8/25/2018 Business Analytics

Final Report
Submitted to: Sir Muhammad Yasir

Group Members

Mirza Shayan Ali Baig (22757)

Syed Shahrukh Ejaz Naqvi (19574)

0
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................. 2
Data Source ............................................................................................. 2
Objective.................................................................................................. 2
Variables .................................................................................................. 3
Conceptual framework ............................................................................ 3
1. Variance, SD, Coefficient of Variance……………………………………………………3
2. Mean, Mode, Median, Geometric Mean………………………………………………5
3. Correlation…………………………………………………………………………………………..7
4. Histogram Graphs………………………………………………………………………………..8
5. Scatter Graph…………………………………………………………………………………….10
6. Sparkline for each variable…………………………………………………………………12
7. COUNTIF, HLOOKUP, VLOOKUP…………………………………………………………13
8. Percentile, Z-Score…………………………………………………………………………….14
9. Pivot Table………………………………………………………………………………………..15
10.What if analysis…………………………………………………………………………………30
a. Goal Seek
b. Data table
11.Cluster Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………33
12.Hypothesis Test………………………………………………………………………………..47
a. Single Linear Regression
b. Multiple Linear Regression
13. Forecasting………………………………………………………………………………........50

1
Introduction
Today’s multibillion dollar industry of supermarket, most of the sales are done on impulsive
shopping. It has been noticed that improvements can be made by sharing the information of
what customer buys in supermarket to other customer which can help the companies better
understand the shopping behavior and their effects on purchase. Human beings has a
natural tendency to follow other, if a crowd is doing something or following something,
others will soon join them. With respect to supermarkets same thing can be said for sales
deal or discount deal. When people comes across such deal their mind perceives the deal as
more quantity/quality in less price. Through this step, the companies build good
relationships with customers by understanding what they need.

Around the world in different supermarkets, there is not only the aspect of finding the
lowest price present but the product itself can also has an effect on the consumer’s
demand. Although the past theories have recognized that the markets with the passage of
time starts to lower the quality of the product in order to increase its profit and minimize
the cost. Secondly, competition has a significant effect on the product quality. The main
focus of the supermarket is to provide the best shopping experience to the customers. The
shopping experience is the main product of the supermarket which has various dimensions
such as store cleanliness, shelfing of products, courteousness of staff, environment,
checkout speed and availability of all products all the time. There is also a dimension of
presence of quality product according to the requirement of the consumer.

In this report, we are going to work on a sales data from a Canadian supermarket and find
out that how profit is effected by sales along with how much other factors like quantity and
the cost of goods sold may have an effect on profit.

Data source:
The data was based upon sales of a supermarket and it was obtain from the website
mentioned https://community.tableau.com/docs/DOC-1236.

Objective:
In this report we are finding out that how the dependent variable profit is effected by the 3
independent variables sales, quantity and COGS.

2
Conceptual framework.

Sales

Quantity
Profit

COGS

Dependent Variable:
The dependent variable is Profit which is the surplus amount left after the cost has been
deducted from the revenue.

Independent Variables:
Sales: It is the action of giving something like a product or a service in exchange for a
monetary value. The seller normally initiates the selling of product or service and not the
buyer and it is completed as a preliminary step before payment.
Quantity: The amount or number of a material or abstract thing not usually estimated by
spatial measurement.

COGS: Refers to the cost of products manufactured and sold or purchased and re-sold by
the company.

Variance:
It is the average of the squared differences from the mean.

Reason of using it
The variance is used to measures how far each number in the set is from the mean.

3
Interpretation

Variance

157269.716
Variance Sales
5.122
Variance Quantity
114581.403
Variance COGS
6552.435
Variance Profit

The variance of sales is 157269.716, quantity is 5.122, COGS is 114581.403 and profit is
6552.435. From this we can see that the variance of sales and COGS is very high thus they
are volatile. However, the variance of profit and quantity are relatively low, so we can say
that on average the profit would be close to the main profit value while the value of sales
and COGS can be very far from their respective means.

Standard Deviation:
The standard deviation is a measure of the spread of scores within a set of data.

Reason of using it

It is used to measure the spread of the data.

Interpretation

Std.Deviation
396.57246
Std.Deviation Sales
2.26315
Std.Deviation Quantity
338.49875
Std.Deviation COGS
80.94711
Std.Deviation Profit

4
The standard deviation of sales and COGS are very high which are 396.57246 and 338.49875
respectively. This means that there is a high deviation in the case of sales and COGS while
the quantity and profit deviate less from their respective means when compared to the
other two variables.

Coefficient of Variance:
Coefficient of Variance is the ratio of standard deviation to mean. It is a simple measure of
relative event dispersion.

Reason of Using it
It is used to know the consistency of the data i.e uniformity in the values of the data from
the mean of the data.

Interpretation
The coefficient of variance of sales and COGS are relatively higher. Thus they variate more
from their means as compared to quantity and profit.

Coefficient of Variance

Coefficient of variance of Sales 1.993040497

Coefficient of Variance of Quantity 0.592859686

Coefficient of Variance of COGS 2.014787212

Coefficient of variance of Profit 0.297464947

Mean, Median & Mode:

The mean is the average, where you add up all the numbers and then divide by the number
of numbers. The median is the middle value in the list of numbers. To find the median, your
numbers have to be listed in numerical order from smallest to largest. The mode is the value
that occurs most often. If no number in the list is repeated, then there is no mode for the
list.

5
Reason to use it

The mean or the average gives us an estimate or an idea of the whole data set that around
which value is the whole data recorded. The median is used to measure the central tendency
of the data set. Thus, the median is the middle value or the average of the middle two values
of the data set. Mode is used to identify which value in the data set is the most repeated one.

Interpretation

Statistics
Sales Quantity COGS Profit

Valid 542 542 542 542

N
0 0 0 0
Missing
198.9786 3.8173 168.0072 30.9751
Mean
Median 47.9840 3.0000 34.0000 9.4000

Mode 15.55 3.00 10.10 1.70

396.57246 2.26315 338.49875 80.94711

Std.Deviation
157269.716 5.122 114581.403 6552.435
Variance

The mean of sales, quantity, COGS and Profit are 198.97, 3.8173, 168.0072 and 30.9751
respectively.
The Median of sales, quantity, COGS and profit are 47.9840, 3.0000, 34.0000 and 9.4000.
The Mode of sales, quantity, COGS and profit are 15.55, 3.00, 10.10 and 1.70.

Geometric Mean:
The Geometric mean is defined as the nth square root of the product of n distinct data
values.

Reason of using it

It is used for a set of numbers whose values are a result of product rather than sum of number
or number that are exponential in nature.

6
 Geometric mean

sales 10.5167

quantity 10.5167

COGS 10.5167

profit 10.5167

Interpretation

The geometric mean of the data and each of its variables including the dependent variable is
10.5167.

Correlation:
Correlation is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables
fluctuate together.

Reason of using it
A positive correlation indicates the extent to which those variables increase or decrease in
parallel, a negative correlation indicates the extent to which one variable increases as the
other decreases.

Interpretation

Correlations

sales quantity COGS profit

sales Pearson
Correlation 1 .266** .988** .767**

Sig. (2-
tailed) .000 0.000 .000
N 542 542 542 542
quantity Pearson
Correlation .266** 1 .282** .123**

Sig. (2-
tailed) .000 .000 .004
N 542 542 542 542
COGS Pearson
Correlation .988** .282** 1 .659**

Sig. (2-
tailed) 0.000 .000 .000
N 542 542 542 542

7
 profit Pearson
Correlation .767** .123** .659** 1

Sig. (2-
tailed) .000 .004 .000
N 542 542 542 542
**.
Correlation is
significant at
the 0.01
level (2
tailed).

The correlation of sales with profit is 0.767 this means that a unit change in sales would
bring a change of 0.767 units in profit. The correlation of quantity with profit is 0.123 this
means that a unit change in quantity would bring a change of 0.123 units in profit. The
correlation of COGS with profit is 0.659 this means that a unit change in COGS would bring a
change of 0.659 units in profit.

Histogram Graph:

A histogram is used to plot the frequency of score occurrences in a continuous data set that has
been divided into classes, called bins.
Reason of using it

A histogram is used for continuous data, where the bins represent ranges of data.

