တာရာမင္းေ၀ အမွတ္တရစာစုမ်ား

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wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm;
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500
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2009 -o*wfpf
rsufESmzHk; ESifh aemufausmzHk; yef;csD'DZdkif;

oef;aX;armif
twGif; yef;csDum;rsm;
xdefvif; (www.hteinlin.com)
rkwfokef
armifEdk;
bdkbdkxGef;
xkwfa0/ jzef@csd tGefvdkif;

rdk;rc rmvfwDrD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒ (www.moemaka.com)
PO Box 320-207 San Francisco CA USA 94132-0207
pmrsufESm tjyiftqif
udkOD;/ roEWm
yg0ifa&;om;=uolrsm;
atmif'if/ a&$bkef;vl/ wm&mrif;a0/ rif;udkEdkif/ acvGef;/ udkòzd;/ rdk;v+difn/ ndrf;ndK/ yef'dk&m/ pef;pef;wif/
aEGql;vuFm/ xdkufolEdkif/ armiftdk;/ atmifa0;/ aebkef;vwf/ xifrif;rif;vwf/ cufrm/ bdk-unf/
pdk;xufcdkif/ ar_idrf;/ rif;Zif/ jrifhpdk;/ yef;csD xdefvif;/ rif;vGif/ armifpGrf;&nf/ armif&pf
rmwdum
pOf ta-umif;t&m pmrsufESm
1? tydkif; (1)
usaemfeJŒ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta-umif; (odkŒr[kwf)
a&$bkef;vl (odkŒr[kwf) wm&mrif;a0 12
2? tydkif; (2)
a&$bkef;vl&JŒ 1988 ta&;awmfyHkumvrSma&;cJhwJh awmfvSefa&; uAsm 4 yk'f 27
(1) ausmif;zGifhcsdef 29
(2) ausmif;om; twˆKy`wWd 37
(3) O'gef; 43
(4) ar#mf 45
3? tydkif; (3)
wm&mrif;a0&JŒ uAsm&Snf 3 yk'f 47
(1) acgif;avmif;oH pmwrf; 49

(2) opPmw&m;twGuf rD;tdrfwvHk;ESifh 59
(3) rD;awmuf &pforf 71
4? tydkif; (4)
psmye rSwfwrf;"mwfyHkrsm; 82
5? tydkif; (5)
wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& uAsmrsm; 95
(1) -u,faºuG owdkŒom; (rif;udkEdkif) 97

(2) wm&mrif;a0odkŒ tvGrf; (atmif'if) 98
(3) xm0& tdyfaysmfoGm;wJh-u,f (acvGef;) 100
(4) vlrkdufrsm;ESifh cGJcGmjcif; (udkòzd;) 101
(5) arSmfom;rD;v#H (rdk;v+difn) 103
(6) vGrf;qGwf-u,f (ndrf;ndK) 104
(7) wm&maºuGwJhn (yef'dk&m) 105
(8) wm&mrif;a0 (pef;pef;wif) 106
(9) xm0&vif;r,fh wm&modkŒ (aEGql;vuFm) 107
(10) a&$bkef;vl (odkŒr[kwf) wm&mrif;a0eJŒ e,fpnf;rjcm; uAsmrsm; (xdkufolEdkif) 109
(11) ta0;u yef;csDum; (armiftdk;) 110
(12) vkvif-u,f (atmifa0;) 113
7? tydkif; (6)
wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm; 115
(1) rdk;acgifwJhavmurSm tudkŒudk,fpm; usaemfwdkŒ (aebkef;vwf) 117

(2) usaemfrodaom wm&mrif;a0 (xifrif;rif;vwf) 119
(3) E+wfqufjcif; (cufrm) 121
(4) a&$bkef;vludk owd&jcif; (bdk-unf) 129
(5) i&Jcef;u jcaoFh (pdk;xufcdkif) 133
(6) -u,faºuGwyGifh æ (ar_idrf;) 137
(7) udka&$bkef;vl ESifh wavSwnf;pD; (rif;Zif) 143
(8) wm&mrif;a0 (odkŒr[kwf) jrm;xufjrifhatmif ysHwJhiSuf (jrifhpdk;) 153
(9) yef;acwfu vrif;odkŒ vGrf;csif; (yef;csD xdefvif;) 161
(10) nDav;rGef tvnfvmwkef;u (rif;vGif) 171
(11) wm&mrif;a0 eJŒ olŒarG;pm;tazta-umif; (armifpGrf;&nf) 179
(12) 88 xJu wa,muf (armif&pf) 183
aus;Zl;rSwfwrf; 187
“vrf;wlolrsm;csif;om
'%f&mudk ðypk
aoG;wdwaf tmif ukovd@k
'd@k aemufu vlawGvnf;
owd&ae=uOD;awmhr,f æ ”
atmifcsdrhf
8 wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm;
a&$bek ;f vl (wm&mrif;a0)
(1966 = 2007)
twˆKy`wdW tusOf;
trnf&if;rSm cspfnDnDjzpfonf? 1966 pufwifbm 13 &ufae@ &efukefòrdŒwGif zcif

(OD;ausm&f edS )f rdcif a':vS=unf wd@k u arG;zGm;onf? armifErS rsm;tjzpf tudk cspu
f u
kd kd (atmif'if/
U.S. Campaign for Burma, USA) ESifh nDr cifpENmrdk; wdk@ jzpfonf? 1986-87 wGif txu
(2) &efuif;òrdŒe,fu 10 wef;udk jrefrmpm*k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrif+yD; 1988 wGif &efukefwUodkvf
v_dife,fajrwGif t*Fvdyfpmt"du ESifh ynmoif=um;cJhonf?
1988 vlxt k a&;awmfy}Hk u;D wGif ausmif;om;wOD;tjzpf wufºupG mG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ+h y;D 1988
'DZifbm - Auorsm;tzG@J csKyfwiG f A[kad umfrw D 0D ifwa,muftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf? Edik if aH &;
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umihf 1990 rS 1994 ckESpftxd tusOf;cscHchJ&+yD; 2005 ckESpf arvwGifvnf;
rdom;pkESihftwl ,m,D txdef;odrf;cHchJ&onf?
ta&;tcif;umvtwGi;f a&$bek ;f vl trnfjzif‘h ausmif;zGichf sed ’f uAsm&Snrf mS xif&mS ;onf?

tvm;wl tjcm;xif&mS ;aom awmfveS af &;uAsmrsm;a&;om;ol ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;
tjzpf od&=dS uonf?
axmifrS vGwaf jrmufvm+yD; ‘wm&mrif;a0’ uavmiftrnfuckd , H +l yD; pma&;q&m uAsm

q&mwOD;tjzpf pmayavmuwGif pwif&yfwnfc&hJ m 1994 &ifcek o
f rH *~Zif;wGif ‘avpD;a=umif;
xJrS vlrsm;’onf ‚if;. yxrOD;qkH; pmrljzpfonf?
1995 ckESpf ‘pmay*sme,f’r*~Zif;wGifazmfjycJhaom ‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;’ 0wˆKwdkjzifh jzL;

rdwaf qGrsm; pmayqk &&Scd o
hJ nf? 0wˆKwd/k 0wˆK&Sn/f uAsmESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;pGma&;om;ch+J yD; ‚if;.
tcsKdŒaom 0wˆKrsm;udk AD'D,dk±kyf&Sifrsm; ±dkuful;cJhonf? armifa,m ESifh pefwD,m*dk uavmifcGJ
wdk@jzifh pmaya0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf?
,if;wd@k teuf armifrsK;d rif;(&ifwiG ;f jzpf) ±du

k u
f ;l I a'G;/ eENmv_id w
f @kd o±kyaf qmifxm;aom
‘aumif;uiftaºuG aumufwJhvuf’/ 'g±dkufwm vGifrif; ±dkuful;+yD; aewdk;/ td¹ENmausmfZif
rdk;rc pme,fZif;tzGJhu xkwfa0jzefhcsdonf/
atmif'if pDpOfonf? 9
wdk@ o±kyfaqmifxm;onfh ‘wudk,fawmfa&;wJh u}uD;cacG;’wdk@ xif&Sm;onf? 'g±dkufwm

armifo&l (Zm*em) ±du k u
f ;l cJo
h nfh ‘jrif;pD;xGuaf om tdyrf ufrsm;’ ±ky&f iS rf mS rl jrefrmjynfwiG ;f Y
jyocGifh r&&SdcJhyg?
2007 =o*kwv f 5 &ufae@wiG f uG,v

f eG o
f nf? uG,v
f eG cf sed w
f iG f ZeD; (uGm&Si;f ) raemf[&D
(pma&;q&mr) ESifh om; acwfae wdk@ usef&pfcJhonf?
wm&mrif;a0 a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo

h nfh vH;k csi;f pmtkyrf sm;udk vufvrS ;f rDor# azmfjyvdu
k yf g
onf?
1? yef;acwfu vrif;
2? ta&SŒòrd@±dk;rS rdk;a&pufrsm;
3? vli,fwa,muf&JŒausmufxGif;&mZ0if
4? jym
5? yef;vufz0g;rSm yg;tyfcGifhr&SdwJh aumifrav;
6? usaemfESifh {'ifuacsonf
7? usaemfESifh a=u;oGef;,Ofaus;r_
8? usaemfESifh =u,fjrifvjrif avmu"H
9? ewfysKdrtwGuf yef; ('DZifbm 2000)
10? udk,fhvufeJ@ zrf;rdwJh e*g;aiG@wef; (atmufwdkbm 2002)
11? rdk;acgifvdk@ wD;wJhAHkoH (Zlvdkif 2004)
12? òydifjrif;wdk@&JŒ cGmoH (Zefe0g&D 2005) 'kwd,t}udrf
13? usaemfwl;azmfcJhonfh ajrpdkifajrcJrsm; ta=umif; (pufwifbm 2005)
14? a&$zdeyfrSm tpdrf;a&mif=uufajccwfeJ@aumifrav; (Zefe0g&D 2006) wwd,t}udrf
15? aumif;uiftaºuG aumufwJhvuf (Zefe0g&D 2006)
16? b,fbufvufxJrSm 0Sufxm;wJhyHkjyif (ZGef 2006)
17? tmvm'if rodvdkufwJh rD;cGuf (Zlvdkif 2006)
18? u|ef;awmfrS tjyef (=o*kwf 2006)
19? 0uFygudk zGifhwJhaomh (pufwifbm 2006)
20? jrif;pD;xGufaom tdyfrufrsm; (Edk0ifbm 2006)
21? reufjzefcgrSm xm;cJhwJhrsufESm (Edk0ifbm 2006)
22? igonfom yef;jzpfI aemufw}udrf jyefyiG chf iG &hf cJah omf ('DZifbm 2006) 'kw,
d t}udrf
23? usaemfESifh aqmif;&moD'\e (Zefe0g&D 2007)
24? udk,fa&;udk,fwm yk&ydkuf (azazmf0g&D 2007)
25? tvHrxlcJhaom vufrsm; (ar 2007)
26? oifESifheHeufcif;udkom 0ifcGifhðyrnf (ZGef 200&) wwd,t}udrf
27? ol@tdk;ykwfuav;udk usaemf jyefray;yg (Zlvdkif 2007)

tydik ;f ( 1 )
usaemfe@J uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif; (od@k r[kw)f

a&$bek ;f vl (od@k r[kw)f wm&mrif;a0

usaemfeŒJ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif; (odŒk r[kw)f

a&$bek ;f vl (odŒk r[kw)f wm&mrif;a0
atmif'if
(1)
usaemfhudkarG;+yD; 4 ESpfavmuft=umrSm araru usaemfhtwGuf nDi,fav;wa,muf

