-Atta, Read & Lund,

2010). People who have or are perceived to have mental disorders may find it difficult to

access services such as school, social gatherings and even accommodation packages due to

stigma and discrimination and these reactions obstruct prevention and treatment efforts and

intensify the impact of the mental health disabilities. (Ofori-Atta, Read & Lund, 2010)

Across the world, people with mental disorders, mental health services, mental health

professionals and even the very concept of mental health receive negative publicity and are

stigmatized and discriminated against in spite of growing evidence of the importance of

mental health for development (Faydi et al., 2011). Mental health has an impact on varied

development outcomes and is a basis for social stability because it serves as a key

determinant of well-being and quality of life (WHO, 2010). Given that mental health is an

important indicator of human development, issues regarding stigmatization and

discrimination against persons with mental health disabilities cannot be ignored. The World

Health Organization for instance, has linked the stigma and discrimination associated with

mental illness to suffering, disability and poverty (Crabb et al., 2012)

3
In his seminal work on stigma, Goffman (2013) asserted that stigma is a feature that is deeply

discrediting and makes the person experiencing it different from others and of a less pleasant

kind. The unpleasant phenomenon is often accompanied by stereotyping, rejection, status loss

and discrimination (Link & Phelan 2001). According to Byrne (2000) stigma is a sign of

disgrace or dishonor, separates a person from others. It could arise from a number of factors

such as superstition, ignorance, lack of knowledge, belief systems and the fear and exclusion

of people who are perceived as different (Faydi et al., 2011).

Similarly, Crabb and colleagues (2012) assert that the experience of stigma is characterized

by shame, blame, secrecy, labeling, isolation, social exclusion and discrimination. Since

stigma is often rooted in social attitudes, persons with mental illness in Ghana are often

disliked, rejected, shunned and could experience sanctions, harassment, and even violence.

1.1 Statement of Problem

Mental illnesses worldwide are accompanied by another pandemic, that of stigma and

discrimination (WH), 2010). Mental illness tends to strike with a double-edged sword, with

those affected having to deal with the symptoms and disabilities of their illness on the one

side, and widespread stigma and discrimination on the other. Evidence from North America

and paralleling findings from research in Western Europe suggest that stigma and

discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behaviour

towards people with mental illness being widespread. In Africa, this problem is worsened due

to people’s misconception and beliefs about mental illness (Lauber&Rossler, 2007).

There is an increase in the number of individuals affected by mental illness which has

implications for the nation as a whole (WHO, 2014). Even though the best place to treat

mental illness is the psychiatry hospitals, In Ghana meanwhile , there are not enough mental

health facilities to address the rising problems associated with mental illness, thus leading to

4
stress on the little facilitates available (WHO, 2014). Alternatively, community-based care is

being proposed by Ghana’s Mental Health sector to reduce stress on mental health facilities.

This move calls on communities to accept people affected by mental illness and offer

support. However, the community which is expected to offer support to the mentally ill has

some misgivings about the mentally ill and mental illness. Some people perceive mental

illness as a transferable (communicable) illness and do all they can to avoid close contact

with those affected by mental illness. Others also believe that mental illness is a curse from a

supreme being –God, Allah or Waqa (Mulatu, 2009). It was against this background that the

researchers sought to explore the reasons why people stigmatize mentally ill people in the

Ntotroso College of Nursing.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

1.2.1 General objectives

The general objective of this study was to find out the reasons for discrimination/stigmatization

of mentally ill people in the Ntotroso College of Nursing.

1.2.2 Specific Objective

The study sought to find out;

1. The knowledge level of people on mental illness

2. The beliefs and perception about mental illness

3. Reasons why people stigmatized mentally ill people.

1.3 Research questionnaires

1. What is the knowledge level of people of mental illness

2. What are the beliefs and perception of people on mental illness

3. What reasons account for the stigmatization of mentally ill patients.

5
1.4 Significance of the Study

The study will provides relevant information on people’s knowledge, belief and the reasons

for stigmatizing mentally illness people in the College of Nursing, Ntotroso. Also ways to

ensure that such stigmatization is prevented will be discussed. This knowledge will inform

the need for programs to be tailored along the line of these perceptions to reorient

communities perceptions about mental illness. Furthermore, the study provides information

that will hopefully serve as a guide to generate effective community programs towards

addressing mental health issues. Finally, provides a basis on which further research on mental

illness and community response to mental health issues could be carried out.

1.5 Scope/Delimitation

The topic of mental health is broad. This studies focused on the stigmatization of mental

health illness. The study was conducted only among students of the College of Nursing,

Ntotroso.

1.6 Organisation of Chapters

The study is organised into five chapters.

Chapter one of the study provides a general understanding of the research topic. It is

composed of the background, statement of problem, and the objectives of the study which

informed the research questions. The chapter also looks at the significance of the study in

relation to programs and research. It concludes by defining terms used in the study.

Chapter two explores relevant literature on the research area. The literature review is divided

into sub sections for easy understanding.

Chapter three discusses the research methodology used in the study. It outlines the research

design and provides a justification for adopting a qualitative approach. Furthermore, the

6
chapter discusses the study area and the study population. Additionally, the sampling

technique used and the data collection tools process are also discussed.

The fourth chapter presents the findings of the research in bar, pie and percetable table for

easy understanding.

The last chapter(chapter 5) discusses the findings of the research in relation to the literature

review, summarizes the findings, draws conclusions and makes recommendation. It also

includes the nursing implication of the whole topic.

1.7 Definition of terms

For better understanding of this study, the following terms have been defined:

Knowledge; the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of

individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and

maintain good mental health

Stigma; A sign of disgrace or discredit which sets a person apart from others.