Interpretation

8
9
From the graph of profit we can see that the highest frequency of the data lies between 0 and
35. This means that the maximum number of product that are sold has generated a profit
between 0 and 35 the next category of profit at which items were sold ranges from 70 to 105
and then 140 to 175 with the quantity of items decreasing with each category respectively. All
other variables that are sales, quantity and COGS have an increased frequency in the lower
values and as they progress towards higher values the frequency starts to decrease
dramatically.

Scattered Graph:
A scatter plot is a type of plot use to display values for typically two variables for a set of
data.

Reason of using it

It is being used to find out the plot of different variables with the profit value. Through this
trend we can forecast our future values.

10
 Profit
1600.0
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Quantity
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Sales
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

11
 COGS
4000.0

3500.0

3000.0

2500.0

2000.0

1500.0

1000.0

500.0

0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Sparkline for Each variable:

A Sparkline is a tiny chart in a worksheet cell that provides a visual representation of data.

Reason of using it
It is used to show trends in a series of values, such as values increasing or decreasing.

Note: Please refer to the excel file for spark line on each variable.

Count If:
It is a function to count cells that meet a single criteria.

Reason of using it
It is used to count cells with dates, numbers and text that matches a specific criteria. In this
report it is being used to count numeric values.

COUNTIF
Sales < 10 70
Quantity of 3 141
COGS > 5 506
Profit < 2 66

Note: Please refer to the excel file for count if on each variable.

12
HLOOKUP:
Short for horizontal lookup is a function which can search a certain value in row in order to
return a value from a different row in the same column.

Reason of using it
Used to look down a specified number of rows as the comparison value are located in a row
across the top of the table.

HLOOKUP
sales
To find out the 71 value of sales
20.8

Note: Please refer to the excel file for HLOOKUP on each variable.

VLOOKUP
Short for vertical lookup is a built-in Excel function which works to find the value in one
column for a specified value and returns the corresponding value from another column.

Reason of using it
Is being use to find the comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you
want to find.

VLOOKUP
To find the all variables of the ROW ID 100
Variables ROW ID Values
Sales 100 19.096
Quantity 100 7
COGS 100 12.4124
Profit 100 7

Note: Please refer to the excel file for VLOOKUP on each variable.

13
Percentile:

A percentile indicates the value below which a given percentage of observations in a group of
observations fall. For example, the 20th percentile is the value below which 20% of the
observations may be found.

Reason of using it

It is used to calculated how much data is below the certain percentage.

Interpretation
Percentile
Finding 55th Percentile for Profit

Percentile = (N+1) x p 11.3

I = integer value 11
d = decimal value 0.3

11th value 4.2

12th value 15.5

m = 12th value - 11th value 11.3

t=mxd 3.39
pth value = t + I value 7.59

At 55 percentile 55% of the values are equal or below 7.59 and 45% values are above 7.59.

Zero Score:
Z-scores are a conversion of individual scores into a standard form. The conversion allows to
more easily compare different data, it is based on the knowledge of standard deviation and
mean.

Reason of using it
Z-score tells you how many standard deviations from the mean your result is.

14
Interpretation:

Z Score Sales Quantity COGS Profit

Mean 198.9786264 3.8173432 168.0052299 30.9733965

Std.Deviation 396.5724605 2.2631489 338.4989615 80.9481286

Z Score for 60th value for all
Variables -0.407881642 -0.361153 -0.39735315 -0.3366476

As the 60th value is less than 198.9786264 that is the reason that the z-score is less than 0.

Note: Please refer to the excel file for Z-Score on each variable.
Pivot Table:

Pivot table builds a list of unique values. Because pivot tables summarize data, they can be
used to find unique values in a field.

Reason of using it

This is used to create easy access and to quickly see all the values that appear in a field.

Sum of Sum of Sum of

Row Labels Sum of Sales Quantity COGS Profit
CA-2014-
103849 158.904 3 145.3405 13.5635
CA-2014-
104269 457.568 2 406.0916 51.4764
CA-2014-
104472 59.808 3 40.3704 19.4376
CA-2014-
106376 1280.992 12 1106.7016 174.2904
CA-2014-
106810 310.88 2 287.564 23.316
CA-2014-
107181 82.896 3 53.8824 29.0136
CA-2014-
110072 93.888 4 80.9784 12.9096
CA-2014-
110184 255.936 8 227.1432 28.7928
CA-2014-
111059 97.112 5 65.5506 31.5614

15
CA-2014-
111451 558.32 14 450.0062 108.3138
CA-2014-
112158 46.72 8 30.952 15.768
CA-2014-
112326 11.784 3 7.5123 4.2717
CA-2014-
113166 9.568 2 6.0996 3.4684
CA-2014-
115259 199.256 25 131.5451 67.7109
CA-2014-
115791 157.176 9 118.4283 38.7477
CA-2014-
115812 3543.264 22 3293.1003 250.1637
CA-2014-
115973 2.624 1 2.1976 0.4264
CA-2014-
117429 129.92 5 108.808 21.112
CA-2014-
118962 340.144 7 318.885 21.259
CA-2014-
121664 140.736 8 87.96 52.776
CA-2014-
122336 120.776 29 101.196 19.58
CA-2014-
126361 413.144 6 373.3683 39.7757
CA-2014-
127131 12.096 7 7.8624 4.2336
CA-2014-
127488 4.608 2 2.9376 1.6704
CA-2014-
127964 151.08 8 101.0295 50.0505
CA-2014-
129924 7.712 2 4.9164 2.7956
CA-2014-
131450 1645.936 8 1155.1997 490.7363
CA-2014-
132962 267.552 8 208.5588 58.9932
CA-2014-
133690 2.6 1 2.3075 0.2925
CA-2014-
133753 142.344 5 125.19 17.154
CA-2014-
134278 559.992 1 384.9945 174.9975
CA-2014-
134313 2027.144 7 1774.8304 252.3136
CA-2014-
135405 40.544 5 29.626 10.918
CA-2014-
136280 5.04 2 3.276 1.764

16
CA-2014-
138527 192.424 8 167.7433 24.6807
CA-2014-
139192 1113.504 12 988.2348 125.2692
CA-2014-
139892 185.976 12 167.4315 18.5445
CA-2014-
140004 13.456 5 10.6646 2.7914
CA-2014-
140858 376.992 12 245.0448 131.9472
CA-2014-
142048 196.752 6 140.1858 56.5662
CA-2014-
143336 236.2 7 212.805 23.395
CA-2014-
144666 926.634 6 828.1596 98.4744
CA-2014-
145576 26.128 8 21.0537 5.0743
CA-2014-
146640 334.768 7 225.9684 108.7996
CA-2014-
146969 686.32 2 463.266 223.054
CA-2014-
148488 106.344 7 69.1236 37.2204
CA-2014-
149958 320.376 7 249.573 70.803
CA-2014-
150245 1573.488 7 1376.802 196.686
CA-2014-
153150 19.92 5 12.948 6.972
CA-2014-
154627 2735.952 6 2393.958 341.994
CA-2014-
155208 39.072 6 29.304 9.768
CA-2014-
155852 19.456 4 16.0512 3.4048
CA-2014-
156314 30.36 5 21.6315 8.7285
CA-2014-
156349 576.234 6 497.2248 79.0092
CA-2014-
158064 16.52 5 10.9445 5.5755
CA-2014-
159338 447.84 5 436.644 11.196
CA-2014-
160773 575.92 2 503.93 71.99
CA-2014-
163419 1167.296 8 1035.002 132.294
CA-2014-
164259 99.136 4 90.4616 8.6744

17
CA-2014-
165974 32.76 7 29.0745 3.6855
CA-2014-
166191 433.56 9 355.0593 78.5007
CA-2014-
166884 18.784 11 14.7956 3.9884
CA-2014-
167850 193.936 5 166.1948 27.7412
CA-2014-
168494 4630.5105 21 4387.5189 242.9916
CA-2015-
100454 186.048 4 176.7456 9.3024
CA-2015-
100769 255.968 4 223.972 31.996
CA-2015-
101007 20.8 2 14.3 6.5
CA-2015-
101910 283.92 5 266.175 17.745
CA-2015-
102281 1525.488 7 1366.1196 159.3684
CA-2015-
102848 190.72 1 178.8 11.92
CA-2015-
103793 74.352 3 51.117 23.235
CA-2015-
105312 7.08 3 4.602 2.478
CA-2015-
109638 51.312 3 32.7114 18.6006
CA-2015-
110667 91.432 7 60.3465 31.0855
CA-2015-
111199 115.296 3 74.9424 40.3536
CA-2015-
111395 362.576 6 242.7766 119.7994
CA-2015-
113173 250.272 9 234.63 15.642
CA-2015-
113971 8.352 6 7.0992 1.2528
CA-2015-
117415 484.496 13 407.3246 77.1714
CA-2015-
119291 547.008 24 416.5317 130.4763
CA-2015-
119697 54.384 2 53.0244 1.3596
CA-2015-
119907 55.424 2 36.0256 19.3984
CA-2015-
120439 51.072 6 45.9648 5.1072
CA-2015-
120880 167.76 5 104.85 62.91