xyfraH rG;zGm;ay;ygw,f? 1966 ckEpS /f pufwifbm v 13 &uf/ t*F gae@rmS yg? ol@ukd arG;zGm;awmh
ivsifrv_yfygbl;/ av}uD;rdk;}uD; rusygbl;/ rdk;óud;awGvnf; rypfygbl;/ t&mcyfodrf;u yHkrSef
twdkif;ygyJ? usaemfwdk@rdom;pkrSm vluav;wa,muf wdk;wmuvGJvdk@aygh? jrefrmEdkifiHuawmh
AdkvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppftkyfpdk;r_atmufa&mufwm 4 ESpfausmfcJhyg+yD?
usaemfrh b
d rsm;u tr0rf;uGw J a,muf&ŒJ pum;udek m;a,mif+yD; usaemhu f kd ‘cspu
f u
kd ’kd vd@k
trnfay;xm;wmrdk@ ol@udkvnf; vG,fvG,fululyJ ‘cspfnDnD’ vdk@ trnfay;vdkuf=uygw,f?
araru usaemhu f kd ‘om;}uD;’vd@k ac:+yD; ol@uakd wmh ‘om;i,fav;’vd@k ac:ygw,f? 'Dvekd @J ol@&ŒJ
tdrfemrnfu ti,fav; jzpfvmygw,f? oluvnf; pum;ajym&if ol@udk,fol“i,fi,f”vdk@
ok;H avh&ydS gw,f?
aemuf 2 ESpft=um nDrti,fqkH;udkarG;awmh usaemfu 6 ESpfom;&Sd+yD; 0wˆKpmtkyf

awG pzwfaeyg+yD? pma&;q&m rdk;a0 &JŒ pHkaxmuf0wˆKawGzwf+yD; tvGwfpHkaxmuf wifarmif
aqGeJ@ ol@&JŒvufaxmuf rdk;pENmwdk@udk oabmusaecsdefrdk@ nDrav;udk ‘cifpENmrdk;’ vdk@ trnf
ay;vdu k Ef ikd yf gw,f? usaemfrsm;vufO;D r_r&cJ&h ifjzifh nDrav;crsm ‘csprf r’ jzpfvmp&mta=umif;
&Syd gw,f?
om;orD; 3 a,muf&&dS if t}uD;qk;H eJ@ ti,fq;Hk u rdbarwœmyd&k +yD; tvwfu rdbarwœm
csKdŒwJhw,fvdk@ajym=uwm =um;zl;/ awG@zl;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@rdom;pkrSmawmh tJ'Dvdk r[kwfyg?
tvwfjzpfwJh ol[m rdbESpfyg;pvkH;&JŒ tcspfqkH; eJ@ tvdkvdkuf tcH&qkH;yg? t}uD;qkH; usaemfeJ@
ti,fqkH; nDrav;wdk@uawmh tqlcH&qkH;eJ@ rdom;pkwm0efawGudk trsm;qkH; r#a0,l&olawG
jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(2)
usaemfwdk@armifESr 3 a,mufpvkH; awmifOuUvmyòrdŒe,f 9 &yfuGufu trSwf (10)

tajccHynm rlvwef;ausmif;rSm oli,fwef;uae av;wef;txd ynmoif=um;cJh&ygw,f?
usaemfu ig;wef;wESpfudk awmifOuUvmyòrdŒe,f tajccHynm tv,fwef;ausmif; trSwf
(3)rSmaecJ&h +yD; 6 wef;uae 10 wef;txd &efuif; txu (2) pde@f ru
kd u
f ,frmS wufcyhJ gw,f?
'ga=umifhvnf; usaemhf nDeJ@ nDryg &efuif; txu (2) ausmif;om;awG jzpfvmcJh=uygw,f?
a&$bkef;vl[m i,fi,fwkef;uawmh pmawmfwJh ausmif;om;wa,mufyg? twef;xJrSm

xdyfqkH;rSm&Sd+yD; yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd, qkawG pmar;yGJwdkif;rSm &cJhwmyg? wwef;+yD; wwef;
rSefrSefatmifcJhayr,fh 10 wef;rSm wpfaeygawmhw,f? 10 wef;pmar;yGJudk av;}udrf/ ig;}udrf
avmufajz&+yD; ESpf}udrfajz&wJh nDrav;xuf wESpfaemufus+yD; 1986-87 pmoifESpfusrSyJ
10 wef;udk jrefrmpm*k%fxl;eJ@ atmifygw,f? 1988 rwfvta&;tcif;jzpfcsdefrSm usaemfu
&efukefpufr_wuUodkvfrSm pufr_tif*sifeD,m aemufqkH;ESpf/ nDrav; u "mwkaA' t"du
'kwd,ESpfeJ@ a&$bkef; u t*Fvdyfpm t"dueJ@ yxrESpf/ &efukefwuUodkvf vd_ife,fajrrSm
ausmif;wufae=uwmyg?
tJ'Dvdk 10 wef;pmar;yGJ wzkef;zkef;us&wmeJ@ywfouf+yD; azaz u rSwfcsufcsygw,f?

“uAsm a&;vdk@ æ” wJh/ 'gvnf; rSefEdkifygw,f? ol tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0rSmuwnf;u
uAsmawG a&;aeyg+yD? a&;awmhvnf; jrefrmpm uAsm!Gef@aygif;usrf;}uD;awGudk taotcsm
zwf¶a_ vhvm +yD;a&;wmyg? a&S;uAsm a&;[efrsm;udt k wk,+l yD; av;csK;d awG/ a'G;csK;d awG/ tdik cf si;f
awG/ &wkawG a&;Edik yf gw,f? tJ'aD cwfu vlóudurf sm;wJh ok;H a=umif; uAsmav;awG a&;ygw,f?
tJ'Dacwfu ±kyf&Sifa=u;rHk wdk@/ *Dwya'om wdk@/ ,k0wD/ *Dw owif;pOfpwJh *sme,fawGrSm
azmfjycH&ygw,f? pmrlc r&yg? pmapmifudk udk,fhydkufqHeJ@ udk,f 0,f&ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u
ol@uavmifemrnfu ‘rD;cdk;jzL’ yg? 1982 rSm ol@&JŒ ‘rD;cdk;jzL’ emrnfeJ@ yxrqkH; r*~Zif;uAsm
‘ppfjyef’ r*~Zif;rSm yHkESdyfazmfjyygw,f? tJ'DuAsmuvnf; av;csKd;&Snf}uD;ygyJ?
jrefrmpmudk Edik ef if;u|r;f usivf eG ;f vd@k twef;xJrmS ol@a&;om;wJh pmpDpmuH;k awG[m trSwf
trsm;qkH;&+yD; q&m/ q&mrrsm;&JŒ todtrSwfðyjcif;/ csD;usL;jcif;cH&ygw,f? òrdŒe,ftqifh/
wdik ;f tqifh pmpDpmuk;H òydiyf aJG wGrmS ausmif;udk ud, k pf m;ðyyg0if&+yD; qkawGvnf; &cJyh gw,f? ol@&ŒJ
t"dutm;enf;csufuawmh odyH`qdkif&m ¶lyaA'/ "mwkaA'/ ocsFm wdk@udk pdwfr0ifpm;wmygyJ?
'ga=umifhvnf; 0dZ…m/ odyH` bmompkHajz&wJh 10 wef;udk awmf¶HkeJ@ratmifwmyg? aemufydkif; 10
wef;udk 0dZ…m owfowf/ odyH` owfowf/ cGJvdkufwJhtcgusrSyJ 0dZ…mwGJoufoufudk,l+yD;
pdwfóudufjrefrmpm *k%fxl;eJ@ atmifygawmhw,f? t*FvdyfpmrSmvnf; *k%fxl;rSwfeD;yg;&vdk@
&efukefwuUodkvfudk t*Fvdyfpm t"dueJ@ wufa&mufcGifh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1988 rwfv
ta&;tcif;upcJhwJh vlxkta&;awmfykH}uD;u ol@&JŒynma&;vrf;a=umif;udk tqkH;owfay;
vdkufygw,f? b0wuUodkvfu ausmif;+yD;cJhayr,fh &efukefwuUodkvfuawmh ausmif;r+yD;cJhyg?
(3)
1988 vlxt k a&;awmfy}kH u;D [m jrefrmEdik if u H oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynfoal wG&ŒJ b0awG
udk t}uD;tus,f ¶du k cf wfajymif;vJapcJyh gw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS usaemfw@kd ro
d m;pkuav;vnf; ygchJ
wmayg?h azazu Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;/ owif;pmq&ma[mif;}uD;jzpf+yD; om;orD; 3 a,muf
pvk;H u wuUov kd af usmif;om;awG jzpfaewJt h cg ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_upcJw h hJ Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m
v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rSm usaemfwdk@rdom;pkwpkvkH; us&mae&muae wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uwmaygh?
usaemfwdk@ nDtudkESpfa,mufpvkH; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif armifarmifausmfeJ@wGJzuf+yD;
‘Armjynf jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&; vli,fwyfO;D ’ (Burma Youth Liberation Front) udk &efuek f
wuUodkvf ZGefta&;tcif; wywf=umqENjyr_awGt+yD;rSm ajratmuf tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf
zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmifcJh=u+yD; e,fpyfa'otajcpdkuf awmfvSefa&;tzGJŒrsm;eJ@pwif qufoG,fcJh
=uygw,f? armifarmifausmu f awmh ZGev f ukerf mS xdik ;f -jrefrm e,fpyfukd v#KŒd 0Sux f u G cf mG oGm;
ygw,f? tJ'D aemuf =o*wfpf 8 &uf vlxt k ºkH urG }_ u;D ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf usaemfw@kd tm;vk;H
jrefrmEdik if w
H eHwvsm; c&D;awGxu G +f y;D jynfoal wG ausmif;om;awG=um;xJrmS v#KŒd 0Supf mG pnf;¶k;H
a&; qif;=u&ygw,f?
1988 'DZifbm/ Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;=uwJhtcg usaemfu 'k-OuUÏ (2)

jzpfvm+yD; a&$bkef;vl u A[dkaumfrDwD0if wa,mufjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 1989/ rwfv 23 &uf
ae@rSm OuUÏ rif;udkEdkif tzrf;cH&/ {+yD 23 &ufae@rSm usaemf tzrf;cH&+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmh
a&$bkef;vlwa,muf ol@&JŒ ‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ uAsmeJ@xif&Sm;vm+yD; Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ
A[dktvkyftr_aqmif aumfrDwD0ifwa,mufvnf; jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'Daemuf ol tdEdN,
e,fpyfbufudk xGufcGmoGm;+yD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyfzdk@ óud;pm;ygao;w,f? tqif
rajyr_awGrsm;vGef;wmeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHxJ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm+yD; 1990 azazmf0g&DrSm tzrf;cH
&ygw,f? ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;&JŒ ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm &uf&ufpufpuf n‡O;f yef;ESyd pf ufc&H +y;D aemuf
ppfcHk¶kH;u ol@udk tvkyf=urf;eJ@ axmif 5 ESpf csvdkufygawmhw,f?
ÐÐÐ
(4)
usaemfu tif;pdefaxmifxJrSm 1989 {+yDvuae 1990 arvtxd 13 v/ yk'fr 10 (u)

eJ@ txdef;odrf;cHcJh&+yD; 1990 arv 23 &ufae@/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfzdk@ 4 &uftvdkrSmrS tif;pdef
axmifwGif; ppfcHk¶kH;wif+yD; jypf'%fcscH&wmyg? 13 vvkH;vkH; rdom;pkeJ@ tquftoG,f r&cJhyg?
jypf'%f 4 ESpu
f sc&H +yD;rS w&m;0if tusO;f om;jzpfvm+yDr@kd ESpyf wf wcg axmif0ifpm awG@ciG &hf yg
w,f? yxrqkH; axmif0ifpmrSmyJ azazeJ@ araruajymvdk@ a&$bkef;vlwa,muf axmif ig;ESpf
us+yD; 5 aqmifrSm a&mufaew,fqdkwm od&ygw,f?
pawG@awG@csi;f araru usaemfu h kd “om;}uD;&,f æ/ rif;nDav;udk rif;tem; ac:xm;Edik zf @kd