Perception; beliefs, attitudes and values shared by people in a given culture about mental

health

7
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The chapter reviews related literature on the perception of mental illness. It looks at the

history of Ghana’s mental health care, knowledge, perception and stigamtisation towards

people who are mentally ill.

2.1 History of Ghana’s Mental Health Care

The history of Ghana‟s Mental Health care system can be traced to 1888 when the Lunatic

Asylum Ordinance, Cap 79 became law and institutional care for the mentally ill was

introduced. By then, people with mental health conditions were referred to as ‟ lunatics”; a

term that was derogatory. The mentally ill were put in prisons. With time, the prisons became

overcrowded, hence the need for another institution to house them.

The issue of overcrowding in the prisons brought about the building of the Accra Psychiatry

Hospital in 1960, with Dr. E. F. B. Foster, a Gambian working at the Accra Psychiatric

Hospital becoming the first psychiatrist at the institution. Foster brought many developments

to the hospital and placed the hospital at par with what pertained in other countries. He

initiated the training of doctors as specialists in the field of psychiatry which complimented

the efforts of Higgison, a British national who had initiated the training of registered mental

health nurses in 1952. The training of these professionals led to a rise in the attendance of

patients to the Accra psychiatric hospital as quality services were provided.

The Ankaful psychiatric hospital was built in the Central Region in 1965. Even though, there

were now two hospitals, the pressure on them was still profound. This situation led to the

building of Pantang psychiatry hospital in 1975 in the Greater Accra Region to complement

8
the efforts of the first two hospitals. In 1972, the Mental Health Act (National Redemption

Council Decree –NRCD 30) was enacted. The Act focused on providing care within the

confines of an institution and served as an abridged version to the Ordinance, Cap 72.

Meanwhile, since its introduction, the NRCD 30 has never been amended although attempts

were made to revise the law in 1996.

Efforts and attempts to revise the law continued until 2012 when the Mental Health Act was

passed. This law outlined clear guiding principles to regulate the mental health system of

Ghana. Currently, there are only three public psychiatry hospitals in the country serving a

population of about 24 million people (Ghana Statistical Service, 2010). However, there are

few privately owned psychiatry clinics like, Valley View at Dzorwulo, Alberto clinic at

Tema, PankronoNeuro-Psychiatric clinic and Adom clinic in Kumasi (WHO, 2007). There is

also Keep Smiling clinic at Mambrobi. Aside these conventional treatment centres, there are

also charismatic churches who specialize in healing mental health conditions (Mental Health

Profile - MHP, 2012)

2.2 Knowledge on Mental Health (Mental Health Literacy).

The World Health Organisation explains “health literacy‟ as the cognitive and social skills

which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and

use information in ways which promote and maintain good health (WHO 2015).

The term ‘Mental health literacy’ is, health literacy relevant for mental health. It was coined

by A.F. Jormand some colleagues in the 1990’s when they realised that mental health was a

deserted area of health in Australia (Jorm, 2011). They defined mental health literacy as

knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders which aid their recognition, management and

prevention ( Jorm, 2011). Mental health literacy involves the ability to recognize specific

disorders or different forms of psychological distress in addition to knowledge and beliefs

9
about causes, risk factors, self-help interventions and professional help available (Jorm,

2000). It also involves attitudes which facilitate recognition and appropriate help-seeking as

well as knowledge of how to seek mental health information (Jorm, 2000).

Low mental health literacy is associated with several adverse health outcomes and patients

with low literacy are generally 1.5 to 3 times more likely to experience poor outcomes

(DeWalt et al, 2004). A study carried out in the United States of America revealed that low

health literacy was associated with a higher incidence of depressive symptoms among

subjects. The researchers found that worse depressive 10 symptoms were observed among

subjects suffering from alcohol and substance dependence (Lincoln et al, 2006).

A review of literature by Ganasen and colleagues revealed that poor mental health literacy

hinders effective treatment of those in need (Ganasen et al, 2008). Thus mental health literacy

is of significant importance to the advancement of mental health within communities and also

the prevention of stigma among the mentally challenged in the society. Another group of

researchers observed after an extensive literature review that factors such as educational

level, age, employment status or ethnic group influence the health status of people.

Nonetheless they also observed that possession of literacy skills is a stronger predictor of the

health status of an individual (Rudd et al, 2005).

2.3 Beliefs and Perception About Mental Illness

In order to fully appreciate issues of mental illness, there is the need to understand the basis

of attitudes about mental illness. There abound several beliefs about mental illness and these

beliefs dictate the perception about the mentally ill or relations of those affected with mental

illness. Beliefs about mental illness can best be termed perception. According to Laungan

(1989), perceptions are the held beliefs, attitudes and values shared by people in a given

culture. The perception about mental illness are shaped by cultural, biological, social and

10
psychological views. He went on to say that often, the perceptions have been accepted as

truths even though they may not have plausible explanations. These perceptions dictate how

mental illness is perceived and the kind of help offered the affected person. The implication is

that individuals may relate to an individual with mentally illness based on the idea he/she

may have about the illness.

Stanley (2010) as well as Barry (2010) believe that mental illness has biomedical

explanations. Scholars of the biomedical view believe that mental illness is caused by factors

that are purely biological. With this standpoint, mental illness is believed to be caused by

neurotransmitter deregulation, genetic anomalies, and defects in brain structure and function

among other biological factors. Scholars of the biomedical model placed emphasis on the

dysfunction of the brain as the footing on which they provided an understanding to mental

illness. There are others who also believe that mental illness is “down the line” from a parent

to a child (Hales, 1996). Thus, individuals are likely to develop mental illness if either parent

suffered from mental illness.

Scholars like Sue and Sue (1990) as well as Chowdury, Chakraboty and Weisis (2001) are of

the view that mental illness could best be explained from cultural perspective. According to

these groups of writers, individuals perceive mental illness as a cultural phenomenon and

may seek help not from the health system. Rather they may seek help from a medicine man,

herbalist or voodoo priest when they are confronted with mental health disorders (Sue & Sue,

1990).