18
CA-2015-
122756 2.96 1 2.183 0.777
CA-2015-
122826 201.568 4 178.8916 22.6764
CA-2015-
124800 410.904 11 342.1243 68.7797
CA-2015-
126697 1097.544 10 947.121 150.423
CA-2015-
127418 36.624 3 22.89 13.734
CA-2015-
129476 339.96 5 271.968 67.992
CA-2015-
130792 23.832 3 21.1509 2.6811
CA-2015-
130883 412.664 16 305.9736 106.6904
CA-2015-
130890 1038.84 5 986.898 51.942
CA-2015-
131338 1217.568 2 760.98 456.588
CA-2015-
132080 50.112 6 33.8256 16.2864
CA-2015-
132101 453.576 3 413.8881 39.6879
CA-2015-
135545 25.824 6 16.4628 9.3612
CA-2015-
137946 979.104 7 637.0158 342.0882
CA-2015-
138898 845.728 13 761.1552 84.5728
CA-2015-
139731 263.88 3 220.9995 42.8805
CA-2015-
140410 1212.848 7 1106.7238 106.1242
CA-2015-
143490 219.184 2 200.0054 19.1786
CA-2015-
143602 13.944 3 9.4122 4.5318
CA-2015-
144267 544.008 3 503.2074 40.8006
CA-2015-
144806 510.608 25 383.2642 127.3438
CA-2015-
145821 88.752 3 77.658 11.094
CA-2015-
146262 113.264 4 99.9048 13.3592
CA-2015-
146563 999.432 7 874.503 124.929
CA-2015-
147851 10.752 4 7.392 3.36

19
CA-2015-
149734 200.984 7 138.1765 62.8075
CA-2015-
153549 1166.92 5 1035.6415 131.2785
CA-2015-
154620 348.928 2 314.0352 34.8928
CA-2015-
155334 10.92 3 6.825 4.095
CA-2015-
157084 675.96 5 591.465 84.495
CA-2015-
157812 18.392 1 13.1043 5.2877
CA-2015-
158554 11.352 3 7.2369 4.1151
CA-2015-
161263 54.536 7 48.4999 6.0361
CA-2015-
166135 139.424 4 121.996 17.428
CA-2015-
167269 6.208 2 4.0352 2.1728
CA-2015-
169397 128.16 14 96.3134 31.8466
CA-2016-
100468 33.52 2 30.168 3.352
CA-2016-
101966 419.944 7 367.451 52.493
CA-2016-
102981 722.352 3 632.058 90.294
CA-2016-
103891 95.76 6 88.578 7.182
CA-2016-
103947 61.704 7 48.8271 12.8769
CA-2016-
105256 1363.96 5 1278.7125 85.2475
CA-2016-
105284 4.416 3 2.8152 1.6008
CA-2016-
105494 70.008 3 45.5052 24.5028
CA-2016-
106075 4.616 1 2.885 1.731
CA-2016-
106341 7.152 3 6.4368 0.7152
CA-2016-
106530 1016.744 5 924.9733 91.7707
CA-2016-
108987 93.536 5 89.221 4.315
CA-2016-
109057 23.952 2 21.5568 2.3952
CA-2016-
109176 88.704 6 75.28 13.424

20
CA-2016-
109806 73.584 2 65.3058 8.2782
CA-2016-
109820 15.696 3 10.5948 5.1012
CA-2016-
109869 101.832 7 88.8936 12.9384
CA-2016-
110023 14.624 2 9.14 5.484
CA-2016-
110366 82.8 2 72.45 10.35
CA-2016-
110499 1199.976 3 824.9835 374.9925
CA-2016-
110772 293.576 17 226.2534 67.3226
CA-2016-
111682 48.48 4 32.118 16.362
CA-2016-
112697 194.528 2 170.212 24.316
CA-2016-
113138 17.712 3 11.2914 6.4206
CA-2016-
113817 27.68 2 17.992 9.688
CA-2016-
114713 45.584 7 40.4558 5.1282
CA-2016-
114727 1398.36 6 1346.88 51.48
CA-2016-
115917 15.424 4 10.4112 5.0128
CA-2016-
117590 1097.544 7 974.0703 123.4737
CA-2016-
119186 24.72 5 15.8886 8.8314
CA-2016-
120180 11.632 2 10.6142 1.0178
CA-2016-
121223 8.448 2 5.808 2.64
CA-2016-
121755 11.648 2 7.4256 4.2224
CA-2016-
121958 52.136 7 46.2707 5.8653
CA-2016-
122392 15.808 4 12.0952 3.7128
CA-2016-
123722 15.936 4 10.7568 5.1792
CA-2016-
124485 17.216 4 11.1904 6.0256
CA-2016-
125318 328.224 4 299.5044 28.7196
CA-2016-
126004 1.728 1 1.1232 0.6048

21
CA-2016-
126158 361.184 10 302.696 58.488
CA-2016-
126529 78.864 6 52.8444 26.0196
CA-2016-
126613 16.768 2 15.3008 1.4672
CA-2016-
126809 35.352 9 22.5369 12.8151
CA-2016-
129714 4358.216 5 2941.7196 1416.4964
CA-2016-
130001 36.24 5 24.915 11.325
CA-2016-
130162 302.376 3 279.6978 22.6782
CA-2016-
130946 431.928 9 367.1388 64.7892
CA-2016-
133725 1979.928 9 1831.4334 148.4946
CA-2016-
134348 31.984 2 29.985 1.999
CA-2016-
134362 15.936 4 10.7568 5.1792
CA-2016-
134474 255.904 10 209.4472 46.4568
CA-2016-
134775 49.536 3 32.1984 17.3376
CA-2016-
136924 380.864 8 342.7776 38.0864
CA-2016-
137050 596.824 9 569.0224 27.8016
CA-2016-
137239 247.84 4 194.0014 53.8386
CA-2016-
140081 508.304 13 454.0772 54.2268
CA-2016-
140634 15.648 2 10.5624 5.0856
CA-2016-
141397 17.712 3 11.2914 6.4206
CA-2016-
141586 18.16 5 11.577 6.583
CA-2016-
142902 503.4 10 443.5444 59.8556
CA-2016-
142958 1120.368 6 1076.373 43.995
CA-2016-
144344 213 6 157.9518 55.0482
CA-2016-
145583 76.176 3 49.5144 26.6616
CA-2016-
147375 1321.467 10 1164.6285 156.8385

22
CA-2016-
148698 86.352 3 80.955 5.397
CA-2016-
148796 383.8 5 345.42 38.38
CA-2016-
149314 195.184 1 175.6656 19.5184
CA-2016-
149370 5.344 1 3.4736 1.8704
CA-2016-
149797 841.568 2 547.0192 294.5488
CA-2016-
150889 11.992 1 11.0926 0.8994
CA-2016-
152289 159.984 2 115.9884 43.9956
CA-2016-
152814 29.472 3 19.5252 9.9468
CA-2016-
153682 839.988 2 769.989 69.999
CA-2016-
154711 12.192 4 8.0772 4.1148
CA-2016-
154739 321.568 2 293.4308 28.1372
CA-2016-
157000 57.24 6 47.2626 9.9774
CA-2016-
157686 194.848 4 182.67 12.178
CA-2016-
157749 65.312 9 43.5178 21.7942
CA-2016-
158568 64.624 7 42.0056 22.6184
CA-2016-
158834 361.104 7 328.0992 33.0048
CA-2016-
159695 158.368 7 144.5108 13.8572
CA-2016-
160745 302.376 3 279.6978 22.6782
CA-2016-
161389 407.976 3 275.3838 132.5922
CA-2016-
161669 64.416 8 43.9488 20.4672
CA-2016-
161816 385.288 7 338.0151 47.2729
CA-2016-
162138 251.52 6 169.776 81.744
CA-2016-
163384 13.216 4 8.7556 4.4604
CA-2016-
164511 14.352 3 9.6876 4.6644
CA-2016-
165218 149.352 3 98.9457 50.4063