óud;pm;=unfyh gu,
G ”f wJ?h tJ'D tcsed rf mS usaemfw@kd axmif0ifpmawG@&wJh tcsed /f ae@&ufuvnf;
rwlvdk@ azazeJ@ararcrsm wywfudk ESpf}udrfvm&ygw,f?
tJ'geJ@ axmifydkifwef;pDvSnfhwJhtcsdefrSm usaemfu usaemfhnDudk usaemfeJ@twlxm;ay;

zdk@awmif;qdkawmh axmifydkifu cGifhðyygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ a&$bkef;vlwa,muf usaemf&Sd&m 5 wdkuf
(wdkuftrSwf 5) udk a&mufvmygawmhw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfu 5 wdkuf/ tcef;trSwf 19
rSmyg? tcef;azmfawGu udw k ifjrifh (OD;&JxeG ;f tr_w)JG / omauw NLD u jrifah omif; eJ@ vSoef;
wdk@yg? a&$bkef;vl a&mufvmawmh 8 ay/ 12 ay tcef;usOf;uav;xJrSm usaemfwdk@ 5 a,muf
twlae=u&ygw,f?
ol a&mufrvmcifu usaemf pdwfylcJh&wm&Sdygw,f? oleJ@ usaemfu nDtudkt&if;awG

jzpfayr,fh odyf+yD;wnfhvSwm r[kwfygbl;? olu 4 *%ef;orm;jzpf+yD; usaemfu 8 *%ef;
orm;jzpfaevdk@vm;awmh rodygbl;? r=umc% jiif;ckef/ pdwfqdk;/ a'goxGuf/ &efjzpfaeusyg? 'D
tcef;usOf;uav;xJrSm xyf+yD;tqifrajy=u&ifjzifh usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufwifru usefwJh
tcef;azmfawGyg t}uD;tus,f pdwfnpf=u&rSmyg?
'gayr,fh usaemf ar#mfvifhxm;oavmuf jy\em rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&SdcJhyg? axmif0ifpm

awG@zdk@vnf; twlxGufcGifh&cJhvdk@ azazeJ@ ararvnf; tweftoifh pdwfcsrf;omcJh=u&ygw,f?
odyrf =umygb;l ? nDtudEk pS af ,muf wcef;xJtwl&adS ewmudrk óuduw
f hJ axmifr;ª wa,mufu
ol@udk usaemfhtcef;xJuae okH;cef;ausmf tcef;trSwf 22 udk a&$Œajymif;vdkufygw,f?
1990/ pufwifbm 26 &ufae@uawmh tif;pdefaxmifrSm ordkif;0ifwJh ae@wae@yg?

a&G;aumufyt JG +yD; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;zd@k jiif;qefaewJh e0w ppftyk pf u k kd tif;pdeaf xmifxu J
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGu wnDw!Gww f nf; qENjycJ=h uwmyg? 2 wdu k ef @J trsK;d orD;aqmifawG
upwifcJh+yD; usefwJhwdkuftm;vkH;u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vkH; yg0ifqifE$J+yD; EdkifiHa&;
tusO;f om;rsm;tm;vk;H vGwaf jrmufa&;eJ@ tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&; atmf[pf awmif;qdck =hJ uwmyg?
wdu k cf ef;usO;f uav;&JŒ oHwcH g;udrk suEf mS tyf+yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDaºuG;a=umfoaH wG toHuek af tmf[pf
cJ=h uwmyg? tm%mydik af wGbufuvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zuf wk@H jyefcw hJ myg? wdu
k cf ef;
awGxu J tusO;f om;wcsKŒd udq k x JG wk +f yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef eHygww
f w
k af wG/ cg;ywfawG/ vufo;D
awG/ ppfzdeyf}uD;awGeJ@ ¶dkufESufcJhygw,f? tJ'DxJ a&$bkef;vlvnf;ygoGm;cJh+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef
¶dkufESufcH&ygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSmawmh a&$bkef;vludk axmiftm%mydkifawGu wdkufuae
taqmif 5 udk ajymif;a&$Œvdkufygawmhw,f? wdkuftm;vkH;u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vkH;udk
vnf; axmif0ifpm 2 v ydwv f ukd yf gw,f? vlowfra_ wGe@J axmifuswhJ ESp}f uD; &mZ0wftusO;f
om;awGudk wdkufwef;pD;awGcef@+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; tkyfcsKyfyg
awmhw,f?
(5)
'DvdkeJ@ a&$bkef;vleJ@usaemf axmifxJrSm uGJuGmoGm;+yD;wJhaemuf aemufw}udrf jyefqkH=u

&jyefygw,f? 'Dwcgawmh tif;pdefaxmifrSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? &efukefuae rdkif 200 ausmf
uGma0;wJh rauG;wdkif;twGif;u o&ufaxmifrSmyg?
axmifxrJ mS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;wa,muf[m wae&mwnf;rSm =um=umae&avh r&Syd g

bl;? tm%mydkifawGu ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jy+yD; wae&mu wae&m ajymif;a&$Œaewmyg?
usaemfvnf; 1990 tukefavmufrSm 5 wdkufuae 4 aqmifudk a&$Œajymif;cH&ygw,f? tJ'D
taqmifrSmvnf; 6 vavmufyJaevdkuf&w,f xifygw,f? aqmif;wGif;}uD; at;pufpuf
wnrSm tif;pdefaxmifu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 99 a,mufudk o&ufaxmifudk ¶kwfw&uf
a&$Œajymif;vdkufygw,f? reuf 2 em&DavmufrSm vufeuftjynfhtpkHeJ@ tusOf;axmif0efxrf;
awGu taqmifawGu0kd ikd ;f +y;D tusO;f om;tm;vk;H udk tdy&f muEd;_ +y;D yHpk x H ikd cf ikd ;f ygw,f? +y;D awmhrS
axmift&m&Sad wGu axmifajymif;pm&if;rSmygoal wGukd emrnfac:+yD; &Sw d yhJ pPn;f ,l+yD; xGuv f m
cdik ;f ygw,f? wu,fawmh bmypPn;f rS ,lcsed rf &yg? ud, k t hf yd &f mvdyaf wmif jynfph aHk tmif rvdyEf ikd f
cJhyg? tom;vGwf}uD; }udrf;armif;aewJh 0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@udk EGm;tkyf}uD;armif;ovdk
armif;+yD; axmifA;l 0udk ac:oGm;=uygw,f? axmifA;l 0rSmawmh taqmifaygi;f pkeH @J wdu k af ygi;f pku
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usaemfw@kd e@J twl axmifajymif;vdu k &f r,fh ESp}f uD; 0g&if&h mZ0wftusO;f om; pd;k jrwfw@kd qH=k u&yg
w,f? 'D axmifajymif;tkyfpkxJ usaemfu 4 aqmifuygvm+yD; a&$bkef;vl u 5 aqmifuae
ygvmygw,f? axmifAl;0rSm usaemfwdk@ tm;vkH;udk yHkpHqHyif n‡yf/ ajcusif; ¶dkuf/ +yD;wJhaemuf
tif;pdeb f w
l mudk um;}uD; ESppf ;D eJ@ ac:aqmifomG ;ygawmhw,f? tif;pdeu f ae jynfukd avmfu,f
&xm; tcsKyfweJG @J ac:oGm;+yD; jynf axmifrmS wntdy&f ygw,f? aemufw&ufrmS jynfqyd u f rf;
uae oabFmeJ@ o&ufudkac:aqmifoGm;+yD; tifrwefrSemrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;vSwJh o&uf
axmif}uD;xJudk usaemfwdk@ &efukefu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk ypfxnfhvdkufygawmhw,f?
o&ufaxmif&ŒJ i&Jcef;rsm;ta=umif;awmh wae@usrS a&;ygO;D r,f? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf usaemfw@kd
nDtudkESpfa,muf o&ufaxmif/ taqmif 2 rSm jyefqkHpnf; =u&jyefyg+yD?
o&ufaxmifrmS usaemfw@kd ra&mufcifuwnf;u Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;wcsK@d &Sad eygw,f?
a&SŒae OD;aZmfrsKd;0if; wdk@/ ruo OuUÏ rif;aZ,s wdk@yg? 1990 pufwifbm 26 axmifwGif;
qENjyr_}uD;udk axmiftm%mydkifawGu t=urf;zufòzdcGJt+yD;rSm &uf&ufpufpuf ¶dkufESuf+yD;
olwdk@udk axmifajymif;vdkufwmyg? olwdk@tm;vkH; wdkufxJrSmae&ygw,f? a&mufa&mufcsif;
usaemfwdk@tkyfpkxJu 10 a,mufudk wdkufxJydk@vdkuf+yD; usefwJhvlawGudk taqmif 2 aqmifrSm
&mZ0wftusO;f om;awGe@J twlxm;ygw,f? o&ufòrdŒ[m c¶dik òf rdŒjzpf+yD; &efuek u f ae rdik f 250
ausmf uGma0;ygw,f? &efukefuaevmzdk@qdk&if yxr jynftxd um;eJ@jzpfap/ &xm;eJ@jzpfap
vm&ygw,f? tJ'aD emuf jynfuae atmifvH udk um;xyfp;D / atmifvH qdyu f rf;uae oabFm
(od@k r[kw)f ul;wd@k orŠmefp;D +yD; {&m0wDjrpf}uD;udjk zwfu;l +yD;rS o&ufukd a&mufygw,f? {&m0wD
jrpf}uD; vd_if;}uD;csdefrSm jrpfudkjzwfzdk@rjzpfEdkifvdk@ a&+idrfwJhtcsdefxd apmifh=u&wwfygw,f?
usaemfwdkŒtrsm;pku &efukefom;awGjzpf=u+yD; rE Wav;eJ@ yJcl;wdkif;rsm;u vlwcsKdŒvnf;

ygygw,f? {&m0wDwikd ;f eJ@ u&ifjynfe,fu zxD;}uD;awGvnf; ygygw,f? tif;pdeaf xmifrmS wke;f
uawmh rdom;pkawGu 2 ywfwcg axmif0ifpmvmEdik =f uayr,fh o&ufaxmif ajymif;vdu k w
f hJ
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vmEdik yf gawmhw,f? tJ'aD wmh rdom;pkuaxmif0ifpmvmawG@&if; axmufyw hH t
hJ pm;taomuf
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rsm;vmwmygyJ?
(6)
usaemfw@kd a&mufwt hJ csed rf mS o&ufaxmifyikd u f Advk }f u;D aomif;!Ge@f yg? a&SŒwef;ppfrsuEf mS

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awmfvSefa&;orm;awG/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk rkef;ygw,f? +yD;awmhvnf; usaemfwdk@udk tif;pdef
axmifu qdk;vGef;vdk@ axmifajymif;vdkufwmvdk@vnf; em;vnfxm;ygw,f? 'gha=umifh olu
usaemfw@kd tm;vk;H udk oHr%dpnf;urf;awGe@J wif;wif;usyu f syf tkycf sKyfygw,f? olup+yD; &efvkd
aerSawmh ol@vufatmufu t&m&SdawG 0efxrf;awGuvnf; usaemfwdk@tay: tEdkifusifh
qufq=H ur,fqw kd m txl;&Si;f jyzd@k vrkd ,frxifyg? usaemfw@kd e@J twlae&wJh &mZ0wftusO;f om;
awGuv kd nf; av#m&h ufawG qkcsr,fv@kd jr‡LqG,+f yD; usaemfw@kd tay: tEdik u f sichf ikd ;f / tjypf&mS cdik ;f /
axmufvrS ;f cdik ;f =uygw,f? a&qG/J qeftyd x f rf;/ awmif,m pwJh tvky=f urf;awGuv kd nf; aeyl
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S m;r&ao;vd@k aemufwrsK;d xyfxiG jf yefygao;
w,f? 'Dvdkyg æ?
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w&ufrmS axmifyikd u
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wifyv†ifacGrSm vufESpfzufudka&SŒqef@+yD; vufoD;qkyf+yD; 'l;ay:wifxm;&ygw,f? rsufESmudk
vnf; ik@H xm;&ygw,f? yHpk H (2)u &yf yHpk yH g? axmift&m&Sed @J awGŒ&wJt h csed /f taqmifrmS axmifyikd f
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cg;yHpk a&SŒrSmcsxm;&ygw,f? rsuEf mS udv k nf; iH@k xm;&ygw,f? yHpk H (3)u ta&;ay:yHpk v H @kd ac:yg
w,f? tvkyfvkyfaewkef; axmift&m&Sd tem;a&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSm ta&;ay: xdkif&wmyg?
aqmifah =umifx h ikd &f if; vufEpS zf ufukd a&SŒxkw/f vufo;D qky+f yD; 'l;ay:wifxm;&ygw,f? rsuEf mS
uawmh xk;H pHtwdik ;f iH@k xm;&ygw,f? tckaxmif0ifpmawG@csed rf mS tJ'D yHpk (H 3) xdik &f r,fv@kd trde@f
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jzpfyg? 'DvdkeJ@ reuf 10 em&Davmuf axmif0ifpm¶kH;u 0efxrf;wa,mufeJ@ taqmifaxmifrª;
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pvkH; wòydifwnf;rawGŒ&yg? wa,muf+yD;rS wa,muf awGŒ&rSmyg? 'geJ@ wdkifyifxm;wJhtwdkif;
usaemf t&ifvu kd of mG ;cJyh gw,f? taqmif¶;Hk cef;rSmyJ usaemfu taqmifaxmifr;ª udk owif;yd@k
p&m&Sda=umif; ajymygw,f? axmifrª;ucGifhðywJhtcgusrS usaemfu usaemf 'Dae@ axmif0ifpm
awG@&r,ft h cGit hf a&;udk pGe@f vw $ af =umif;/ axmif0ifpmawG@rmS r[kww
f t
hJ a=umif; wifjyvdu
k f
ygw,f? ol rar#mv f ifwh m=um;vdu k &f wJt
h wGuf axmifr;ª vnf; tvef@w=um; jzpfomG ;ygw,f?
“bmjzpfvdk@vJ” vdk@ tarmwaum ar;ygw,f?
“axmif0ifpmawG@csdefrSm q&mwdk@u yHkpH vdk@ atmfvdkuf&if usaemfwdk@u rdom;pkeJ@pum;