Mental illness is also believed to have social and economic underpinnings. For instance,

Peplow (2004) attributed the lack of tryptophan (a nutrient) in food to mental illness. Peplow

based his argument on the belief that when individuals are poor their purchasing power

decreases, as such they may not be able to afford a balanced diet. Thus poverty could trigger

11
mental illness. Also, some poor people in an attempt to reduce depression may find solace in

taking drugs.

Furthermore, the National Alliance on Mental Health (NAMH) in its 2012 report stated that

poverty may sometimes be linked to depression. And for these depressed individuals, the

belief is that the best way to deal with the depression is to abuse drugs. This eventually leads

to mental illness (NAMH, 2012). Feldman and Papalia (2012) believe that persons who live

in poverty stricken areas (slums) experience depression and anxiety. Other studies have

concluded that poverty could not be traced to mental illness (Jenkins, Mbatia and Singleton,

2009). However, regardless of the position an individual takes, the debate is likely to

continue for some time.

Psychologically, an individual’s thoughts have implication for his mental wellbeing. When an

individual frequently conceives negative thoughts, the brain tells the body to transmit

negative actions (WHO, 2007). Studies indicate that psychological factors account for a

significant number of mental health cases in Ghana (Mathews & MacLeod, 2004), the

majority of which were recorded at Pantang psychiatric hospital in 2012 (PHAPR, 2012-

2013). Beliefs about mental illness affect attitudes towards the mentally ill and inform help

seeking behaviour.

2.4 Attitudes /Stigma towards the Mentally challenged.

Public attitudes towards mental illness are of great importance mainly because they affect the

way people treat the mentally ill, and relations of the patient (Schomerus&Angermeyer,

2008). In most societies, the degree to which individuals exhibit negative attitudes towards

the mentally ill is dependent on the nature of the illness (Mulatu, 1999).In effect, the more

12
severe the mental illness, the greater the exhibition of the negative attitude towards the

mentally ill.

Generally, mental illness evokes a sense of shame from friends and families of those affected.

The feelings evoked by mental illness can be felt in two ways (directly and indirectly).

Directly, the mentally ill is shunned by his friends and his family. In severe cases the

mentally ill are not only shunned but are believed to be dangerous (Segal, Coolidge,

Mincic&O‟riley, 2004). Indirectly, the family members and friends of the mentally ill are

also shunned by the larger society. Asumang (2012) asserts that the media is the main source

of information when it comes to mental health in Ghana. The introduction of the media as a

form of communication also helped to propagate some of the negative attitudes towards

mental health patients. As noted by Asumang (2012) the media’s portrayal of mental illness

is usually negative and this goes to entrench the negative attitudes thus making communities

have strong aversion towards the mentally ill and mental illness in general.

It is often said that the media is the fourth arm of government because of the power it wields.

This power has made the media to be seen as credible source of information even in the face

of half truths. The media is highly influential in shaping individual and societal views about

mental illness. Sometimes there are inaccurate depictions of schizophrenia (which is often

confused in the media with multiple personality disorder) which can lead to false beliefs and

confusion about mental illness (Baum, 2009). Often times these perceptions are negatively

skewed (Baum, 2009; Asumang, 2012) and since the media shapes our understanding of

issues around us, we tend to accept these perceptions. However, for those suffering from

mental illness, the implications are grievous since they bear the brunt of cruel actions which

result from the perceptions created by the media. Such negative highlights of mental illness

complicate the already delicate situation of the mentally ill who are pushed to the periphery

of society.

13
According to Asumang (2014), People are stigmatized and discriminated because;

 It is believed that the patient or family has been cursed and is being tormented by a “spirit

or a witch”

 It is believed that if you have a mental illness you may be aggressive, a killer, or even a

sex offender.

 It is also believed that most mentally ill people are criminals.

 About 70 % of the television characters with a mental illness are often portrayed as

hostile, dangerous, unpredictable and violent.

 It is believed they have poor interactive and social skills.

 Another myth is that mental illness is contagious and incurable. (Puplampu,2017).

2.5 Prevention of stigmatization against mental illness.

 Creating awareness through massive public education: This is to give insight into mental

illness, treatment modalities, recovery and prevention. The need for society to realize and

be willing to learn that mental illness has nothing to do with witchcraft and that it’s rather

a medical condition, neither does one choose it when times are tough nor is it a respecter

of persons. Educating people about attitudinal change especially towards people living

with mental illness and to desist from using language or words that are derogatory such as

(abodam,“crazy” ,”lunatic”,) but being friendly as a society and using less hurtful words.

Getting precise facts and information will also help dispel myths and stereotypes which

may help change society’s ideas and actions.. Furthermore promoting education,

understanding and respect will help break down barriers of ignorance, prejudice, or unfair

discrimination meted out to people living with mental illness.

14
 Advocacy/support groups: These groups can be formed on local and national levels to

offer and organize programmes to inform the public by taking the campaign message of

stigma reduction to their doorsteps. If education and awareness creation is intensified the

stigma against persons with mental illness will gradually be a thing of the past, and

families will not be forced to abandon their relatives in prayer camps or mental

institutions. In other parts of the world, some state, federal and programs agencies such as

Vocational Rehabilitation and Veterans

 Promotion of mental health and stigma reduction project: a major step by

government in promotion of mental health and stigma reduction is the passage of the

mental health bill in May 2012 and its subsequent enactment into law in Dec, 2012.