23
CA-2016-
165316 58.912 4 49.7544 9.1576
CA-2016-
166163 71.976 3 64.7784 7.1976
CA-2016-
168081 258.696 3 194.022 64.674
CA-2016-
169103 1363.96 5 1278.7125 85.2475
CA-2017-
100314 372.446 9 315.5492 56.8968
CA-2017-
101049 17.92 5 15.456 2.464
CA-2017-
101210 13.152 3 10.3796 2.7724
CA-2017-
101798 23.36 4 15.476 7.884
CA-2017-
101945 10.824 3 8.2533 2.5707
CA-2017-
102337 47.984 2 41.986 5.998
CA-2017-
102414 45.144 4 36.9171 8.2269
CA-2017-
102946 75.792 3 50.2122 25.5798
CA-2017-
104745 79.344 8 65.2734 14.0706
CA-2017-
105053 17.472 3 11.1384 6.3336
CA-2017-
105074 21.744 3 14.949 6.795
CA-2017-
105144 23.68 2 14.8 8.88
CA-2017-
105809 215.968 2 197.0708 18.8972
CA-2017-
106852 36.352 8 24.8752 11.4768
CA-2017-
106943 8.64 2 5.616 3.024
CA-2017-
106964 11.808 2 7.5276 4.2804
CA-2017-
107503 48.896 4 40.3392 8.5568
CA-2017-
107727 29.472 3 19.5252 9.9468
CA-2017-
108329 444.768 4 400.2912 44.4768
CA-2017-
108560 23.168 2 15.3488 7.8192
CA-2017-
108910 103.056 3 78.5802 24.4758

24
CA-2017-
109946 16.52 5 14.455 2.065
CA-2017-
111178 19.56 5 17.8485 1.7115
CA-2017-
111689 68.472 3 45.3627 23.1093
CA-2017-
112774 34.504 1 28.4658 6.0382
CA-2017-
112809 200.064 3 187.56 12.504
CA-2017-
113558 729.648 6 681.7602 47.8878
CA-2017-
114216 12.192 3 8.0772 4.1148
CA-2017-
114412 15.552 3 10.1088 5.4432
CA-2017-
114552 15.072 3 10.9272 4.1448
CA-2017-
114636 192.16 5 124.904 67.256
CA-2017-
115427 34.624 4 23.6302 10.9938
CA-2017-
115651 8.84 5 5.8565 2.9835
CA-2017-
116204 21.336 7 13.6017 7.7343
CA-2017-
117079 863.88 3 755.895 107.985
CA-2017-
117212 1781.76 11 1625.8224 155.9376
CA-2017-
117240 13.128 3 8.8614 4.2666
CA-2017-
117457 2536.805 16 2070.3589 466.4461
CA-2017-
117947 107.424 9 73.854 33.57
CA-2017-
118640 69.712 2 60.998 8.714
CA-2017-
118731 84.056 7 56.7378 27.3182
CA-2017-
119004 105.408 10 84.6332 20.7748
CA-2017-
120999 147.168 4 130.6116 16.5564
CA-2017-
121412 29.328 3 25.662 3.666
CA-2017-
121468 31.968 4 29.5704 2.3976
CA-2017-
121818 52.696 10 48.2041 4.4919

25
CA-2017-
122154 266.76 6 173.772 92.988
CA-2017-
124086 203.983 2 187.1844 16.7986
CA-2017-
124828 9.552 3 7.9998 1.5522
CA-2017-
125199 146.936 11 130.2918 16.6442
CA-2017-
126382 35.168 7 25.4968 9.6712
CA-2017-
127705 27.44 2 25.039 2.401
CA-2017-
128160 36.672 2 25.212 11.46
CA-2017-
129567 17.456 2 11.5646 5.8914
CA-2017-
130043 31.872 8 20.3184 11.5536
CA-2017-
130386 239.112 12 163.5867 75.5253
CA-2017-
131156 25.472 4 17.8304 7.6416
CA-2017-
131954 146.352 15 96.7242 49.6278
CA-2017-
132353 323.976 3 303.7275 20.2485
CA-2017-
132521 6.88 1 4.558 2.322
CA-2017-
132682 490.392 9 430.9884 59.4036
CA-2017-
132934 51.312 3 32.7114 18.6006
CA-2017-
132976 114.376 15 89.7268 24.6492
CA-2017-
133235 271.96 5 254.9625 16.9975
CA-2017-
133431 15.24 5 10.0965 5.1435
CA-2017-
134978 15.92 5 10.547 5.373
CA-2017-
135034 95.984 2 89.985 5.999
CA-2017-
136539 27.168 2 24.4512 2.7168
CA-2017-
136826 14.016 3 9.2856 4.7304
CA-2017-
137099 374.376 3 327.579 46.797
CA-2017-
138611 119.94 10 103.948 15.992

26
CA-2017-
138779 29.664 6 21.6324 8.0316
CA-2017-
139619 95.616 2 86.0544 9.5616
CA-2017-
140585 46.672 2 30.3368 16.3352
CA-2017-
140963 279.96 5 262.4625 17.4975
CA-2017-
142636 307.136 4 280.2616 26.8744
CA-2017-
143259 375.912 7 344.0034 31.9086
CA-2017-
144113 73.56 3 61.5924 11.9676
CA-2017-
144638 55.816 5 43.207 12.609
CA-2017-
144694 253.824 6 165.8358 87.9882
CA-2017-
144932 118.32 9 89.397 28.923
CA-2017-
145233 1013.48 12 917.3419 96.1381
CA-2017-
146136 24.448 4 15.5856 8.8624
CA-2017-
147277 665.408 2 598.8672 66.5408
CA-2017-
150959 10.44 5 7.047 3.393
CA-2017-
152142 321.568 2 293.4308 28.1372
CA-2017-
152275 6.672 6 6.1716 0.5004
CA-2017-
152485 23.312 12 16.355 6.957
CA-2017-
153339 15.992 1 14.9925 0.9995
CA-2017-
154935 17.88 3 12.2925 5.5875
CA-2017-
156951 81.088 7 53.7208 27.3672
CA-2017-
157651 14.2 1 10.8275 3.3725
CA-2017-
157833 51.312 3 33.3528 17.9592
CA-2017-
158407 103.968 4 76.7746 27.1934
CA-2017-
158876 122.704 9 108.2492 14.4548
CA-2017-
159884 19.12 4 15.592 3.528

27
CA-2017-
160395 159.768 7 105.8463 53.9217
CA-2017-
160423 348.208 7 317.7398 30.4682
CA-2017-
161480 191.984 2 187.1844 4.7996
CA-2017-
162635 10.816 4 7.3008 3.5152
CA-2017-
162929 41.28 6 27.348 13.932
CA-2017-
162978 484.864 6 452.8846 31.9794
CA-2017-
163139 17.52 5 11.388 6.132
CA-2017-
164826 33.264 7 22.0374 11.2266
CA-2017-
167150 85.504 6 55.3284 30.1756
CA-2017-
167703 285.552 2 249.858 35.694
CA-2017-
169901 47.976 3 43.1784 4.7976
US-2014-
100853 20.16 4 13.608 6.552
US-2014-
105767 21.168 9 18.7866 2.3814
US-2014-
118486 116.784 2 94.887 21.897
US-2014-
119137 1033.176 9 853.0632 180.1128
US-2014-
135972 246.384 2 218.6658 27.7182
US-2014-
157021 17.088 4 11.5344 5.5536
US-2014-
157385 381.44 2 357.6 23.84
US-2014-
167738 292.272 6 274.005 18.267
US-2015-
103471 14.04 3 12.4605 1.5795
US-2015-
108966 22.368 2 19.8516 2.5164
US-2015-
130519 55.936 9 45.7808 10.1552
US-2015-
134026 97.04 2 95.827 1.213
US-2015-
138303 52.512 6 32.82 19.692
US-2015-
145436 389.696 8 345.8552 43.8408