ajymaewm csucf si;f &yf+yD; ta&;ay: yHpk x H ikd &f r,fv@kd trde@f xw
k x
f m;w,fv@kd usaemfw@kd od&yg
w,f? tJ'v D vkd yk zf @kd twGuf usaemhrf mS jy\em&Syd gw,f? usaemhaf zazu touf 70 ausmyf g+yD/
araruvnf; touf 60 ausmyf g+yD? olw@kd rmS vnf; ESv;Hk a&m*g/ aoG;wd;k a&m*gawGe@J yg? +yD;awmh
[dk;ta0;}uD;uae usaemfwdk@udkawG@zdk@ um;wwef/ &xm;wwefeJ@ {&m0wDjrpf}uD;udkjzwf+yD;
vdi_ ;f awG/ avawG=um;u pGe@f +y;D vm=u&wmyg? usaemfw@kd ukd c%wðzwfawGŒ&csed rf mS yJ usaemfw@kd
olwdk@a&SŒrSm yHkpHxdkif&wmudkom awG@vdkuf&&if olwdk@ &ifusKd;=urSmyg? usaemhfa=umifh olwdk@
pdwx f cd u
kd &f / a=uuG&J wmrjzpfapcsiyf gb;l ? 'gah =umifh usaemh&f ŒJ axmif0ifpmawG@&r,ft h cGit hf a&;
udk usaemf pGef@v$wfygw,f/ usaemf rawG@Edkifyg”
axmifrª;vnf; bmjyefajym&rSef;rodjzpfoGm;+yD;wJhaemuf usaemhfudk taqmifrª; ¶kH;cef;

rSmyJ 0efxrf;wa,mufe@J xm;cJ+h yD; axmifyikd x
f o
H wif;yd@k z@kd xGucf mG oGm;ygw,f? 15 rdepfavmuf
t=umrSmawmh axmif0efxrf;awGwtkyf}uD;eJ@ jyefa&mufvm+yD; usaemhfudk axmifydkif¶kH;cef;qD
tjypf&Sdolwa,mufvdk twif;qGJac:oGm;=uygawmhw,f?
axmifyikd f ¶k;H cef;xJrmS awmh a'gotrsuf acsmif;acsmif;xGuaf ewJh axmifyikd u

f usaemhu
f kd
}udrf;armif;ygawmhw,f?
“a[haumif æ rif; bm vlyg;0wmvJ/ 'g axmifuG/ igu axmifydkifuG/ igxkwfjyefwJh
pnf;urf;udk rif; vdkufem&r,f”
usaemfuvnf; jyefajymygw,f?
“Adv
k }f uD;/ axmif0ifpmawG@w,fqw
kd m usaemh&f ŒJ tcGit
hf a&;yg? tck usaemh&f ŒJ tcGit
hf a&;
udk usaemfhbmom pGef@v$wfwmyg”
axmifydkifrSm ajymp&mpum; r&Sdawmhygbl;? axmifrª;udk “'Daumifhudk jypf'%fwdkufudk ydk@

vdkuf”vdk@ !$ef=um;ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ usaemhfudk jypf'%fwdkufxJ ydk@vdkufygawmhw,f?
jypf'%fwu kd rf mS tcef; 12 cef;&S+d yD; wjcm;wdu k yf w

d cf &H olawG tJ'tD csed rf mS r&Sv
d @kd wwdu
k f
vkH;rSm usaemfwa,mufwnf; &Sdygw,f? odyfr=umygbl;/ usaemhfab;u tcef;wcef; wHcg;
zGio
hf /H jyefyw
d o
f H =um;&ygw,f? 0efxrf;awG xGucf mG oGm;wJt h oH=um;&+yD; c%t=umrSmawmh
“udu k /kd b,ftcef;rSmvJ” vd@k atmfar;vdu k w f hJ a&$bek ;f vl&ŒJ toHukd =um;vdu k &f ygw,f? ole@J
usaemfe@J t=um; tcef;wcef; jcm;ygw,f? usaemfw@kd óudwifwikd yf ifxm;wJt h wdik ;f yJ oluvnf;
ol@tvSnrhf mS axmif0ifpmawG@z@kd ukd pGe@f vw $ af =umif; a=ujimvdu k w
f t
hJ wGuaf =umifh usaemhv f ykd J
axmifydkifu ac:awG@ }udrf;armif;+yD; wdkufxJydk@vdkufwmyg?
aemufem&D0ufavmuf=umawmh aemufwa,muf xyfa&mufvmjyefygw,f? oluawmh

(1) aqmifu pnfolxGwf yg? pufr_wuUodkvf ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpf+yD; trsKd;om;
'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ A[dak umfrw
D 0D if/ v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f OD;wifxw
G &f ŒJ om;yg? ol@tar
uvnf; 'Dae@rSmyJ axmif0ifpmvmawG@+yD; oluvnf; usaemfwdk@vdkyJ yHkpH rxdkifcsifvdk@ axmif
0ifpm rawG@csifa=umif;jiif;qefvdk@ axmifydkifu wdkufxJydk@vdkufwmyg? ola&mufvmwJhtcsdef
[m ae@v,f wem&Dausmaf eyg+y?D usaemfw@kd ukd b,fou l rS ae@v,fpmxrif; rau|;yg? wdu k cf ef;
usOf;uav;xJrSmvnf; xdkifp&m 0g;zsmawmif r&Sdyg?
ae@vnf 3 em&DavmufrSmawmh usaemfwdk@ nDtudkESpfa,mufudk axmif0efxrf;awGu

vmac:ygw,f? axmifyikd ¶f ;Hk cef;rSmawmh axmifyikd /f 'k axmifyikd /f axmifr;ª }uD; eJ@ tjcm; axmif
t&m&Sad wGtjyif usaemfw@kd &ŒJ rdbawGyg &Sad e=uygw,f? usaemfw@kd tcef;xJuakd &muf a&mufjcif;
yJ axmifydkifu usaemfwdk@rdbawGudk “uJ æ/ cifAsm; om;awGudk cifAsm;udk,fwdkif ar;=unfh/
usKyfwdk@u ¶dkufovm;/ r¶dkufovm; qdkwm”
azazu “om;wd@k æ azazhukd rSerf eS af jymprf;/ rif;wd@k ukd axmift&m&Sad wGu ¶du k Ef u
S x
f m;
ovm;? n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufovm;”
usaemfwdk@ ESpfa,mufpvkH;u t¶dkufrcH&ao;a=umif; ajymygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u a&$bkef;

&JŒb,fbuf rsufvkH;rSm aoG;ajcOaeygw,f? ntdyfwkef;u rsufvkH;em;udk ydk;aumif jzwfoGm;
vdk@/ ,m;vdk@ vufeJ@yGwfoyf&if;u jzpfwmyg? 'gudkjrifawmh araru ol@om; t¶dkufcHxm;&

w,fvdk@xif+yD; “[,f =unfhprf; æ/ ighom;av; rsufvkH;rSm aoG;ajcOaeygvm;/ om;av;/
om;av;udk olwdk@¶dkufxm;ovm;”qdk+yD; pdk;&drfw}uD; ar;ygw,f? 'geJ@yJ a&$bkef;u ol nu
tdy&f if; rsuvf ;Hk udk vufe@J ywG rf v
d @kd jzpfwmygv@kd tjrefjyefajz&ygw,f? azazu axmifyikd b f uf
vSn+hf yD; “tckxd t¶du k rf cH&ao;bl;qdak wmh igw@kd jyefomG ;&if rif;u igo
h m;awGukd ¶du
k rf mS vm;”
touf 70 ausmf azazu axmifydkifudk “rif;”eJ@ “ig”eJ@ajymwmudk touf 40 ausmf

axmifydkif tawmfcH&cufaeyHkygyJ? a'gow}uD;eJ@ wkH@jyefygw,f? “usKyf cifAsm;om;awGudk
vufzsm;eJ@awmif rxdb;l ” azazu ol@urkd =unfah wmhbJ usaemfw@kd ukd “bma=umifh axmif0if
pmrawG@Edkif&wmvJ”vdk@ ar;ygw,f? usaemfu axmifydkif aemufqkH;xkwfjyefwJh axmif0ifpm
awG@csdef rdom;pka&SŒrSm yHkpHxdkif&r,fhtrdef@udk&Sif;jy+yD; usaemfwdk@taeeJ@ tJ'Dvdk azazeJ@arar
a&SŒrSm yHkpH rxdkifcsifvdk@ tckvdk axmif0ifpmawG@cGifh pGef@v$wf&wJhta=umif; &Sif;jyygw,f?
tJ'geJ@ azaz u axmifydkifudk ar;ygw,f? “'Dvdk pnf;urf;rsKd; b,faxmifrSmrS r&Sdbl;/

rif;u bmvd@k 'Dtrde@f ukd xkw&f wmvJ/ tusO;f om;awG[mvnf; vlawGy/J olw@kd ukd vlawGvykd J
qufqHoifhw,f/ 'Dtrdef@uawmh tawmhfudk vlrqefwJhtrdef@yJ”
axmifydkif a'goaygufuGJygawmhw,f? “'g usKyf axmif/ usKyf óudufovdk tkyfcsKyfr,f/

usKyfóuduof vdk trde@f xwk rf ,f/ cifAsm; bmrS ajymp&mrvdb
k ;l ? cifAsm;om;awG 'DaxmifxrJ mS
&Sdaeoa&GŒ usKyftrdef@udk emcH&rSmyJ”
araru 0ifajymygw,f? “at;uG,f/ rif;u 'Daxmifudk tkyfcsKyfaeovdk/ rif;u wdk@om;

awGudk tkyfcsKyfaeovdk/ rif;udkvnf; tkyfcsKyfaewJhvl&SdwmygyJ/ rif;eJ@aqG;aEG;vdk@r&&if rif;udk
tkyfcsKyfwJhvlawGeJ@wdk@ pum;ajym&rSmaygh”
axmifyikd f quf+yD; onf;rcHEikd af wmhygb;l ? “awmf+yD/ awmf+yD/ cifAsm;wd@k rauseyf&if óuduf

wJhae&m wdkif/ usKyf *¶krpdkufbl;/ a[haumifawG æ 'Daumif ESpfaumifudk jyefac:oGm;awmh/
cifAsm;wdk@vnf; oGm;=uawmh æ”
usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufvnf; uref;uwef; 'l;axmuf+yD; azazeJ@ararudk uefawmh=u&

ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf 0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufudk wdkufxJjyefxnfhvdkuf=uygw,f/
pnfolxGwfudkvnf; ol@rdcifeJ@ axmifydkif¶kH;cef;rSm tvm;wl ay;awG@ygw,f?
aemufrS usaemfw@kd o&d wmu azazeJ@ararudk axmift&m&Sad wGu usaemfw@kd EpS af ,muf
u axmif0ifpmrawG@Eikd b f ;l vd@k jiif;qefa=umif;ajymwmudk azazeJ@araru vufrcHygb;l ? “'g
rif;wd@k igo
h m;awGukd ¶du
k Ef u
S x
f m;vd@k / olw@kd u,
kd rf mS '%f&m'%fcsuaf wG&adS evdŒk / igo
h m;awGu
igwdk@udk rawG@apcsifwmyJ jzpf&r,f”vdk@ azazu pGyfpGJygowJh? +yD;awmh axmifydkifeJ@ awGŒcGifh
awmif;awmh axmifydkifu awG@zdk@jiif;qefygowJh? tJ'DrSmwif 'DudpPudkwdkifr,fqdk+yD; o&ufòrdŒ
v,facgifu c¶dkif (c0w) OuUÏ¶kH;udk csDwufoGm;ygowJh? (c0w) OuUÏu tawG@rcHayr,fh
wm0ef&o dS w
l a,mufu axmifyikd x f zH ek ;f quf+yD; 'Dupd u P kd wd;k wd;k wdww
f w d af jz&Si;f zd@k wdu
k wf eG ;f
ygowJ?h tJ't D csed rf mS &efuek u
f vmwJh tbd;k }u;D / tbGm;}u;D ESpaf ,muf olw@kd om; ausmif;om;
tusO;f om;awGukd axmif0ifpmawG@ciG rhf &vd@k a'goayguu f aJG e=uw,fqw kd ohJ wif;u o&ufòrŒd
usO;f usO;f uav;rSm ysŒH ES@H ausm=f um;aeyg+yD? tJ'D tbd;k }uD;/ tbGm;}uD; ESpaf ,mufukd =unfjh rif
csifvdk@ o&ufaxmifa&SŒudk pka0;a&mufvm=uolrsm;vnf; &Sd=uygw,f? azazu c¶dkif (c0w)
OuUÏ¶kH;udkoGm;r,fqdk+yD; jrif;vSnf;iSm;awmh vdkufydk@ay;csifwJh jrif;vSnf;orm; 5 a,muf 6
a,mufavmuf &SdygowJh? vdkufydk@ay;wJh jrif;vSnf;q&m}uD;uvnf; c¶dkif (c0w) OuUÏ¶kH;rSm
apmifah y;/ +yD;awmh axmifujkd yefy@kd ay;wJt h jyif ydu
k qf aH y;awmhvnf; r,lb;l wJ/h 'ga=umifv h nf;
aemufq;Hk rSm axmifyikd u f ol¶u kd Ef u
S xf m;wmr[kww f thJ a=umif; oufaojyzd@k twGuf azazeJ@
ararudk ol@¶kH;cef;udkac:+yD; usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufeJ@ ay;awG@wmyg?
wdu k u
f jkd yefa&muf+yD; odyrf =umcifrmS usaemfw@kd &ŒJ axmif0ifpmypPn;f awGukd 0efxrf;awGu
vmyd@k ygw,f? azazeJ@ arar o,faqmifvm=uwJh tpm;taomufawG/ aq;0g;awGyg? txkyf
awGtm;vk;H uawmh aoaocsmcsm&Smxm;vd@k z±dzk &Jjzpfaeygw,f/ naeapmif;rSmawmh 0efxrf;
awGu usaemfwdk@taqmifrSmusefcJhwJh tdyf&mvdyfawG vmydk@jyefygw,f? wdkufrSm usaemfwdk@
=umr,fqw kd o hJ abmygy?J
wduk rf mS ae&wJu
h mvawG[m usaemfw@kd nt
D udEk pS af ,muf&ŒJ teD;pyfq;Hk / tnD!w
G q
f ;Hk /
wa,mufeJ@wa,muf em;vnfr_t&SdqkH; ae@&ufawGyg? usaemfwdk@ pum;awGtrsm;}uD;ajym
jzpf=uw,f? twdwf/ ypPKy`ef/ tem*wf usaemfwdk@b0awG&JŒ umvokH;yg;ta=umif;awG aqG;
aEG;jzpf=uw,f? uAsmawG trsm;}uD; pdwful;eJ@a&;+yD; wa,mufa&;wJhuAsm wa,mufudk
&Gwfzwfjy+yD; a0zeft=uHðy=uw,f?
nwnrSmawmh olu usaemhfudk ar;ygw,f?
“udkudk axmifuvGwf&if bmvkyfr,f pdwful;xm;ovJ”
usaemfu “t&ifqkH; tvkyfwckck &Sm&rSmayghuGm/ azaz a&m/ arar a&m/ nDrav; a&m/
olwdk@tm;vkH; yifyef;vS+yD/ tdrfrSmvnf; taºuG;awGwifaewm rsm;vS+yD/ 'DtaºuG;awG tjref
qkH;qyfEdkifatmif óud;pm;&rSmaygh”
olu “i,fi,fawmh axmifuvGw&f if pmayavmuxJ ajcpkyH pf0ifawmhr,f/ pma&;q&m

wa,muftjzpf &yfwnfawmhr,f”
usaemfu “aumif;ygw,fuGm” vdk@ axmufcHvdkufwJhtcg olu “i,fi,f udkudk@qDu

wck awmif;csifw,f” vdk@ ajymygw,f?
“bmrsm;vJuGm” vdk@ usaemfuar;vdkufawmh olu æ “‘wm&mrif;a0’ qdkwJhemrnfudk

i,fi,fh uavmifemrnftjzpf okH;csifw,f? udkudk tJ'Demrnf i,fi,fhudk ay;Edkifrvm;´”
‘wm&mrif;a0’qdw k m usaemh&f ŒJ uavmif trnfcw JG ckyg/ ‘'wˆ’ qdw

k hJ uavmiftrnfe@J
uAsmawGa&;aewJhtcsdefrSmyJ pum;ajya&;&if okH;zdk@ ‘wm&mrif;a0’ qdkwJh uavmiftrnfudk
arG;xm;cJwh myg? 1986 avmufuxkwaf 0wJh awmifOuUvmyòrdŒe,f ESpv f nfr*~Zif;wtkyrf mS
usaemhf&JŒ ‘acwf &JŒ [mo’qdkwJh uAsmwyk'f ‘wm&mrif;a0’uavmifeJ@ azmfjycJh+yD;yg+yD? tck
usaemhn f uD 'Demrnfukd usaemhx
f u
H awmif;cHaeygw,f? usaemf =unf=unfE;l El;yJ “,lygumG ”
vdk@ ay;vdkufygw,f?
(7)
wdkufrSm ESpfywfavmufae+yD;wJhtcg usaemfwdk@udk taqmifjyefydk@ygw,f? axmifydwfcsdef

wef;pDae=uwJhtcsdefrSm 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD;awmh wdkufcef;wHcg;awGzGifh+yD; usaemfwdk@udk
ypPn;f awGord ;f +y;D xGucf =hJ uzd@k ajymygw,f? tJ'aD emuf taqmifukd jyefac:oGm;ygw,f? taqmif
udjk yef0ifwt hJ csed rf mS axmifyw
d cf sed f vla&wGuzf @kd +ird o
f ufpmG wef;pDae=uwJh tusO;f om;tky}f u;D
udk jzwfoef;oGm;&ygw,f? olw@kd tm;vk;H u usaemfw@kd ukd 0rf;omwJ/h aus;Zl;wifwhJ rsuv f ;Hk rsm;eJ@
=unfhae=uygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm axmifydkifu axmif0ifpmawG@csdefrSm yHkpHxdkif&r,fhtrdef@udk
jyef¶yk o
f rd ;f vduk yf g+yD?
axmifywd +f yD; wef;ðzwf+yD;wJt h csed rf mS awmh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGa&m/ &mZ0wftusO;f

om;awGa&m/ usaemfw@kd nt D udEk pS af ,muftem; 0dik ;f tHak &muf&v dS m=u+yD; usaemfw@kd ukd aus;Zl;
wifpum; ajym=uygw,f? trde@f ¶yk o f rd ;f oGm;vd@k tm;vk;H 0rf;omaysm&f i$ af e=uayr,fh usaemfw@kd
udk taqmifujkd yefy@kd vu
kd +f yDjzpfayr,fh usaemfuawmh pdwx f ifah eqJygy?J axmifyikd u
f usaemfw@kd
tay: wenf;enf;eJ@ taumuf=uv H rd Ohf ;D r,fv@kd xifaeqJjzpfygw,f? usaemfxifwm rSeaf =umif;
odyfr=umcifrSmyJ odvdkuf&ygw,f?
aemufwywfavmuft=um ae@v,fbuf xrif;pm;+yD; taqmifc%ydwcf sed rf mS axmifr;ª

wa,mufeJ@ 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD; a&$bkef;vludk ypPnf;awGodrf;+yD;vdkufcJhzdk@ ac:xkwfoGm;
ygw,f? a&$bkef;vnf; ol@ypPnf;av;awG uref;uwef;odrf;+yD; vdkufoGm;&ygw,f? taqmif
udk jyefa&mufrvmawmhyg? naeapmif;avmufrmS usaemfw@kd =um;&wmu a&$bek ;f vlukd o&uf
axmifuae om,m0wDaxmifukd ajymif;vdu k +f yD wJ?h axmifyikd u f tusO;f OD;pD;Xme !$ecf sKyfqD
pmwifygowJ?h ‘atmif'if’ eJ@ ‘a&$bek ;f vl’ nDtudk ESpaf ,mufukd waxmifxrJ mS twlxm;&if
tkyfcsKyf&cufwmrdk@ wa,mufa,mufudk ol@&JŒo&ufaxmifuae tjcm; axmifwaxmifudk
ajymif;a&$Œay;zd@k awmif;qdyk gowJ?h 'Dvekd @J usaemfw@kd nt D udEk pS af ,muf o&ufaxmifrmS twlae
&wJhumv tqkH;owfcJh&ygawmhw,f?
ÐÐÐ

(8)
usaemfu 1993 *sLvdik v f rSm o&ufaxmifu vGwyf gw,f? a&$bek ;f vlu 1994 azazmf0g&D
rSm om,m0wDaxmifu vGwyf gw,f? ol rvGwcf ifrmS usaemf om,m0wDaxmif udk ok;H }udrf
oGm;+yD; a&$bek ;f vlukd axmif0ifpmawG@cyhJ gw,f? om,m0wDaxmif&ŒJ =urf;ñuwf &ufpufra_ wG
udk ol =uH=h uHch &H ifqikd cf o
hJ vdk ol@tifo@l tm;eJ@ Edik o
f avmufvnf; wk@H jyefawmfveS cf yhJ gao;w,f?
olvGwf+yD;wJhaemuf 1995 azazmf0g&DvrSm usaemf puFmylEdkifiHudk tvkyf&Smzdk@xGufcGm

oGm;cJyh gw,f? tJ'aD emuf 1996 rwfvrSm ESpyf wf=um/ 1998 Zefe0g&v D rSm ok;H ywf=um/ ESp}f urd f
jyefcchJ sed af wGrmS ole@J jyefawG@cyhJ gao;w,f? tJ't D csed rf mS ol[m ‘wm&mrif;a0’ qdw k hJ atmifjrif
ausm=f um;wJh pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfaeyg+y?D ol@&ŒJ atmifjrifrt _ wGuf usaemf 0rf;om *k%, f l
&ygw,f? 1998 Zefe0g&v D rSm ol@uu kd saemf aemufq;Hk awG@c&hJ wmyg/ tJ'aD emuf usaemf jrefrm
EdkifiHudk jyefra&mufjzpfawmhygbl;?
ol@&ŒJ aemufq;Hk tajctaeudk usaemhq

f t
D a=umif;=um;wmu udZk m*emyg? 2007 =o*wfpf
4 &ufae@ ae@v,fydkif; (&efukefrSmawmh 4 &ufae@n) rSm udkZm*emeJ@usaemfeJ@ tGefvdkif;
csufwif;vkyfaecsdefrSmyJ udkZm*em u ajymygw,f? “cifAsm;nD tajctae raumif;bl;” wJh?
olu tJ'Dvdkajymayr,fh usaemfu odyf+yD;qdk;w,frxifcJhrdyg? tJ'Dn reuf 3 em&Davmuf
rSmawmh rav;&Sm;rSm tvkyfvkyfaewJh nDrti,fqkH; zkef;qufvmygw,f? nDru zkef;xJrSm
id&k if;eJ@ “uduk akd & æ ti,fav; ckeuwif qk;H +y”D vd@k ajymygw,f? tdy&f mu ua,mifacsmufcsm;
x&if; ol@udk usaemfjyefrawG@Edkifawmhbl;qdkwmudk vufcHem;vnfvdkuf&ygawmhw,f?
tJ'D&ufawGtwGif; usaemfholi,fcsif;awGudk qufoG,fygw,f? rif;udkEdkif udk/ udkudk}uD;

udk/ jrat; udk? usaemf olwdk@awGudk awmif;qdkygw,f?
“ighnDuGm æ Auo acgif;aqmifwa,mufvnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;
wa,mufvnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? aowJhtxdvnf; tm%m&Sifudk 'l;raxmufcJhygbl;? 'Dawmh
ol@&JŒtokbrSm ¶kyftavmif;udk ausmif;om;or*~&JŒ cGyfa'gif;tvHv$rf;ðcH+yD; Auo OuUÏ
rif;udkEdkif u trdef@jyefwrf; zwfapcsifygw,f”
usaemhfoli,fcsif;awGtm;vkH; tvkyfrsm;ukefygw,f? usaemhfudkvnf; olwdk@tvdkvdkuf

csif=uygw,f? a&$bkef;vludkvnf; olwdk@cspf=uygw,f? wu,fawmh olwdk@tm;vkH;u wcsdef
csed rf mS a&$bek ;f vlwa,muf olw@kd e@J jyefvnfvufw+JG yD; ‘88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’tkypf rk mS
yg0ifvmvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhaecJh=uwmyg? wzufrSmvnf; olwdk@rSm tuef@towfawG&Sdae
jyefygw,f? a&$bkef;vluvnf; wdkuf&if;cdkuf&if; usqkH;oGm;wm r[kwfjyefygbl;? aemufqkH;
awmh or*~tvHvr$ ;f zd@k e@J trde@f jyefwrf;zwfz@kd qw kd m rjzpfEikd w
f t
hJ a=umif;/ 'gayr,fv
h nf; olw@kd
tm;vk;H tokbudo k mG ;+yD; olw@kd oil ,fcsi;f udk taumif;qk;H E_wq f uf=ur,fv@kd ta=umif;jyef
ygw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD; 19 ESpf ESpfywfvnfrwdkifrD w&uftvdk/ 2007 ckESpf