Act 846 of 2012 which is currently applicable and states that (i). it is unlawful to

discriminate against or stigmatize the mentally ill (ii).PWMD are entitled to the same

fundamental rights as a fellow citizen, and therefore shall not be subjected to

discrimination (54).Government in conjunction with mental health institutions and

non-governmental organisations can further embark on projects across the nation

aimed at reducing stigma and discrimination to the barest minimum. The anti-stigma

and discrimination project should ultimately seek to eliminate the barriers to

achieving full inclusion in society and increase access to mental health resources to

support individuals and families. Establishing a mental health fund to provide funding

for partnerships to assess the effectiveness of existing stigma reduction programs and

approaches, including media-oriented approaches such as public service

announcements; developing innovative programs such as displaying of posters and

distribution of leaflets, as well as organizing radio and television programs and

examining the role of the media in perpetuating and changing mental illness, stigma

and discrimination will go a long way to curb this menace. Government can also

15
 provide guides for employers that detail the benefits of hiring people who have mental

illness, providing suggestions for recruiting and training them, outlining action plans

for educating employees about mental health and related issues to create a “conducive

and a friendly environment”.

 Behavioural therapy: Professor David Roe, chair of the department of community

mental health at the University of Haifa, in his earlier studies showed that one of the

central obstacles is the negative stigma attached to mental illness by society at large,

which is much more powerful than the labels attached to people with other

disabilities. This stigma may lead to social exclusion. Another obstacle that may result

from stigma is “self-stigma,” whereby people with a mental illness adopt and

internalize the social stigma and experience loss of self-esteem and self-efficacy.

“People with a mental illness with elevated self-stigma report low self-esteem and low

self-image, and as a result they refrain from taking an active role in various areas of

life, such as employment, housing and social life,” Roe explains. In an attempt to

address this problem, Prof. Philip Yanos of City University of New York, Roe and

Prof. Paul Lysaker of Indiana University School of Medicine developed what they

term “Narrative Enhancement Cognitive Behavioural Therapy” (NECT).The

intervention is aimed at giving people with a mental illness the necessary tools to cope

with the “invisible” barrier to social inclusion – self-stigma. A pilot project was

carried out on about 22 patients and at the end of the therapy it showed that those who

participated in the intervention exhibited a reduced self-stigma and, in parallel, an

increase in quality of life and self-esteem. A similar therapy can be employed as a

strategy in reducing stigma and discrimination in Ghana.

16
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.0 Introduction

The chapter presents in detail the procedures used in gathering data for the study.

Specifically, the chapter provides a description of the study area and discuses the research

design adopted for the study. The section further elaborates on the population from which

participants were selected for the study and discusses the processes used in selecting

participants from the population. Furthermore, there is a detailed elaboration on the way in

which data was collected and analysed. Finally, the chapter presents and discusses the ethical

issues that were observed and some limitations that were encountered in the conduct of this

study.

3.1 Background of the Study Area

The College of Nursing, located at Ntotroso was the study area for this research. Ntotroso is

located in the Asutifi North District of the Brong Ahafo Region in Ghana. Ntotroso Nursing

Training College was established in October, 2014 partly funded by government, the

traditional council and Newmont Ghana Limited (a mining firm in the country). The schools

motto is training minds to save life which it has done since its inauguration.

The school currently has a student population of 700 with both gender. The school offers

diploma in basic nursing to students in first year, second year and third year students.

This setting was chosen because it was convenient to the researchers and its proximity and

also the fact that it’s a nursing training school. Understanding the reason why these students

stigmatize against mentally ill people may be important in the quest to prevent such menace.

17
3.2 Study Type

The study type used was a descriptive cross-sectional survey under the non-intervention

research study. This type was chosen because the research is for a short period of time.

3.3 Sampling Technique And Size

The impossibility in using a whole population for a study, necessitated the use of a sample of

the population. Sampling involves the selection of a sample from the target population

(Kumekpor, 1999) Non probability sampling was used to select the fifty (50) respondents out

of the seven hundred (700) students to be studied.

3.4 Data Collection Technique And Tools

The data collection and tools was a structured questionnaire, with both open – ended and

close – ended questions were used to collect information from respondents.

Most of the questions were framed to reflect the specific objectives of the study.

3.5 Data analysis

The data collected was first organized into groups using the tally systems after which total

were worked out. Percentages were calculated for the various variables that were studied. The

data was finally presented in frequency distribution table, pie chart and bar chart for easy

understanding.

3.6 Limitation

Our major limitation was our source of finance. Due to this, the number of respondents to be

interviewed was reduced. Also, due to the short time frame to conduct the study, few

respondents were chosen. This makes generalization of the data gathered difficult.

18
 3.7 Ethical Consideration

As part of conducting every study, there are rules and guidelines to be followed. With regards

to this study, informed consent was sought from all participants. It was ensured that

participants had clear understanding of the purpose of the study, about the interviewer

conducting it, how the data will be used, and what participation will mean for them.

Another ethical consideration that was observed was the voluntary participation of

participants. Participants were not coerced in any way to part take in the study and they were

given the opportunity to decline at any time they wanted to.

Furthermore, anonymity and confidentiality were observed. Anonymity meant the identities

of participants were not known to outsiders. Confidentiality of participants was observed as

part of the ethical consideration. Participants were assured that the information provided will

not be disclosed to any individual. Additionally, their names and identity would not be

revealed, as their names or initials were not required for the study.

19
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

4.0 Introduction

The chapter presents the findings from participant questionnaires. The chapter is divided into

two sections. The first segment consists of demographic characteristics of participants. The

demographic characteristics were developed to shed light on the background of the

participants. Here the contributions of individual participants were separately analysed within

the context of the discussion as a whole. This allowed the information of each participant to

be retained. In order to throw more light on the demography of participants, the

characteristics of age, sex and religious affiliations of participants were assessed.

The second section provided the discussions of the findings in relation to the literature

reviewed.