28
US-2015-
150630 229.528 13 199.6462 29.8818
US-2015-
153500 289.608 11 230.5944 59.0136
US-2015-
157014 47.984 2 47.3842 0.5998
US-2015-
159982 701.824 11 641.0884 60.7356
US-2015-
161466 6.848 2 6.2488 0.5992
US-2015-
161991 1114.4 7 738.29 376.11
US-2015-
164448 39.528 7 26.9323 12.5957
US-2016-
100720 5.84 2 5.11 0.73
US-2016-
105578 834.36 3 772.3749 61.9851
US-2016-
110156 181.664 22 117.1345 64.5295
US-2016-
115819 55.136 9 36.9104 18.2256
US-2016-
123470 122.328 3 110.0952 12.2328
US-2016-
123750 700.704 12 569.322 131.382
US-2016-
132423 41.528 12 32.7531 8.7749
US-2016-
132857 6.672 3 5.004 1.668
US-2016-
134656 99.136 4 68.156 30.98
US-2016-
134908 7.56 3 4.914 2.646
US-2016-
135720 420.568 9 360.5412 60.0268
US-2016-
137547 21.072 3 19.4916 1.5804
US-2016-
141544 154.464 12 117.244 37.22
US-2016-
146710 63.32 6 54.2908 9.0292
US-2016-
148803 85.224 3 77.7669 7.4571
US-2016-
156986 31.104 6 20.2176 10.8864
US-2016-
157945 8.928 2 5.58 3.348
US-2016-
161396 419.4 5 272.61 146.79

29
 US-2016-
162859 398.352 3 273.867 124.485
US-2016-
168620 255.68 8 178.976 76.704
US-2017-
103247 75.792 3 50.2122 25.5798
US-2017-
106663 36.352 8 24.992 11.36
US-2017-
107272 243.992 7 213.493 30.499
US-2017-
110576 1048.128 15 959.2224 88.9056
US-2017-
118038 27.24 3 24.516 2.724
US-2017-
118087 376.272 9 279.5548 96.7172
US-2017-
119438 27.816 3 23.2959 4.5201
US-2017-
124303 16.056 3 10.2357 5.8203
US-2017-
145366 57.576 3 35.985 21.591
US-2017-
155425 201.584 2 186.4652 15.1188
US-2017-
156083 9.664 2 6.4024 3.2616
US-2017-
164147 99.76 11 63.4228 36.3372
US-2017-
168116 167.44 2 152.789 14.651
Grand Total 107846.4155 2069 91058.8346 16787.5809

Note: Please refer to the excel file for Pivot Table on each variable.

What If Analysis:
What-If Analysis is the process of changing the values in cells to find how those changes will
affect the outcome of formulas on the worksheet.

Reason of using it
It is being used to find out the effect of a specified value will have on profit and price.

1 Goal Seek:
As this test was not applicable for our data, we have taken the below data to apply the test.

30
 Online Superstore
Quantity $150,000.00
Price $8.33
Sales $1,250,000.00 Quantity multiplied by Sales

Landed Cost $3.00

COGS $450,000.00
GP $800,000.00

Expences
Marketing Expenses $300,000.00
SG&A $500,000.00

Net profit $0.00 GP-MKT Exp-SG&A

If we want to have a net profit of 400,000$ then will select “WHAT IF”, Goal Seek and then
will put 400,000 amount in the “to value” option and by changing cell of “price” then we will
get the below table.

Online Superstore
Quantity $150,000.00
Price $11.00
Sales $1,650,000.00 Quantity multiplied by Sales

Landed Cost $3.00

COGS $450,000.00
GP $1,200,000.00

Expenses
Marketing
Expenses $300,000.00
SG&A $500,000.00

Net profit $400,000.00 GP-MKT Exp-SG&A

Interpretation
If the price of the unit is set on 11$ instead of 8$ then after selling the total number of
quantity, the superstore will earn 400000$ net profit.

31
Note: Please refer to the excel file for Goal Seek method on each variable.

2 Data Table:
A data table is a what if analysis feature which has a range that evaluates changing variables
in a single formula.

Reason of using it
It is used to find out the values of two variables on a specified range of one or more
variables. If we want to find out the effect of price on GP and Net profit, then we will simply
calculate GP and Net profit on every price.

Interpretation

price GP net profit

$1,200,000.00 $400,000.00
-
1 -$300,000.00 $1,100,000.00
2 -$150,000.00 -$950,000.00
3 $0.00 -$800,000.00
4 $150,000.00 -$650,000.00
5 $300,000.00 -$500,000.00
6 $450,000.00 -$350,000.00
7 $600,000.00 -$200,000.00
8 $750,000.00 -$50,000.00
9 $900,000.00 $100,000.00
10 $1,050,000.00 $250,000.00
11 $1,200,000.00 $400,000.00
12 $1,350,000.00 $550,000.00
13 $1,500,000.00 $700,000.00
14 $1,650,000.00 $850,000.00
15 $1,800,000.00 $1,000,000.00

As the price of 8$ is the breakeven point, if we convert 8 in to 8.33333333 we will achieve 0

as shown below. This indicates that at 8.33333333 price the net profit will be 0.

32
 price GP net profit
$1,200,000.00 $400,000.00
-
1 -$300,000.00 $1,100,000.00
2 -$150,000.00 -$950,000.00
3 $0.00 -$800,000.00
4 $150,000.00 -$650,000.00
5 $300,000.00 -$500,000.00
6 $450,000.00 -$350,000.00
7 $600,000.00 -$200,000.00
8.333333 $800,000.00 $0.00
9 $900,000.00 $100,000.00
10 $1,050,000.00 $250,000.00
11 $1,200,000.00 $400,000.00
12 $1,350,000.00 $550,000.00
13 $1,500,000.00 $700,000.00
14 $1,650,000.00 $850,000.00
15 $1,800,000.00 $1,000,000.00

Cluster Analysis:

Cluster analysis is a multivariate method which aims to classify a sample of subject on the
basis of a set of measured variables into a number of different groups such that similar
subjects are placed in the same group.

Reason of using it

The purpose of cluster analysis is to place objects into groups, such that objects in a
given cluster tend to be similar to each other in some sense, and objects in
different clusters tend to be dissimilar.

1) Hierarchical cluster

In data mining and statistics, hierarchical clustering is a method of cluster analysis which seeks
to build a hierarchy of clusters.

33
Reason of using it

It is used as a task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group are
more similar to each other than to those in other groups.

Interpretation
Agglomeration Schedule

Cluster Combined Stage Cluster First Appears

Cluster Cluster Next
Stage Cluster 1 2 Coefficients Cluster 1 2 Stage
1 112 530 0.000 0 0 292
2 281 514 0.000 0 0 392
3 13 503 0.000 0 0 287
4 65 491 0.000 0 0 82
5 438 481 0.000 0 0 57
6 293 476 0.000 0 0 83
7 419 469 0.000 0 0 11
8 98 468 0.000 0 0 208
9 71 459 0.000 0 0 146
10 378 427 0.000 0 0 15
11 291 419 0.000 0 7 88
12 390 409 0.000 0 0 408
13 270 400 0.000 0 0 450
14 344 396 0.000 0 0 19
15 201 378 0.000 0 10 27
16 367 370 0.000 0 0 196
17 15 365 0.000 0 0 90
18 274 352 0.000 0 0 500
19 6 344 0.000 0 14 24
20 139 330 0.000 0 0 149
21 82 326 0.000 0 0 368
22 77 323 0.000 0 0 60
23 314 320 0.000 0 0 24
24 6 314 0.000 19 23 34
25 111 307 0.000 0 0 34
26 157 298 0.000 0 0 106
27 201 246 0.000 15 0 62
28 28 242 0.000 0 0 262
29 73 226 0.000 0 0 336
30 176 209 0.000 0 0 93
31 144 204 0.000 0 0 463
32 58 150 0.000 0 0 489
33 79 128 0.000 0 0 91