=o*wfpf 7 &ufae@rSm a&$bkef;vl (odk@r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0 udk a&a0; ok\efrSm tm;vkH;
E_wfqufcJh=u&ygw,f? rif;udkEdkif/ udkudk}uD;eJ@ 88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;u a&$bkef;vlodk@
aemufq;Hk E_wqf ufjcif; qdik ;f bkwu
f ikd af qmifwufa&mufc=hJ u+yD; rif;udEk ikd u
f tm;vk;H &JŒud,
k pf m;
‘=u,faºuG owdk@om;’uAsmudk &Gwfqdk*k%fðycJhygw,f?
(9)
‘uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif;’qdw k m a&$bek ;f vlrjzpfcif wm&mrif;a0 rjzpfcif

u ‘rD;cdk;jzL’trnfeJ@a&;cJhwJh okH;a=umif; uAsmuav;yg? 'Dpmpkudka&;awmh usaemfeJ@ oleJ@
ywfoufcJhor# twljzwfoef;cJhor#awGxJu trSwfw&jzpf&wmawGudk pkpnf;wifjywmrdk@
‘usaemfeJ@ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif;’ vdk@ acgif;pOfay;vdkufygw,f?
tudk}uD; udkatmifcsdrfh &JŒ uAsmwydk'fudk owd&rdygw,f?
‘vrf;wlolrsm;csif;om
'%f&mudðk ypk
aoG;wdwfatmif ukovdk@
'dk@aemufuvlawGvnf;
owd&ae=uOD;awmhr,f’ æ wJh?
trSeyf gy?J vrf;wlo/l bmompum;wlo/l cHpm;csuw f o

l rl sm;/ &ifcek o
f w
H o l rl sm; tcsi;f csi;f
om wa,muf&ŒJ a0'emudk wa,mufuodem;vnf+yD; tm;ay;Edik =f uwmyg? az;rðypkz@kd ròidjiif
=uwmyg? aoG;pufawGudk rsuf&nfrsm;eJ@ wdwfap=urSmyg? tJ'DvlawGudkvnf; bmompum;
wlwJh/ ESvkH;om;wlwJh/ vrf;wlwJh/ &ifckefoHwlol aemufvlawGu trSwf&ae=urSmyg? tck
a&$bkef;vl udk wm&mrif;a0 udk usaemfwdk@ trSwf&ae=uovdkaygh? ?
av;pm;pGm
atmif'if
17 *sLvdkif 2009


tydik ;f ( 2 )
a&$bek ;f vl&ŒJ 1988 ta&;awmfyu kH mvrSm a&;cJw
h hJ
awmfveS af &;uAsm 4 yk'f
ausmif;zGifhcsdef
ausmif;om; tˆK`Wd
O'gef;
ar#mf


ausmif;zGichf sed f
a7GSbkef;vl
(1)
igwdk@ausmif;awmf}uD;&JŒ
armfueG ;f xde;f odr;f a&;tcef;rSm
[pfwvm±kyx f uk kd
vlwpk xkqpfae=uw,f?
olwdk@[m ²²²
±kyfwk&JŒa&SŒrSm usdefpmawG &Gwfzwf
ysm;&nfpufawGudk rD;±d_Œ ylaZmf
qdkif&mEkdufjzLavsmfavsmfawG oGef;=uJyufcs
[pfwvmyg;pyfxu J
usnfqefwawmifh xGuftHusvmw,f?
olwdk@[m ²²²
ausmufoifykef;ay:rSm tJ'DusnfqHeJ@
‘ausmif;zGifh+yD’ qdkwJh pmudka&;
aoG;pGef;vufawGeJ@ ysLiSmpGm
zdwaf c:=uyg+yD?
(2)
a[mif;EGrf;aewJh tcef;vGwfwck[m
wjznf;jznf; ESpfig;q,favmuf jyefi,f&G,foGm;w,f?
t&ifu rjrif&wJh [kdwkef;u t&dyfawG
eH&HawG/ cHkwef;vsm;awGqDu vGef@vl;x
tJ'g ²²² ‘atmifqef;’wkd@/ ‘ausmf+idrf;’wdk@/ ‘odef;az’wdk@/ ‘ndKjr’wdk@&JŒ
0d^mOfawGyJ ²²²
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk olwdk@jrwfEkd;
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf olwkd@±kef;uef
tm%m&Sifudk zDqefcJh=uw,f?
ck ²²² olwdk@&JŒ 0d^mOfawG[m
“urBmra=ubl; ²²² ²²² ²²²
igwdk@aoG;eJ@a&;cJh=uwJh armfuGef;aw; ²²²”
oDcsif;av; em;qif&if;
&mZ0if&JŒ wausmhjyefpdrfac:yJGukd
rsuf&nfw0J0JeJ@ apmifh=unhfaeygw,f?
(3)
'Dbufacwf 1987 - 88 ESpfrsm;xJrSmyg
wuUov kd pf m=unfw h udk x
f rJ mS
jzL0g;0g;t&dyfwcsKdŒ
pmxdik zf wfae=uw,f?
wcsKdŒzwfwm æ uAsmpmtkyf
wcsKdŒzwfwm æ ordkif;pmtkyf
wcsKdŒzwfwm æ EkdifiHa&;pmtkyf
±kwwf &uf
tjzL&dyfwck[m xkdif&mux
“Armjynfudk u,fwif&awmhr,f”
aemufxyf tjzL&dyfwck pmtkyfydwf
“Armjynfudk u,fwif&awmhr,f
Armjynfudk xdwfwHk;cwfay;&r,f”
olwdk@[m wdwfqdwfpGm
tcef;jyifudk xGufoGm;=uygawmhw,f?
pm=unfhwkduf&JŒ pmtkyfydwfoHrsm;
vG,t f w d vf ,
G o
f rH sm;
zdeyfpD;oHrsm; tqHk;rSm
aemufxyf tjzL&dyfwck xyfxGuf ²²²
²²² ²²² aemufxyf ²²² ²²²
²²² ²²² aemufxyf ²²² ²²²
(4)
pmroifjzpfwJh pmoifcef;wckrSm
t±dk;pkwtkyf tpnf;ta0;vkyfaew,f?
t±dk;pkwcku ²²² xkdif&mrS jznf;n‡if;pGmx
“usaemfwkdŒ awmfvSefa&;
tm%m&SifawG aemufqHk;ae@txd”
ponfjzifh ajym=um;
tm;vH;k +idro f ufem;axmifae=uw,f?
tcef;xJrmS
tusOf;axmifu ajy;xGufvmwJh
AdkvfcsKyf&JŒ rdef@cGef;awG
owdWAHk;udk aESmifxHk;cwf
ywf=um;tufaewJh &efol@rsufESmawG
tJ'DrSm ²²² t±dk;pkwcku vufoD;qkyf
ol@ E_wfu wdk;wdk;av;ajym
“awmu tazeJ@ tarawmh
usaemfhudk ar#mfae=uawmhr,fAsm æ”
a=uuGJpGm ol@rsufvHk;aygufxJu
rsu&f nfjzLwpuf
pD;oufusvmw,f?
(5)
y&0%f t0iftxGufvrf;awGrSm
tcsKyfum;jymjym}uD;awG
'&=urf; ESifae=uw,f?
tJ'uD m;}uD;awGxrJ mS
“urBmra=u/ Armajy æ 'g wk@d ajy
'g wdk@ajr æ wkd@ydkifwJh ajr” qkdwJh
aw;oHom,m
nDnmpGm yJhwifay:xGuf
ausmif;om;vufawG aoG;pdrfh,kdpD;cJh+yD
tcsKyfum;jymjym}uD;&JŒ OD;xdyfrSm
olwdk@&JŒwHqdyf ²²² wkd@&JŒtvH
OD;acgif;cHGrSm t±dk;ESpfacsmif; uef@vef@jzwfxm;wJh o¾efomjzpfw,f?
ausmif;acgif;avmif;tdk}uD;[m
xGufcGmoGm;wJh tcsKyfum;aemuf
ajy;vdkufcvkyfwkduf+yD; vJòydus
csKdvGif&SwwJh acgif;avmif;oHxGuf&r,fhtpm;
“om;a& æ tar vdkuf&Smaew,fav æ om;a&”
qdkwJh idk±d_ufnnf;wGm;oHtjzpfeJ@om
&mZ0ifwkefcgatmif jrnf[nf;vmcJh+yD?
(6)
eDarmif;aomvrf;}uD;/ vrf;i,frsm;rSm
a'gif;tvHwvlvl v$ifhxlvdk@
ausmif;om;awG csDvmyg+yD
&ifwtHkvHk;yGifhxGufaewJh ausmif;om;u
a&SŒqHk;u tvHudkif+yD; aoG;yGufyGuftefxGufaewJh
ausmif;om;awGu
aemufu csDwufvdkufygvmw,f?
“'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; ²²² wkd@ta&;”
“tm%m&SifpepfusqHk;a&; ²²² wkd@ta&;” wJh?
udk,fhudkudk,f wcgwnf; tokbcs&if;
wdkufyJG0ifcJh=u&wJh igwdk@&JŒawmfvSefa&;
b,fawmhrS ²²² t±_H;ray;bl; a[h ²²²
aoewfow H csuaf zmuf&if
&mZyv†if rD;[kef;[kef;awmufoGm;r,f ²²²
aemufqHk;ae@txd ²²²
(7)
idkufjrnf;aewJh tif;vsm;a&jyif[m
±kwfw&uf &J&JeDapG;oGm;w,f?
csufjcif;yJ a&aiGŒysHwuf
aumif;uifxufrSm wdrftjzpf rkd;pufcdk
ausmif;awmf}uD;ukd rdk;aoG;awG jyef&Gmcs
v#yfawGjyuf/ rdk;awG+cdrf; ²²² ²²² ²²²
'def;'Hk; qlnHoGm;w,f ²²²