4.1 SECTION A Demographic and Background data of respondents

1. Age of respondents

Table 1 A percentage table showing the age group of respondents

Age group Number of respondents Percentage (%)

18-20 11 22

21-25 35 70

26 and above 4 8

Total 50 100

Source : Field data, 2018

Table 1 shows that majority of respondents were aged between 21-25 years

(70%), 11 respondents (22%) were aged between 18-20 years and only 4

respondents (8%) were aged 26 and above.

20
2. Sex of respondents

Table 2 A percentage table showing the sex respondents

Sex of respondents Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Male 35 70

Female 15 30

Total 50 100

Source : Field data, 2018

Table 2 shows that the majority of respondents used for the survey were males

who represented 70% of the population used and 15 respondents (30%) were

females.

3. Year of Nursing

Table 3 A percentage table showing the year of nursing of respondents

Class of respondents Number of respondents Percentage (%)

First year 12 24

Second year 24 48

Third year 14 28

Total 50 100

Source : Field data, 2018

Table 3 shows that 48% of respondents were in second year, followed by 24 %

of respondents in third year and 24 % respondents who are in first year of

their nursing training.

21
4. Religious background of respondents

Table 4 shows the religious background of respondents

Religious background of Number of respondents Percentage (%)

respondents

Christians 47 94

Muslims 3 6

Traditionalist 0 0

Total 50 100

Source : Field data, 2018

Table 4 shows that 94% of respondents were Christians and Muslims were

6%.

5. Ethnic background of respondents

Table 5 A percentage table showing the ethnic background of respondents

Ethnic background of Number of respondents Percentage (%)

respondents

Akans 39 78

Others 11 22

Total 50 100

Source : Field data, 2018

Table 5 shows that 78% of respondents were Akans while 22% belonged to

other ethnic group. This shows the study was conducted in predominately

Akan dominated area.

22
4.2 SECTION B Knowledge and beliefs on Mental Health

6. Definition of mental illness by Respondents

The following are some of the responds given by the respondents as to the meaning of mental

illness

i. When a person is not mentally stable

ii. When a person behaves abnormally

iii. When a person goes about wearing tattered clothes, sleeps under trees and surround

himself with dirty things

iv. When a person becomes aggressive and makes incomprehensive speeches.

7. Is mental health communicable?

Figure 1 A pie chart showing if mental health is communicable

A PIE CHART SHOWING WHETHER MENTAL ILLNESS

IS COMUNICABLE
MAYBE YES
8% 2%

NO
90%
YES NO MAYBE

Source: Field data, 2018

23
Figure 1 shows that 90% of respondents agreed that mental illness was not communicable,

whilst 8% were not sure and 2% mental illness was communicable.

8. Source of Information on Mental health

Figure 2 A pie chart showing respondents sources of information on mental health

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON MENTAL HEALTH

other sources
2%

Health personel
48%
Media
50%

Health personel Media other sources

Source: Field data, 2018

Figure 2 shows that 50% of respondents heard about mental health from media sources,

health personnel was 48% and other sources were 2%.

24
 9. Cause of mental illness

Figure 3 A pie chart showing whether witches, voodoo or curse can cause mental illness

A pie chart showing whether witches, voodoo or

curse can cause mental illness

MAYBE
6%
NO
18%

YES
76%

NO YES MAYBE

Source: Field data, 2018

Figure 3 shows that majority of respondents (76%) believed that witches, voodoo or curse

may cause mental illness, 18% disagreed and finally 6% were not sure.

25
 10. Best place to treat mental health

Figure 4 A pie chart showing the best place to treat mental illness

Prayer/Spiritual Herbalist
Camp 4%
6%

Psychiatric
Hospital
90%

Source: Field data, 2018

Figure 4 shows that 90% of responds taught that the best place to treat mental illness was at

the psychiatric hospital, prayer/spiritual camp was 6% and 4% taught herbalist were the place

to treat, mental illness.

26
 11. Causes of mental illness

Figure 5 A pie chart showing the causes of mental illness according to respondents

Stress/depression
14%

Drug abuse
30%

Spiritual/curse
32%

alcoholism
8%

genetics/family
16%

Drug abuse alcoholism genetics/family Spiritual/curse Stress/depression

Source: Field data

The chart shows that most respondents taught that mental illness was caused by

spiritual/curse causes. 32%(16 respondents) affirmed to this. 30%( 15 respondents) said it

was caused by drug abuse, 16% (8 respondents) was caused by genetics/family causes,

14%(7 respondents) said it was caused by stress/ depression and only 8%( 4 respondents) said

it was caused by alcoholism.

27
 12. Whether respondents would change their attitudes towards mentally

challenged people if they had adequate information on mental health.

Figure 6 A pie chart showing whether respondents would change their attitudes towards

mentally challenged people if they had adequate information on mental health.

No
6%

Yes
94%

Yes No

Source: Field data

The pie chart above shows that 94%( 47 respondents) will change their attitude towards

mentally challenged people if they had enough knowledge while 6%(3 respondents) said they

would not change their attitude even they had enough knowledge.

28
 13. Whether respondents taught they may have mental disorder in their

lifetime.

Figure 7 A bar chart showing Whether respondents taught they may have mental disorder in

their lifetime.

44

4
2

YES NO MAYBE

Source: Field data

The chart shows that 44 respondents (88%) said they will not get mental illness in their

lifetime, 4 respondents were not sure and 2 respondents said it was possible they may get

mental illness in their lifetime.

29
4.3 Section C: Stigma towards mentally challenged

14. What respondents taught about mental illness?

Figure 8A bar chart showing whether respondents taught about mental illness

18

16

14

12

10
18
16
8

6
9
4 7

0
mental illness is a they are aggressive they may rape they drug addicts
curse women

Source: Field data

18 respondents (36%) said mentally ill people were aggressive, 16 respondents (32%) taught

they may be sex offenders, 9 respondents(18%) agreed that it was a curse and 7 respondents

(14%) said they were drug addicts.