34
34 6 111 0.000 24 25 54
35 63 81 0.000 0 0 97
36 25 263 .000 0 0 51
37 420 529 .001 0 0 174
38 259 335 .001 0 0 121
39 284 466 .004 0 0 61
40 117 406 .006 0 0 51
41 262 485 .011 0 0 53
42 70 436 .016 0 0 148
43 67 136 .021 0 0 86
44 316 342 .023 0 0 85
45 180 442 .024 0 0 124
46 366 404 .029 0 0 63
47 267 497 .031 0 0 84
48 10 343 .046 0 0 52
49 38 327 .053 0 0 68
50 87 297 .055 0 0 69
51 25 117 .060 36 40 114
52 10 90 .063 48 0 135
53 35 262 .072 0 41 64
54 6 325 .080 34 0 77
55 403 534 .087 0 0 113
56 179 408 .106 0 0 156
57 424 438 .108 0 5 122
58 452 528 .137 0 0 87
59 125 135 .138 0 0 66
60 77 515 .143 22 0 73
61 142 284 .147 0 39 109
62 201 542 .152 27 0 109
63 214 366 .173 0 46 79
64 35 331 .179 53 0 103
65 251 501 .180 0 0 144
66 125 244 .192 59 0 86
67 363 411 .248 0 0 190
68 38 487 .255 49 0 114
69 87 237 .285 50 0 95
70 64 109 .297 0 0 102
71 261 520 .317 0 0 104
72 340 380 .330 0 0 152
73 77 444 .355 60 0 116
74 120 334 .356 0 0 119
75 311 428 .360 0 0 95
76 57 398 .361 0 0 180
77 6 346 .411 54 0 82
78 279 533 .416 0 0 147
79 156 214 .417 0 63 119

35
80 256 272 .423 0 0 122
81 202 484 .437 0 0 117
82 6 65 .459 77 4 99
83 223 293 .462 0 6 107
84 191 267 .465 0 47 127
85 316 354 .491 44 0 110
86 67 125 .496 43 66 103
87 452 456 .509 58 0 176
88 207 291 .520 0 11 165
89 172 388 .560 0 0 143
90 15 329 .560 17 0 236
91 79 387 .560 33 0 118
92 3 494 .589 0 0 123
93 176 361 .600 30 0 250
94 133 230 .615 0 0 120
95 87 311 .644 69 75 129
96 260 490 .674 0 0 137
97 63 480 .674 35 0 138
98 9 137 .700 0 0 158
99 6 430 .709 82 0 132
100 108 248 .720 0 0 233
101 351 510 .770 0 0 126
102 64 531 .773 70 0 152
103 35 67 .774 64 86 128
104 89 261 .812 0 71 135
105 56 200 .832 0 0 125
106 31 157 .850 0 26 195
107 213 223 .871 0 83 145
108 173 362 .918 0 0 138
109 142 201 .922 61 62 161
110 74 316 .974 0 85 147
111 312 432 1.000 0 0 166
112 24 318 1.063 0 0 395
113 357 403 1.087 0 55 172
114 25 38 1.110 51 68 170
115 39 449 1.138 0 0 158
116 27 77 1.139 0 73 192
117 202 455 1.142 81 0 181
118 22 79 1.157 0 91 193
119 120 156 1.169 74 79 130
120 133 523 1.201 94 0 180
121 105 259 1.210 0 38 134
122 256 424 1.219 80 57 173
123 3 91 1.228 92 0 173
124 180 301 1.249 45 0 214
125 56 358 1.255 105 0 144

36
126 351 526 1.269 101 0 234
127 191 433 1.333 84 0 162
128 12 35 1.356 0 103 190
129 87 435 1.357 95 0 151
130 120 508 1.383 119 0 172
131 206 265 1.390 0 0 164
132 6 300 1.442 99 0 178
133 93 250 1.444 0 0 203
134 105 288 1.466 121 0 185
135 10 89 1.469 52 104 159
136 225 324 1.475 0 0 205
137 85 260 1.515 0 96 210
138 63 173 1.554 97 108 174
139 309 451 1.555 0 0 198
140 383 392 1.557 0 0 189
141 106 245 1.614 0 0 194
142 100 101 1.620 0 0 279
143 172 217 1.620 89 0 145
144 56 251 1.625 125 65 247
145 172 213 1.672 143 107 178
146 71 538 1.722 9 0 227
147 74 279 1.793 110 78 157
148 60 70 1.800 0 42 177
149 44 139 1.847 0 20 261
150 233 467 1.884 0 0 187
151 87 338 1.892 129 0 162
152 64 340 1.919 102 72 191
153 52 187 2.009 0 0 181
154 80 171 2.153 0 0 304
155 356 512 2.235 0 0 253
156 114 179 2.294 0 56 233
157 74 368 2.337 147 0 191
158 9 39 2.370 98 115 167
159 10 505 2.405 135 0 166
160 131 165 2.458 0 0 229
161 142 517 2.465 109 0 202
162 87 191 2.471 151 127 169
163 140 282 2.582 0 0 206
164 206 507 2.663 131 0 286
165 207 504 2.676 88 0 209
166 10 312 2.822 159 111 214
167 9 158 2.848 158 0 203
168 443 482 2.862 0 0 347
169 87 119 2.862 162 0 220
170 25 360 2.916 114 0 209
171 21 134 2.935 0 0 257

37
172 120 357 3.078 130 113 202
173 3 256 3.105 123 122 176
174 63 420 3.115 138 37 229
175 499 540 3.120 0 0 219
176 3 452 3.137 173 87 210
177 60 66 3.139 148 0 199
178 6 172 3.191 132 145 240
179 127 287 3.240 0 0 230
180 57 133 3.358 76 120 264
181 52 202 3.375 153 117 241
182 184 532 3.642 0 0 235
183 1 285 3.650 0 0 264
184 48 509 3.688 0 0 226
185 51 105 3.860 0 134 236
186 124 474 3.880 0 0 289
187 224 233 3.894 0 150 217
188 75 498 3.931 0 0 246
189 149 383 3.935 0 140 234
190 12 363 4.029 128 67 273
191 64 74 4.062 152 157 222
192 27 34 4.099 116 0 242
193 22 321 4.114 118 0 223
194 14 106 4.206 0 141 218
195 31 304 4.297 106 0 260
196 367 483 4.320 16 0 212
197 296 299 4.329 0 0 271
198 309 397 4.490 139 0 218
199 60 391 4.529 177 0 247
200 249 313 4.569 0 0 349
201 121 220 4.651 0 0 219
202 120 142 4.727 172 161 241
203 9 93 4.748 167 133 227
204 231 496 4.819 0 0 253
205 225 349 4.941 136 0 213
206 59 140 4.945 0 163 308
207 167 369 4.946 0 0 255
208 98 154 5.090 8 0 238
209 25 207 5.109 170 165 222
210 3 85 5.330 176 137 258
211 393 488 5.435 0 0 245
212 367 493 5.496 196 0 299
213 225 426 5.499 205 0 224
214 10 180 5.507 166 124 256
215 18 212 5.534 0 0 337
216 68 234 5.542 0 0 277
217 203 224 5.772 0 187 267

38
218 14 309 5.908 194 198 251
219 121 499 5.965 201 175 252
220 87 454 6.059 169 0 228
221 83 129 6.176 0 0 232
222 25 64 6.325 209 191 273
223 22 322 6.411 193 0 266
224 198 225 6.588 0 213 269
225 188 235 6.791 0 0 252
226 48 450 6.833 184 0 294
227 9 71 6.863 203 146 244
228 87 489 7.009 220 0 240
229 63 131 7.092 174 160 285
230 127 471 7.098 179 0 263
231 241 379 7.213 0 0 297
232 83 264 7.295 221 0 295
233 108 114 7.385 100 156 293
234 149 351 7.396 189 126 285
235 184 376 7.407 182 0 270
236 15 51 7.572 90 185 306
237 269 525 7.620 0 0 283
238 98 194 7.993 208 0 267
239 132 243 8.004 0 0 268
240 6 87 8.193 178 228 265
241 52 120 8.199 181 202 256
242 27 236 8.359 192 0 269
243 182 257 8.544 0 0 305
244 9 283 8.626 227 0 266
245 393 511 8.644 211 0 309
246 43 75 8.656 0 188 279
247 56 60 8.752 144 199 282
248 50 115 8.866 0 0 295
249 371 377 9.001 0 0 271
250 176 277 9.067 93 0 289
251 14 439 9.191 218 0 265
252 121 188 9.875 219 225 293
253 231 356 10.397 204 155 296
254 88 477 10.471 0 0 324
255 30 167 10.504 0 207 302
256 10 52 10.613 214 241 290
257 21 389 11.228 171 0 281
258 3 174 11.309 210 0 282
259 345 359 11.390 0 0 300
260 31 177 11.532 195 0 315
261 44 506 11.808 149 0 317
262 28 502 12.605 28 0 350
263 127 347 12.849 230 0 316