tJ'Dtcg ²²² ausmif;awmfrSm ²²²
yef;awG zswfueJ yGifh=u
iSufqdk;awG a0gueJ xysH=u
opf&u G af wG wvufvuf awmufy=u
cHkwef;vsm;awG tkwf*ltjzpf ajymif;vJ=u
ajr}uD;awG wkefcgawmfvJ=u
wkd@ta&; æ wdk@ta&; æ wkd@ta&; æ wdk@ta&;
aºuG;a=umfoaH wGe@J
Armjynf}uD; w0kef;0kef;±kef;uef
Edk;x+yD; aemufqHk;+idrfoufoGm;wJhtcg
igwdk@ausmif;awmf}uD;[m ²²² ²²²
wvJhvJh w0if;0if;
aoG;eDa&mif awmufycg ²²²
tmZmenf ol&Jaumif;wdk@&JŒ
*lAdrmef}uD;yrmom wnf&Sdaeygawmhw,f ²²²?
(8)
ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;awmf}uD;=um;
ck ²²² aoG;yifv,f}uD; jcm;aeyg+yD ²²²
“ausmif;zGifh+yD” qdkwJh tm%m&SifawG[m
aoG;yifv,f}uD;udk ausmfeif;
xHk;wHwm;}uD;udk ausmcif;ay;w,f?
wcsKdŒawGu ausmif;wufvm=uvdrfhr,f ²²²
tJ'DxJu wcsKdŒ[m ²²²
“ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifhyg”vdk@
pdwfraumif;pGmajym&if; ²²²
xHk;wHwm;udk av#mufeif; ²²²
ausmif;cef;twGif; 0wW&m;t&xdkif
igwdk@ ²²² em;vnfcGifhv$wfEkdifygw,f ²²²
wcsKdŒuawmh ²²²
‘*k%fwk *k%fòydif’ aumif;a=umif;ajym&if;
xHk;eH@oif;wJh yef;cif;udkjzwf ²²²
&nf;pm;xm;zdk@ ausmif;jyefwufvdrfhr,f?
tJ'Dvkd ²²² vlpm;awGudkawmh ²²²
igwdk@u cGifhv$wfonfhwdkifatmif
&mZ0ifu cGifhrv$wfoa&GŒ
olwdk@[m ²²² ordkif;rSm ²²²
‘opPmazmuf’rsm;om jzpfw,f?
(9)
ausmif;om; eJ@ ausmif;
wae@awmh aygif;&rSmyJ
igwdk@awG aoG;yifv,fudk jzwful;+yD;
ausmif;}uD;qD ta&mufoGm;=ur,f?
aoG;yifv,f}uD;[m
waiG@aiG@yljcpf qlyGuf
xufaumif;uif rkefwdkif;wdk@ tpysKd;
aoG;vd_if;wHydk; w0kef;0kef;jyif;xef
igwdk@awG
igwdk@awG vSnfhrjyefbl;/
igwdk@xJu wcsKdŒ[m æ
udk,fht±dk;udk,fcsKd; avStjzpf xGif;xk
igwkd@txJu wcsKdŒ[m æ
udk,fhtom;udk,fvSD; avSeH&Htjzpf cif;±kduf
igwdk@txJu wcsKdŒ[m æ
ukd,hfvufz0g; udk,f±kdufjzwf
avS&Guftjzpf pyfcsKyf
rkefwdkif;udk cJG0if
aoG;yifv,fujkd zwf+yD;
ausmif;awmf}uD;qDoGm;zkd@
vkyaf ew,f æ?
(10)
aemufqHk;rSm æ
a'gif;tvHudk ²²² ajzmif;qefatmif v$ifhxl&if;
trSew f &m;wckxH
igwdk@ opPmt"dÏmefðy
tdk æ ol&Jaumif;wdk@
tkd æ usqHk;cJhavaom
'Drdkua&pD wkdufyJG0if
oli,fcsif;a[mif; æ
ol&aJ umif;wd@k
xm0pOf rysufjy,fEkdifavmufatmif
jrifhjrwfpGm usqHk;cJhaom æ
oifwdk@. 0dnmOfwefcdk;awmfrsm;onf
igwdk@. a&SŒaemuf0J,m æ
xufatmuf0ef;usiYf
ysŒH ES@H wnf&=dS uukeaf wmh.?
xdak om ²²²
oifwdk@. 0dnmOfwefcdk;awmfrsm;onf
igwdk@. cE<mudk,fae&mtESH@tjym;odk@
xk;d azmuf,pkd rd phf ;D 0ifum
&J&ifhjcif;rSm igwdk@tm;jzpfwnfapawmh.?
tkd ²²² ol&Jaumif;wdk@
tdk ²²² usqHk;avaom
'Dru kd a&pDwu dk yf 0GJ if
oli,fcsif;a[mif; ol&Jaumif;wdk@
Armjynfudk &Sdcdk;um
TaoG;yifv,ftm;
igwdk@ jzwfultHh
rkd;vHk;jynfh aumif;csD;=obmay;oHrsm;=um;rSm
igwdk@.ta&;awmfyHk atmifjrifygapownf;? ?


ausmif;om; tˆK`Wd
a7GSbkef;vl
(1)
rif;&JŒ¶kyt
f avmif;[m
jcaoFh*lxJrSm &Sdvdrfhr,f
tarSmifpek ;f pke;f rSm
t&mtm;vHk; arhazsmufypf
aemufwacwf rif; atmifjrifapuG,f
tufuaJG eaomvufrsm;eJ@
bk&m;ocifxH igwdk@qkawmif;
rif; æ aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap æ vdk@
igwdk@&JŒ
aoG;wpufudk xuf0ufcGJ
rif; cHwGif;xJ
wJwaJ v;av#mcs=unf&h if
E_wcf rf;aorsm;u
zGzGwdk;wdk;av; v_yf&Sm;atmfjrnf
'D æ rdk æ u æ a& æ pD æ
'Drdkua&pDvdk@ æ qdkvdrfhr,f
nDav;&,f
&Edik rf ,fq&kd if
rif;&JŒt¶d;k wr_eu f kd
edAmŠ efbt kH xd,+l yD;
bk&m;&Sifudk jy=unfhcsifw,f æ
rif;[m ol&Jaumif;av; jzpfw,f
rif;[m tmZmenfav; jzpfw,f
rif;[m Armausmif;om;av; æ jzpfw,fav?
(2)
a&iwfovdk æ iwfcJh&wJh
Armjynfu ‘vl@tcGifhta&;’[m
tusOf;axmifxJrSm
ocsõKif;ajrrSm
w&m;¶Hk;&JŒ &mZ0wfr_awGxJrSm æ &Sdaew,f²²
rif; æ pGef@cGmcJhwJh
pmoifausmif;uav;
rif;owif;awG ar;ae+yD
rif;&JŒ pmtkyfa[mif;xJrSm
q&mr&JŒ rSwfcsuf æ
rif;twGuf æ
“aemufxyfpmtkyftopfvJyg” wJh
pmtkyf rvHkavmufr_
azmifwdef rvHkavmufr_
rkef@pm;qif;csdefrSm ausmif;cef;xJtdyfaer_ æ pwJh
vlru _ pd t P 00
rif;csnf;rS r[kwfcJhygbl;uG,f
wdu k yf rJG mS
c|efjrpGm awmif;qdkEdkifzdk@
acgif;avmif;tdk}uD;udk E_wfquf
csDwufvmwJh tmZmenfav;a& æ
cGyaf 'gi;f &JŒ
wa=umif;pmc|ef
ordik ;f pifux kd rf;
&mZ0if=urf;cuf aoG;puf&$Jpdk
ckawmh æ
rif;&JŒ cHkeHygwfav; ‘idk’ae+yD æ?
(3)
a&$bek ;f a&mifvuf0if;wJh
ESif;jymjym reufOD;rsm;rSm
'd@k urBmudk
jyefvmOD;rSmvm; æ [if æ
“trsKd; bmom omoemtwGuf
om; æ E_wfqufcJhygw,f” wJh
rif;xm;cJhwJh pmwdkuav;
rif;wdk@tdrfudk ay;vdkuf+yD
,dkifeJ@usOf;ajrmif;aewJh
rif;wdk@&JŒ tdrfuav;xJrSm
rif;&JŒ azaz[m
vufoD;udk uspfuspfygatmif
qkyfxm;w,f æ
rif;&JŒarar[m
tcef;axmifhrSm
+idro f ufpmG xdik +f yD;
rsuf&nfpD;a=umif;wckudk tazmfðy
(&ifxJrSmawmh)
om; jyef‘vk’ae&Smawmhr,f?
“aumif;rGepf mG
oò*õ[f +yD;pD;yga=umif;” æ wJh
tavmif;udrk S
rjrif& rawGŒ&
b,fae&mrSm usqHk;cJhovJ nDav;&,f æ
a'gi;f ¶kyu f av;vdyk J
rif;&JŒ twˆKy`wWd[m
tawmifyyH gw,f
wduk yf 0JG ifw,f
EG,fvdkywfcsnf cdkifusnfepfpl;
a&mufav&mb0tqufqufrmS
rif; æ armfzl;&jcif;rsm;pGmeJ@
uif;a0;ygvdrfhr,f æ?
(4)
tdrxf &HrmS
wcgcg rif;rsuf&nfokwfwJh
pkwfcsmcsm vG,ftdwfuav;
acwfab; acwf'%foifhae&Smw,f æ
“acwf vGwv f yfrS
ausmif;om; vGwfvyfr,f”
t&G,ef @J rvdu k af tmifawG;
‘ausmif;om;ta&;’qdkwm
rif;rSm r&SdcJhygbl;
“bk&m;acwfrmS qd&k if
&[E WmjzpfwJhtxd vdrRmr,f”
'gayr,fh æ
“tarSmifacwfrmS awmh
tm%m&Sifudk zDqefw,f”
nDav;&,f rif;odyfrSefw,f æ
cH,cl suu f kd
tajrmufqHvdk ypfazmuf
ta0;qHk; tjrifhqHk;
b0wqHk; rif;a&mufcJhw,f æ
ppfarmif;oH=um;&if
cGmw&Sy&f yS jf zpfcsiw
f hJ
acwf&JŒ ppfjrif;uav;vdk rif;[m
&mZ0ifudk xdk;cGJ
wdkufyGJudk 'kef;azmuf
rD;awmufq;l jcpf
acwfopfyal Zmf
awmfvSefwJh nDav;a&
cGyaf 'gi;f taygi;f &JŒ
aumif;csD;=obmoHap
rif;a&muf&mt&yfu =um;ygap æ
(5)
nDav;a&
&mZ0ifa&;&m
pmtkyyf w
d f
awmfvSefa&;rSm ‘tdyf’awmhaemf
pdwcf somG ;yg
t&mtm;vHk;udk arhazsmuf
aoG;eJ@wnfaqmufwJh tkwf*lwvHk;
wavmuvHk; vif;apom;uG,f æ
wdrfom;¶dk;&D
'Drdkua&pD awmifwufvrf;u
cyf=urf;=urf;ausmufav;awGtjzpf
pGJepfusefwifvdk@ æ atmifjrifrSmyg
ArmjynftwGuf
vdt k yfwhJ
‘vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD’
ta&SŒzuft&yfrmS
jcaoFhawG csDvm+yD
ppfjrif;awG òydifvm+yD
cGyfa'gif;awG ysHvmae+yDav²²
nDav;&,f
+idr;f csr;f pGm
at;jrpGm
&Sif;oef@pGm
aemufb0rSm jrifa,mif=unfhprf;uG,f
bmyJjzpfjzpf
,rf;aiG@wvlvl=um;xJrSm
rif;cspfwJh Armjynf}uD;[m
a'gif;tvHudk yef;vdk yefvdk@ vSvdk@ æ
a=omf æ
a'gif;tvHudk yef;vdk yefvdk@
vSvdk@ygyJ æ nDav;&,f æ ? ?