30
 15. Whether respondents will have a mentally ill person as friend.

Figure 9 A bar chart showing whether respondents will have a mentally ill person as friend

39

11

YES NO

Source: Field data

The chart above shows that 39 respondents (78%) will not befriend a mentally ill person

while 11 respondents (22%) agreed that, they may like to have a mentally ill person as a

friend.

31
 16. Common names people call the mentally challenge

Table 6 A table showing the common names most respondents address the mentally

challenge

Number of respondents Percentage

Abodam 29 58

Wayi 4 8

Nadwene ate 4 8

Crazy, mad 13 26

The table above shows that people used certain derogatory names to refer to people who are

mentally challenged.

32
 17. Whether respondents felt ashamed to be a relative/friend of a mentally

challenged person

Figure 10 A bar chart showing whether respondents felt ashamed to be a relative/friend of a

mentally challenged person

30

30

25

18
20

15

10

0
YES NO MAYBE

Source: Field data

The chart above shows that 30 respondents(60%) said they will ashamed to be a

friend/relative of mentally challenged person ,18 respondents(36%) said No and 2

respondents were not sure whether they will be ashamed or not ashamed.

33
 18. Ways in which mentally challenged are stigmatized on daily basis

Figure 11 A bar chart showing the various ways in which respondents are stigmatized against

on daily basis.

28

10
9

DENIED DENIED NOT ALLOWED TO POOR SHELTER

HEALTHCARE SCHOOLING SOCIAL ARRANGEMENT
ACCESS GATHERING FOR THEM

Source: field data

The chart shows that 28 respondents(56%) said mentally challenged people were not allowed

to attend social gathering, 10 respondents (20%) said they were not given proper shelter

34
arrangement, 9 respondents(18%) said they were denied health care access and finally 3

respondents(6%) said they were denied schooling.

4.4 Section D Prevention of stigma against mental illness

19. Services available to the mentally challenged in the community

Figure 12 A pie chart showing the services available to the mentally challenged in the

community

29

11
10

0
HOSPITAL PRAYER CAMP HERBALIST OTHERS

Source: the line chart shows that 29 respondents (58%) said prayer camp was available for

respondents, 11 respondents (22%) said hospital services was available, 10 respondents(20%)

said herbalist services were available to the mentally challenged people in the society.

35
 20. Ways to prevent stigma against mentally challenged

Figure 13 A bar chart showing ways to prevent stigma against mentally challenged

23

21

Source: Field data

The chart shows that 23 respondents wanted the media to educate people against

stigmatization, 21 respondents wanted the government to promote and educate the general

public on the mental illness, 4 respondents wanted organizations such as churches, NGOs,

schools to promote mental health among its members.

36
 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses the findings from the analysis in relation to the objective for the study

and the literature review.

The study was carried out to find the stigmatization of against mentally challenged in the

College of Nursing, Ntotroso.. All respondents were nursing students chosen from the

College of Nursing, Ntotroso.

5.1 Discussion of findings

Background of respondents

Concerning the age of respondents, majority of respondents were aged between 21-25 years

(70%), 11 respondents (22%) were aged between 18-20 years and only 4 respondents (8%)

were aged 26 and above.

Also, majority of respondents used for the survey were males who represented 70% of the

population used and 15 respondents (30%) were females.

Regarding the year of nursing that respondents were in, 48% of respondents were in second

year, followed by 24 % of respondents in third year and 24 % respondents who are in first

year of their nursing training.

On their religious background, 94% of respondents were Christians and Muslims were 6%.

37
On the ethnic affiliation of respondents, the study showed that 78% of respondents were

Akans while 22% belonged to other ethnic group. This shows the study was conducted in

predominately Akan dominated area.

Knowledge and beliefs on mental health

According to the findings of the study, 90% of respondents agreed that mental illness was not

communicable, whilst 8% were not sure and 2% mental illness was communicable. This

findings is in contrast with Mulatu, (2009) ho states that some people perceive mental illness

as a transferable (communicable) illness and do all they can to avoid close contact with those

affected by mental illness.

On the sources of information concerning mental illness, 50% of respondents heard about

mental health from media sources, health personnel was 48% and other sources were 2%.

Moreover, on the causes of mental illness, majority of respondents (76%) believed that

witches, voodoo or curse may cause mental illness, 18% disagreed and finally 6% were not

sure. According to Asumang (2012) asserts that the media is the main source of information

when it comes to mental health in Ghana. The introduction of the media as a form of

communication also helped to propagate some of the negative attitudes towards mental health

patients. As noted by Asumang (2012) the media’s portrayal of mental illness is usually

negative and this goes to entrench the negative attitudes thus making communities have

strong aversion towards the mentally ill and mental illness in general.

WHO (2014), found that even though the best place to treat mental illness is the psychiatry

hospitals, In Ghana meanwhile , there are not enough mental health facilities to address the

rising problems associated with mental illness, thus leading to stress on the little facilitates

available . This is in line with the findings of our study. According to study, the best place to

treat mental health was at psychiatric hospitals. As 90% of responds taught that the best place

38
to treat mental illness was at the psychiatric hospital, prayer/spiritual camp was 6% and 4%

taught herbalist were the place to treat, mental illness.