39
264 1 57 13.380 183 180 335
265 6 14 13.425 240 251 321
266 9 22 13.445 244 223 357
267 98 203 13.505 238 217 304
268 132 258 13.582 239 0 307
269 27 198 14.446 242 224 355
270 184 280 14.592 235 0 310
271 296 371 14.829 197 249 352
272 463 537 15.525 0 0 296
273 12 25 15.647 190 222 344
274 8 276 15.760 0 0 325
275 381 429 15.922 0 0 323
276 11 222 16.354 0 0 356
277 68 519 16.427 216 0 316
278 527 536 16.500 0 0 351
279 43 100 16.833 246 142 320
280 92 292 17.009 0 0 338
281 21 413 17.094 257 0 297
282 3 56 17.218 258 247 320
283 53 269 17.331 0 237 345
284 189 193 17.819 0 0 326
285 63 149 17.978 229 234 290
286 190 206 18.096 0 164 321
287 13 475 18.163 3 0 323
288 211 348 18.180 0 0 335
289 124 176 18.383 186 250 298
290 10 63 19.404 256 285 309
291 162 341 19.450 0 0 292
292 112 162 21.366 1 291 322
293 108 121 21.380 233 252 343
294 48 495 21.468 226 0 381
295 50 83 22.419 248 232 305
296 231 463 22.485 253 272 326
297 21 241 22.587 281 231 315
298 124 255 22.750 289 0 313
299 186 367 23.105 0 212 308
300 32 345 24.276 0 259 373
301 107 196 24.418 0 0 415
302 30 195 24.459 255 0 380
303 147 181 24.470 0 0 377
304 80 98 24.723 154 267 306
305 50 182 25.992 295 243 347
306 15 80 26.647 236 304 357
307 132 407 26.734 268 0 346
308 59 186 27.542 206 299 345
309 10 393 28.073 290 245 344

40
310 143 184 28.395 0 270 340
311 33 76 28.642 0 0 389
312 208 472 28.806 0 0 402
313 124 289 29.183 298 0 363
314 163 275 29.412 0 0 410
315 21 31 29.650 297 260 349
316 68 127 29.949 277 263 340
317 42 44 29.989 0 261 352
318 45 518 30.694 0 0 331
319 40 210 30.804 0 0 332
320 3 43 31.077 282 279 341
321 6 190 31.871 265 286 341
322 20 112 32.364 0 292 379
323 13 381 33.526 287 275 372
324 88 253 34.381 254 0 373
325 8 372 34.434 274 0 433
326 189 231 34.582 284 296 409
327 102 308 35.122 0 0 408
328 183 197 35.613 0 0 371
329 410 479 35.851 0 0 424
330 29 47 37.901 0 0 406
331 45 159 37.973 318 0 404
332 40 228 38.008 319 0 364
333 216 294 41.166 0 0 390
334 178 364 41.340 0 0 367
335 1 211 41.526 264 288 355
336 73 146 41.658 29 0 384
337 18 192 44.886 215 0 459
338 92 141 45.039 280 0 362
339 232 522 45.218 0 0 437
340 68 143 45.381 316 310 378
341 3 6 45.912 320 321 343
342 238 247 48.260 0 0 406
343 3 108 48.881 341 293 403
344 10 12 49.765 309 273 403
345 53 59 50.673 283 308 400
346 116 132 51.254 0 307 390
347 50 443 54.158 305 168 362
348 99 385 54.720 0 0 421
349 21 249 54.822 315 200 366
350 28 148 57.793 262 0 429
351 240 527 57.826 0 278 381
352 42 296 58.527 317 271 389
353 273 373 58.568 0 0 419
354 168 339 62.152 0 0 360
355 1 27 62.543 335 269 383

41
356 11 448 62.871 276 0 387
357 9 15 64.619 266 306 383
358 41 138 65.602 0 0 411
359 96 445 69.859 0 0 399
360 17 168 70.551 0 354 439
361 315 521 72.824 0 0 451
362 50 92 77.738 347 338 396
363 124 271 79.591 313 0 420
364 40 386 79.628 332 0 434
365 166 464 80.259 0 0 396
366 21 421 81.885 349 0 425
367 178 286 81.924 334 0 388
368 82 86 85.872 21 0 435
369 19 54 88.309 0 0 402
370 113 431 88.414 0 0 427
371 26 183 90.014 0 328 379
372 13 46 90.650 323 0 376
373 32 88 93.111 300 324 386
374 110 446 94.492 0 0 454
375 414 478 94.774 0 0 426
376 13 72 95.561 372 0 404
377 78 147 96.639 0 303 437
378 37 68 96.897 0 340 393
379 20 26 100.163 322 371 465
380 30 123 102.285 302 0 444
381 48 240 102.928 294 351 421
382 218 458 108.706 0 0 397
383 1 9 114.259 355 357 416
384 73 268 118.815 336 0 428
385 302 303 120.606 0 0 435
386 32 375 122.028 373 0 425
387 11 215 122.089 356 0 394
388 178 239 126.839 367 0 422
389 33 42 129.090 311 352 409
390 116 216 135.471 346 333 417
391 185 418 141.634 0 0 423
392 281 460 145.936 2 0 468
393 37 122 148.077 378 0 400
394 11 254 150.577 387 0 414
395 24 384 154.686 112 0 462
396 50 166 154.951 362 365 420
397 218 328 155.310 382 0 447
398 104 160 158.165 0 0 433
399 96 305 158.602 359 0 434
400 37 53 158.674 393 345 416
401 7 415 160.481 0 0 455

42
402 19 208 160.740 369 312 476
403 3 10 161.596 343 344 456
404 13 45 164.812 376 331 430
405 219 535 168.100 0 0 413
406 29 238 175.138 330 342 454
407 199 453 181.122 0 0 477
408 102 390 182.251 327 12 449
409 33 189 194.525 389 326 474
410 163 402 194.736 314 0 452
411 41 169 211.515 358 0 441
412 151 355 220.721 0 0 466
413 219 425 221.096 405 0 443
414 11 227 221.565 394 0 447
415 49 107 224.922 0 301 451
416 1 37 226.832 383 400 456
417 116 252 229.396 390 0 439
418 69 205 229.871 0 0 457
419 55 273 231.118 0 353 469
420 50 124 233.014 396 363 446
421 48 99 242.790 381 348 422
422 48 178 254.517 421 388 475
423 185 465 255.830 391 0 458
424 410 470 257.768 329 0 441
425 21 32 263.650 366 386 446
426 414 462 263.938 375 0 462
427 113 422 269.694 370 0 472
428 73 447 273.620 384 0 443
429 28 295 283.270 350 0 460
430 13 310 297.423 404 0 444
431 399 437 299.066 0 0 477
432 290 500 324.180 0 0 460
433 8 104 331.228 325 398 475
434 40 96 336.350 364 399 480
435 82 302 339.611 368 385 461
436 319 541 354.323 0 0 502
437 78 232 372.068 377 339 459
438 23 353 394.480 0 0 464
439 17 116 408.404 360 417 478
440 2 395 413.655 0 0 473
441 41 410 444.187 411 424 458
442 412 434 444.548 0 0 482
443 73 219 446.897 428 413 471
444 13 30 457.113 430 380 465
445 221 492 460.741 0 0 472
446 21 50 465.004 425 420 474
447 11 218 476.309 414 397 476

43
448 84 155 477.720 0 0 470
449 97 102 480.647 0 408 483
450 270 332 487.913 13 0 492
451 49 315 521.296 415 361 457
452 163 441 567.022 410 0 471
453 161 350 603.471 0 0 496
454 29 110 621.646 406 374 491
455 7 457 644.993 401 0 511
456 1 3 646.473 416 403 506
457 49 69 738.187 451 418 487
458 41 185 743.307 441 423 495
459 18 78 755.522 337 437 488
460 28 290 780.132 429 432 491
461 82 336 791.932 435 0 469
462 24 414 792.021 395 426 480
463 144 524 793.038 31 0 509
464 16 23 816.501 0 438 507
465 13 20 827.899 444 379 478
466 103 151 868.557 0 412 495
467 5 394 910.065 0 0 486
468 153 281 949.932 0 392 511
469 55 82 966.373 419 461 493
470 84 539 1030.087 448 0 485
471 73 163 1084.639 443 452 494
472 113 221 1112.863 427 445 483
473 2 61 1136.971 440 0 486
474 21 33 1169.912 446 409 490
475 8 48 1185.561 433 422 497
476 11 19 1251.953 447 402 484
477 199 399 1331.594 407 431 488
478 13 17 1372.575 465 439 490
479 333 440 1405.500 0 0 492
480 24 40 1519.200 462 434 484
481 95 152 1520.501 0 0 502
482 412 423 1609.891 442 0 499
483 97 113 2125.500 449 472 504
484 11 24 2263.211 476 480 517
485 62 84 2337.101 0 470 505
486 2 5 2378.722 473 467 498
487 49 374 2399.861 457 0 510
488 18 199 2669.566 459 477 489
489 18 58 2693.769 488 32 510
490 13 21 2845.569 478 474 506
491 28 29 2860.801 460 454 497
492 270 333 3046.119 450 479 503
493 36 55 3060.781 0 469 494