On the actual causes of mental illness, most respondents taught that mental illness was caused

by spiritual/curse causes. 32%(16 respondents) affirmed to this. 30%( 15 respondents) said it

was caused by drug abuse, 16% (8 respondents) was caused by genetics/family causes,

14%(7 respondents) said it was caused by stress/ depression and only 8%( 4 respondents) said

it was caused by alcoholism. Scholars like Sue and Sue (1990) as well as Chowdury,

Chakraboty and Weisis (2001) are of the view that mental illness could best be explained

from cultural perspective. According to these groups of writers, individuals perceive mental

illness as a cultural phenomenon and they belief that mental illness may be caused by curse or

spiritual causes or voodoo. This agrees with most of respondents who also taught that mental

illness may be due to spiritual causes.

The study also showed that 94% ( 47 respondents) will change their attitude towards mentally

challenged people if they had enough knowledge while 6%(3 respondents) said they would

not change their attitude even they had enough knowledge. According to Ganasen et al, 2008,

mental health literacy is of significant importance to the advancement of mental health within

communities and also the prevention of stigma among the mentally challenged in the society.

This assertion agrees with findings of our study.

When respondents were asked if they were at risk of developing mental illness in their

lifetime, 44 respondents representing 88% of the total respondents said they will not get

mental illness in their lifetime, 4 respondents were not sure and 2 respondents said it was

possible they may get mental illness in their lifetime. WHO (2010) found that one in four

people worldwide will experience mental illness in her or his lifetime. This is in contrast with

39
our study that found that 88% respondents taught they were never at risk and only 1 in 25

who said they develop mental illness.

The perception of people on people suffering from mental illness as indicated are; 18

respondents (36%) said mentally ill people were aggressive, 16 respondents (32%) taught

they may be sex offenders, 9 respondents(18%) agreed that it was a curse and 7 respondents

(14%) said they were drug addicts. These findings agrees with Asumang (2014), who states

that People are stigmatized and discriminated because It is believed that if you have a mental

illness you may be aggressive, a killer, or even a sex offender.

Furthermore, 39 respondents ( 78%) will not befriend a mentally ill person while 11

respondents(22%) agreed that, they may like to have a mentally ill person as a friend.The

study also brought out interesting names such as “abodam, wayi, nadwene ate” that people

use to refer to perceived mentally ill people. This shows that people used certain derogatory

names to refer to people who are mentally challenged. Generally, mental illness evokes a

sense of shame from friends and families of those affected. The feelings evoked by mental

illness can be felt in two ways (directly and indirectly).. Indirectly, the family members and

friends of the mentally ill are also shunned by the larger society. Due to this people are

ashamed to befriend mentally challenged persons. (Segal, Coolidge, Mincic&O‟riley, 2004)

Out of the 50 respondents surveyed, 30 respondents 60%) said they will be ashamed to be a

friend/relative of mentally challenged person ,18 respondents(36%) said No and 2

respondents were not sure whether they will be ashamed or not ashamed. According to Segal,

Coolidge, Mincic&O‟riley, (2004) generally, mental illness evokes a sense of shame from

friends and families of those affected. This supports the findings from our research.

Regarding the various ways by which people stigmatized mentally challenge people, 28

respondents(56%) said mentally challenged people were not allowed to attend social

40
gathering, 10 respondents (20%) said they were not given proper shelter arrangement, 9

respondents(18%) said they were denied health care access and finally 3 respondents(6%)

said they were denied schooling. Ofori-Atta, Read & Lund, (2010) agrees with our findings.

According to them people who have or are perceived to have mental disorders may find it

difficult to access services such as school, social gatherings and even accommodation

packages due to stigma and discrimination and these reactions obstruct prevention and

treatment efforts and intensify the impact of the mental health disabilities

Prevention of stigma against mental illness

On the available services in the community for the mentally challenges, 29 respondents

(58%) said prayer camp was available for respondents, 11 respondents (22%) said hospital

services was available, 10 respondents (20%) said herbalist services were available to the

mentally challenged people in the society. WHO (2014), found that even though the best

place to treat mental illness is the psychiatry hospitals, In Ghana meanwhile , there are not

enough mental health facilities to address the rising problems associated with mental illness,

thus leading to stress on the little facilitates available .

Lastly on the recommendation to aid curb stigmatization against the mentally ill people in the

community, 23 respondents wanted the media to educate people against stigmatization, 21

respondents wanted the government to promote and educate the general public on the mental

illness, 4 respondents wanted organizations such as churches, NGOs, schools to promote

mental health among its members.

41
5.2 Recommendations for the study

From the findings of the study, the following recommendations are being made to ensure

stigma against people with mental illness of people who are mentally challenged are not

stigmatized against.

The government must partner with stakeholders such as healthcare professionals, NGO’s, and

the media embark on public sensitization against stigmatization of the mentally challenged.

Since most respondents belonged to one religion or the other, religious leaders, opinion

leaders and traditional leaders must be educated on the issue of stigmatization and they must

be encouraged to speak against the issue of stigmatization.

Also, government must devise a strategy that specifically target stigmatize the mentally

challenge such as building of mental hospitals and rehabilitation centers and also training

more health care workers who will help educate and treat people with mental illness.

The government and other stakeholders who are into financing of the mental illness must

provide said assistance on time.

Government and law enforcement agencies must enforce ACT 846 which is the mental health

law. This will ensure that people who stigmatize mental health challenge are punished

accordingly.

5.3 Conclusion

Across the world, people with mental disorders, mental health services, mental health

professionals and even the very concept of mental health receive negative publicity and are

stigmatized and discriminated against in spite of growing evidence of the importance of

mental health for development. The unpleasant phenomenon is often accompanied by

42
stereotyping, rejection, status loss and discrimination. Due to this general assertion, the topic

of stigmatization against mentally challenged was chosen. The study was conducted among

students of the College of Nursing, Ntotroso, in the Asutifi District of the Brong Ahafo.

Using descriptive cross sectional survey and non-probability method of sampling 50

respondents who were both males and females in various year of nursing was chosen. A

structured questionnaire with open and closed ended questions were presented to respondents,

who were given time to fill it. Data collected was then analyzed and presented using tools

such as frequency table, pie chart, bar chart to ensure data collected was easy to understand.

The summarized findings of the study proved the following:

Demographic data: 70% were between 21-25 years, 70% of respondents were males, 48%

of respondents were in second year, 94% of respondents were Christians and 78% of

respondents were Akans.

Knowledge and beliefs on mental health: most respondents believed a person was mad

when they go about wearing tattered clothes, sleeps under trees and surround himself with

dirty things, 90% of respondents agreed that mental illness was not communicable, 50% of

respondents heard about mental health from media sources, 76% believed that witches,

voodoo or curse may cause mental illness, 90% of responds taught that the best place to treat

mental illness was at the psychiatric hospital, 32%(16 respondents) taught that mental illness

was caused by spiritual/curse causes, 94%( 47 respondents) will change their attitude towards

mentally challenged people if they had enough knowledge, , 44 respondents representing

88% of the total respondents said they will not get mental illness in their lifetime, 18

respondents (36%) said mentally ill people were aggressive, 39 respondents ( 78%) will not

befriend a mentally ill person, 30 respondents 60%) said they will ashamed to be a

43
friend/relative of mentally challenged person and 28 respondents(56%) said mentally

challenged people were not allowed to attend social gathering.

Prevention of stigma against mental illness: On the available services in the community for

the mentally challenges, 29 respondents (58%) said prayer camp was available for

respondents and 23 respondents wanted the media to educate people against stigmatization.

Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made to stakeholders to help

ensure stigmatization and myths about mental health are curbed. It is our conviction that this

research will be a stepping stone for future research and to be reference point for other

researches also.

44
APPENDIX

REFERENCES

Adomakoh CC. Prevalence of motor disorders in Phenothiazine treated psychotics in mental

hospital. Ghana Med. J. 1972:149-53.

Atta, A., Read, U. M., & Lund, C. (2010). A situation analysis of mental health services and

legislation in Ghana: Challenges for transformation. African Journal of Psychiatry, 13,

99-108.

Crabb, J., Stewart, R. C., Kokota, D., Masson, N., Chabunya., S., &Krishnadas, R. (2012).

Attitudes towards mental illness in Malawi: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Public

Health, 12, 541Doku VCK, Mallett MR. Collaborating with developing countries in

psychiatric research. Br.J. Psychiatry 2003;182(3):188-89.

Faydi, E., Funk, M., Kleintjes, S., Ofori-Atta, A., Ssbunnya, J., Mwanza, J., & et al. (2011).

An assessment of mental health policy in Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia.

Health Research Policy and Systems, African Journal of Psychiatry 9(17), 2-11.

Gansen , M., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A.

(2007). No health without mental health. Lancet, 370, 859-77.

.Gilbert J. Cultural imperialism revisited: Counselling and globalisation International Journal

of Critical Psychology 2006(Special Issue: Critical Psychology in Africa, 17):10-

Ofori- Goffman, E. (2013). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York:

Simon & Schuster, Inc Lauber C, Rossler W. Stigma towards people with mental illness in

developing countries in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry 2007; 19(2): 157–178

Mensah ES, Yeboah FA. A preliminary study into the evaluation of drug compliance among

psychiatric patients in Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Ghana Med. J.

2003;37(2):68-71.

45
World Health Organization (2014a) Mental health: A State of wellbeing. Retrieved from:

http://www.who.int/features/qa/62/en/

World Health Organisation. (2010). Mental health and development. Retrieved on February

02, 2011, from http://www.who.int/topics/mental_health/enrerieved on march, 2018

46
 QUESTIONAIRES

Dear respondents;

Dear Respondent,
We are students of Nursing Training College, Ntotroso conducting a research on

stigmatization against the mentally challenged.Your honest opinion on the topic is required.

The study is for academic purposes hence information given would be treated as confidential

and only be made available for such purpose only. To ensure anonymity, no name is required.

You can withdraw from the study anytime you deem necessary. We shall be grateful if you

cooperate with us by giving your honest options. Thank you.

Kindly tick(√) the right option and write the correct answer where necessary

Section A: Background data

1. Age of respondents

18-20 ( ) 21-25 ( ) 25 and above ( )

2. Sex of respondents

Male ( ) Female ( )
3. Year of nursing

First year ( ) Second year ( ) Third year ( )

4. Religion of respondents

Christianity ( ) Islam ( ) Tradionalist ( ) others –Specify ( )

5. Ethnic background

………………………………………………….

Section B Knowledge and beliefs on Mental Health

6. What is mental illness?

47
7. Its mental illness communicable ?

Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( )
8. What was your source of information on mental illness?

……………………………………….

……………………………………….

9. Can mental illness be caused by witches or voodoo or curse ?

Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( )

10. What place is best to treat mental health?

Psychiatric hospital

Prayer/ Spiritual camp

11. State three causes of mental illness

…………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………

12. If you had adequate information/knowledge on mental health, would your attitude

towards mentally challenged people change?

Yes ( ) No ( )

13. Do you think it is possible you may have mental disorder in your lifetime?

Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( )

48
Section C Stigma towards mentally challenged

14. What do you think about the mentally ill?

15. Would you have a mentally ill person as a friend?

Yes ( ) No ( )

16. What are some of the common names that mentally ill people are called? (Write as many

as you know)

………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………

17. Do you feel ashamed to be a relative or a friend of a mentally challenged person?

Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( )

18. State three ways in which mentally challenged are stigmatized against on daily basis?

……………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………..

Section D Prevention of stigma against mental illness.

19. What services are available to the mentally challenged in this community?

Hospital( ) Prayer Camp ( ) Herbalist ( ) others (Specify) ( )

20. What ways can be employed to ensure prevention stigma against mentally challenged?

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