44
494 36 73 3350.288 493 471 518
495 41 103 3389.316 458 466 504
496 161 175 3455.950 453 0 505
497 8 28 3788.308 475 491 508
498 2 461 4141.208 486 0 512
499 170 412 4275.119 0 482 512
500 145 274 4396.671 0 18 529
501 130 229 4437.976 0 0 519
502 95 319 4520.678 481 436 519
503 270 405 4646.214 492 0 525
504 41 97 5060.724 495 483 508
505 62 161 5545.743 485 496 516
506 1 13 5950.901 456 490 527
507 16 337 6102.712 464 0 514
508 8 41 8334.108 497 504 517
509 144 266 8488.346 463 0 515
510 18 49 9096.108 489 487 523
511 7 153 10394.551 455 468 518
512 2 170 10396.599 498 499 513
513 2 401 11822.149 512 0 530
514 16 317 13198.681 507 0 521
515 94 144 13891.058 0 509 532
516 62 416 14330.122 505 0 525
517 8 11 16547.304 508 484 527
518 7 36 17613.011 511 494 523
519 95 130 18252.899 502 501 526
520 278 473 19042.732 0 0 531
521 16 486 19867.503 514 0 526
522 118 306 21673.599 0 0 532
523 7 18 24174.646 518 510 533
524 382 516 24404.264 0 0 528
525 62 270 28197.073 516 503 528
526 16 95 36716.497 521 519 530
527 1 8 50975.229 506 517 535
528 62 382 55015.413 525 524 533
529 145 513 73452.056 500 0 536
530 2 16 85774.137 513 526 534
531 4 278 120074.259 0 520 537
532 94 118 134711.175 515 522 534
533 7 62 150781.962 523 528 535
534 2 94 188313.572 530 532 536
535 1 7 282265.034 527 533 538
536 2 145 439387.917 534 529 538
537 4 164 1218945.290 531 0 540
538 1 2 1696780.692 535 536 541
539 126 417 2479450.752 0 0 540

45
 540 4 126 6450209.336 537 539 541
541 1 4 13218800.165 538 540 0

K-Mean Cluster:

K-means clustering aims to partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation
belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster.

Reason of using it

clustering algorithms are used to automatically assign genotypes. The similarity of genetic data
is used in clustering to infer population structures.

Interpretation

Initial Cluster Centers

Cluster

1 2 3
Sales
1979.93 4355.17 1.45
Quantity 9.00 4.00 1.00
COGS 1831.40 2939.70 1.20
Profit
148.50 1415.40 .20

Number of Cases in each Cluster

Cluster 1 52.000
2 3.000
3 487.000
Valid 542.000
Missing 0.000

In cluster 1&2 sales has more impact than in cluster. Secondly quantity has an impact in
cluster 1 but it decreased in cluster 2 and 3. The COGS has relatively less impact 1st and 3rd

46
cluster as compared to cluster 2. Lastly profit as the dependent variable has most impact on
2nd cluster as compared to 1st and the 3rd cluster.

Hypothesis Testing:

Hypothesis test evaluates two mutually exclusive statements about a data to determine which
statement is best supported by the sample data, with the goal of accepting or rejecting a null
hypothesis.

Reason of using it

It uses tests which has a size of data equal to the significance level p-value. The probability,
assuming the null hypothesis is true, of observing a result at least as extreme as
the test statistic.

Simple linear Regression:

Simple linear regression is a statistical method that allows to summarize and study relationships
between two continuous variables.

Reason of using it

In simple linear regression a single independent variable can be used to predict the value of a
dependent variable.

Interpretation

1) Sales

Coefficientsa

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients Sig.
Model B Std. Error Beta t
1 (Constant) -.174 2.499 -.070 .944
Sales .157 .006 .767 27.773 .000
a. Dependent Variable: profit

47
There is significant positive relationship between sales and profit. If the sales increases then
profit will increase with 0.767 units.

2) Quantity
Coefficientsa

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 14.203 6.777 2.096 .037
Quantity 4.394 1.528 .123 2.876 .004
a. Dependent Variable: profit

There is significant positive relationship between quantity and profit. If the quantity
increases then profit will increase with 0.123 units.

3) COGS

Coefficientsa

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant)
4.483 2.922 1.535 .125
COGS .158 .008 .659 20.381 .000
a. Dependent Variable: profit

There is significant positive relationship between COGS and profit. If the COGS increases
then profit will increase with 0.659 units.

Multiple Linear Regression:

Multiple linear regression attempts to model the relationship between two or more
explanatory variables and a response variable by fitting a linear equation to observed data.

Reason of using it

To see every value of the independent variable x is associated with a value of the dependent
variable y.

48
Interpretation

Coefficientsa

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Std.
Model B Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant)
.003 .004 .821 .412

sales 1.000 .000 4.899 33907.038 0.000

quantity .000 .001 .000 .505 .614
COGS -1.000 .000 -4.182 -28803.323 0.000
a. Dependent Variable: profit

Model Summary

Adjusted
R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 1.000a 1.000 1.000 .04159
a. Predictors: (Constant), COGS, quantity, sales

Interpretation

In the multiple regression we found that all the variables have a combined value of R= 1.000
that means on average changing these variables by 1 unit will change profit by 1.000 units.

Profit

1) Ho = Sales has an impact on net profit

The results of the p value of sales is less than 5% whereas the t value is more than 2. This
interprets the insignificance of sales and we reject Ho.

2) Ho = Quantity has an impact on profit

The results of the p value of quantity is greater than 5% whereas the t value is less than 2. This
interprets the insignificance of quantity and we do not reject Ho.

3) Ho = COGS has an impact on profit.

49
The results the p value of COGS is less than 5% whereas the t value is also not greater than 2.
This interprets the insignificance and we reject Ho.

Forecasting:
1) Naive method:

Naive forecasting. Estimating technique in which the last period's actuals are used as this
period's forecast, without adjusting them or attempting to establish causal factors.

Reason of using it

It is used only for comparison with the forecasts generated by the better techniques.

Absolute Absolute
value of Error of
Profit Actual Forecast Forecast Percentage Forecast Percentage
value value error error Error Error
23591.974 720.72%

Absolute Absolute Error

Actual Forecast Forecast Percentage value of of Percentage
value value error error Forecast Error Error
Quantity

2.247689464 77.303%

Absolute
Error of
COGS Actual Forecast Forecast Percentage Absolute value of Percentage
value value error error Forecast Error Error
240.6011571 1073.26%

Absolute
Error of
Sales Actual Forecast Forecast Percentage Absolute value of Forecast Percentage
value value error error Error Error
279.0409205 897.351%

Note: Please refer to excel file.

50
 2) Moving Average Method:

In statistics, a moving average is a calculation to analyze data points by creating series

of averages of different subsets of the full data set.

Reason of using it
Simple Moving Averages Make Trends Stand Out. Moving averages are one of the most
popular and often-used technical indicators.

Absolute Absolute
value of Error of
Profit Actual Forecast Forecast Percentage Forecast Percentage
value value error error Error Error
27.07 458.95%

Absolute Absolute
value of Error of
Sales Actual Forecast Forecast Percentage Forecast Percentage
value value error error Error Error
177.075358 602.204%

Absolute Absolute
value of Error of
COGS Actual Forecast Forecast Percentage Forecast Percentage
value value error error Error Error
153.0487945 717.559%

Absolute Absolute
value of Error of
Quantity Actual Forecast Forecast Percentage Forecast Percentage
value value error error Error Error
1.432716049 50.782%

Note: Please refer to excel file for forecasting.

51