O'gef;
a7GSbkef;vl
jym0if;0dk;0g;wJh
aqmif;ESif;rsm;uom
ordik ;f &JŒbmompum;jzpfr,fq&kd if
wvdrfhvdrfh c,Gif;wJh
aoG;ESi;f pufawG
wdk@ajrrSm rd_if;r_dif;a0a&mhr,f?
aool&JŒ t±dk;awGu
&Sifoludk bmvkyf&r,fvdk@
tHhcsD;zGzG &nf!$ef;=uwm
ordkif;vdk@ qdk&r,f?
&mZ0ifq;dk &JŒ
t±d;k wGeo
f H
b,fol@xHyg;
o,faqmifoGm;rvJ ESif;wdk@&,f?
'Dbuf urBmacwf&JŒ
&J&ifhwJh ordkif;a=umif;[m
wkd@jynfu ausmif;om;tavmif;awGqDrSm &Sdw,f?
om;aysmuf&SmaewJh tarudk
ol@atmufu ajru
“arar” vkd@ wkd;wdk;av; ac:aew,f
arar&,f arar&,f arar&,f?
Zmbk&if&JŒ pepfqkd;a=umifh
jynfw
h efqmjzpf&wJh
±k&mS ;rav;[m
tdyf&mxJrSm idkaew,f/
ae0if;&JŒpepfa=umifh
olykefjzpf&wJh ausmif;om;awG
vrf;ray:rSm wkdufyGJ0ifaew,f?
'Dae@y[ JG m
±H_;±_H; EkdifEdkif
,SOfòydifjcif;om t"du qkdwhJ yGJr[kwfbl;
olaoud, k af o tòydiEf J$
0dnmOfcsif; ±dkufcGJwJhyGJ jzpfw,f?
“a[h æ óud;pif”
ig &ifaumh+yD; vmcJhr,f? ?

jrefrmjynf +idrf;csrf;ygap
aoG;pawG pdkvl;
tvHOD;rSm udk,fhtrnfcsdwfvdk@
óud;pif&yd 0f ,f
usaemfwdk@ wdkufyGJ0ifaeygw,f?
ydwrf xm;&ao;wJh
om;}uD;wdk@&JŒ ausmif;pmtkyfrSm
a'gif;±kyfav;awG om;i,fqGJawmh
arar rsuf&nf0Ja&mhr,f?
&Spq
f ,f&h pS cf Ek pS &f ŒJ
ar#mf vufeufeJ@ vG,ftdwfwdkufyGJrsm;
r_e0f g;jyma0
a7GSbkef;vl
urBmra=ubl;
bDvl;wacwf/ a'gif;wacwf?
wae@ae@av
raoao;&if jyefvmcsifw,f
&ifcGifrSm axG;vdk@óudyg arar&,f?
aoG;pawG pdkvl;
óud;pif&yd 0f ,f
usaemfwdk@ wdkufyGJ0ifaeygw,f? ?


tydik ;f ( 3 )
wm&mrif;a0 &JŒ uAsm&Snf 3 yk'f
acgi;f avmif;oH pmwrf;

oPmw&m;twGuf rD;tdrw f vH;k ESihf
rD;awmuf &pforf


acgi;f avmif;oH pmwrf;

wm7mrif;a0
(1)
=u,fwm&mawG pl;pl;0g;0g;iHk@=unfhaewJh ua0n
ararh æ udk usaemfowd&vdkufwm æ
nOfhiSufawGu urBmtay:,HrSm vl;vmysHoef;
va&mifudkawmifyHeJ@ wzsef;zsef;¶kduf=uw,f æ?
avmutwkrSm æ vlom;twkwa,muf
udk,fhaygufc|ef;udk,fxrf;+yD; vrf;av#mufaew,f
arar æ
usaemfhtwGufawmh ararh&ifcGif[m
aomuuif;a0;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&; ‘e,f’ yg
tck æ b,frSmvJ
b,frSmvJ æ?
jrLr_efrdk;ESif;awGu a&$a&mifw0if;0if;awmuf
ararhtkwf*ludk apmifha&Smuf=uvdrfhr,f
aumif;&mbHkodk@oGm; tm;vHk;udkarhxm;cJhygawmh
arar æ?
(2)
usaemfrSwfrdor# æ
ararhrsufvHk;[m aqmif;&moD qefvGef;w,f
jrLawGzHk;/ ESif;pufawGzHk;
aea&mifawGvnf; cg;ukef;atmif ¶kef;cJh&aygh
opfudkif;ajcmuf}uD;u rD;awmufuav;udk arG;zGm;
jymteE Wwdkifatmif axG;ydkufysKd;axmifoGm;ovdk
arar[m æ
ol@udk,foljzef@cif;+yD; usaemfhudk av#mufeif;cdkif;cJhw,f æ?
rkom;wv$m rm,mwxyf/ 0wf&nfwpufeJ@

tdk æ cwWma& æ
ykcufv$JaomvufawGeJ@ usaemfhudkpdkufysKd;cJh¶Hkomru
olr æ udk,fwdkifu æ
usaemfhtwGufqdk&if ykcufjzpfjycJhw,f æ?
‘tar’tjzpf
pkefa&opfpD;a=umif;/ awmifusacsmif;uav;
at;vdk@ar$;vdk@ wnfcJhjyefw,f?
(3)
ajcaxmufawGu avSum;xpftwdkif;wufoGm;+yD; æ
vlu æ avSum;ajc&if;rSm usefcJh&w,f
b,forl qdk
udk,fht&dyfxJrSm udk,fjyefcdkcsifvdk@r&bl;
usaemfhudk ‘arar’ jyefay;=uyg æ?
jyuQ'defxJrSm =u,fyGifhjya&;p&mrvdkwJh
omreftnw& rGef;vGJtdkwcku
‘ararh’udk vkoGm;w,f æ?
aeylt&yf&ŒJ aumif;uifeuQwjf zLrsm;[m

vif;tm;jyif;xef/ vli,fwa,muf&JŒESvHk;om;twGif;udk
w¶SL;xdk; qif;csw,f æ?
vufzrdk;eJ@ zsufzsuf vufz0g;eJ@ zsufzsuf
yg;ay:pD;wJhrsuf&nfpufav;uawmh ysufoGm;rSmyg
'gayr,fh arar&,f æ?
(4)
ararhrmS
emusifcJh&wJh *E W0ifouU&mZfrsm;
qufxHk;&Snfvsm;vsm;eJ@ &SdcJhw,f æ?
i,fi,fwnf;u
‘0’vHk; b,frSmpzwf&rSef;rodwJhusaemf[m
ararhta=umif;udkvnf; ckxd pmvHk;raygif;EdkifcJhbl; æ?
ararhrmS
bmomaA'rwl/ zwfwJhpmcsif;rwl/ cl;wJhyef;csif;rwl
rdwfaqGeJ@rwlwJh rdwfaqGawG&Sdw,f æ?
arar[m
tuQ&meJ@azmfðyvdk@rpGrf;wJh/ ,Ofaus;r_tcef;cef;udk
v$rf;¶Hkzefqif;xm;oljzpfw,f æ?
usaemfah rar[m
olrsm;ararawGxuf æ Edk@&nf ydkrxGufygbl; æ
'gayr,hf rsuf&nfawmh ydkxGuf&ifxGufr,f æ
usaemfuvnf; qdk;cJhw,fav æ?
(5)
zkefr_ef@ysHŒpif æ
usaemfh&JŒ pdwful;w,Of,Of wGif;a[mif;
tck æ vif;Edk@awG atmif;ae+yDarar æ?
vGefcJhwJhtESpf 20 ausmf
usaemf jrif;¶kyfpD;+yD;/ opfom;cGm}uD;eJ@ c&D;awGESif
ararhvufckyfoH wvGifvGifaygh æ?
pdwfrvdk&if aumif;bdGKifOD;xkyfudk qGJjzJ

*spfum;awG wufeif;/ &xm;wpif;vHk; aqmifhuef
usaemhfxrif;yef;uef txltyg;
arar cGH@au|;rSpm;cJhw,f²²?
araru OHKzGvdk@ ref;r_wf&if
'kuQtaygif;[m wdwfqdwf+idrfouf
usaemfha&SŒarSmufrSm a=umuf&GHŒpGm vufydkuf&yf=uw,f æ?
“vluav;&JŒtdyfcsdef wef/ AsKdif;a&SŒu ysH”wJh
rdk;tHk@aewJhrsufvHk;eJ@ ararhykcHk;rSm rSDwG,fidkufrsOf;
usaemfuvnf; tdyfykyf}uD;w,f æ
usaemftdyfwdkif; ararhAsKdif;uvnf; a&SŒrSmysHw,f æ?
usaemfth yd rf uf
ararhvnfwdkifudk zufvdk@aygh æ?
(6)
[if;vif;yGifhaewJh usaemfh&ifbwfudk zHk;zdk@
tusôrSm =u,foD;wvHk;vdkae+yD æ arar æ?
i,fi,fuwnf;u æ
araru cHwyfvkyf/ usaemfu ol&Jaumif;vkyf
&efolawGeJ@ a0a0qmqm "m;csif;ckwfzl;w,f æ?
usaemfhb0 awmufav#muf
arar[m cHwyfqefolwa,mufygyJ æ
usaemfhbufrSm &yfwnf/ umuG,f/ wdkufcdkuf
olrudkawmh jrm;tpif;pif;pdkufcJhw,f æ?
usaemfhudk tvdkvdkuf æ usaemfhudk r¶dkuf

usaemfhudk¶kdufvnf; usaemf ridk æ araryJ idk æ?
ararajymwJh aus;vufeDwd
“rwwfbJref;&if wap>rkef;vdrfhr,f”
aq;rsufvHk;eJ@ =unfh æ wJh?
(7)
avudkaveJ@r_wfwmurS vGJOD;r,f æ
usaemfhudk araru æ
ynmvSvSwwfapcsifwm æ taotcsmaygh æ?
aumif;uifay:u ‘v’ eJ@ Asnf;pmvHk;xJu ‘v’

bma=umifhrwlwmvJ æ
usaemfeJ@ tazmfrsm;
ausmif;awmfrSm oabmuGJjym;=u æ?
usaemfu vlysif; æ
opfyifajc&if;rSm &yfvdkuf/ opfyifzsm;udk wufvdkuf
pmar;yGJawGrSm æ
tqifhawGu 1 rS 100 ra&&m æ?
wpwp æ
vli,foDcsif;/ ESif;qD"m;oGm;/ &if=um;pdkufepf
usaemf[m awavukef;rSm uAsmq&mjzpfvmw,f²²?
vli,fwa,muf&JŒ&ifacgif;rSm æ
tdyfrufawG tajr‡mif;ajr‡mif;x æ
*rBD&vrif;uvnf; 0dkuftkyfjzmqif;usaeawmhw,f²²?
(8)
w&ufrmS
jrLjymrd_if;r_ef/ tdyfrufudk apmifvdkðcHqJ æ
=u,fawGtukeaf ºuGwhJ n
usaemfhtay: óud;jywfusw,f æ/
usaemf æ
raysmfavvGifh/ &ifteifhqHk; aqmif;
ESif;awG ajymif;jyefpD;arsmvm æ?
arar[m æ
usaemfjyefvmr,fh oef;acgif,Hudk jcH&Hapmifh=uyf
tvif;&JŒewforD;vdk æ rD;tdrfudkif+yD; apmifhaew,f²²?
em=unf;yifhouf/ t&ufaomufvmwJh om;
tarhtm; pum;rqdk
tarum; æ om;udk,fpm; rsuf&nfrJhpGm idk æ?
om; æ
b0qdkwm a&pD;xJuaA'g æ ra&&mbl;uGJ@
'gayr,fh æ
ar#mfvifhcsuf&JŒ t¶kyfrsm;/ ta&mifrsm;/ t&dyfrsm;
v$ifhrypfeJ@ odrf;xm; æ
0dnmOf¶kef;uef wae@rSm olwdk@jyef&Sifoefvdrfhr,f²²?
ararhpum;u
usaemfh&JŒrdk;cg;a&rsm;udk
wpufcsif; æ wpufcsif; æ wpufcsif; æ csKdapcJh æ?
(9)
0gqdkyef;cl;/ pHy,fOD;wdk@ ar$;oufa0a0
rkwof ek af v&JŒrSww f rf;
rD;udkvnf; usaemf erf;cJh æ a&udkvnf; usaemf erf;cJh æ?
arar[m æ
jcHaxmifhrSm a'vD,mawGysKd;&if;
rdk;pdkaewJhqHEG,fcufudk vufeJ@oyfwif
olrvnf; &ifhusuf=unfvifaew,f²²?
ararcsKyfwhJ
Zmr%D¶kyfeJ@ tusôcsnfr#if=urf;=urf;
usaemf æ vrf;rSm0wf&ef æ?
EGm;u oliHk@pm;wJhjrufawGudk
0HykavGwaumif&JŒatmfoH=um;w,fvdk@ ajymqdkaeqJ
oGm;=updk@av æ
rkqdk;ajcaxmufrsm;eJ@ usaemfoGm;&m usaemfvdkuf

avqefawG ypfpvufcwfwdkufwJh cifwef;
y'dkif;yef;awGvnf; aAmif;vefatmif cg&rf; yGifha0 æ?
(10)
om; æ
“1? wdrfawGysHwm rdk;ay:rSm bmeJ@rSr+idbl;
2? wawmvHk;udkvnf; =unfh wyifcsif;vnf; =unfh” wJh
ararhqkawmif; bk&m;ausmif;rS 0wfðyoH

avmu"HtopfopfawGeJ@ jrifh¶dkif;
rdk;ukwfpuf0dkif;wjcrf;udk xdk;azmuf
usaemf qufav#mufaew,f æ (zdeyfvnf; tcgcgaygufcJh)
naygif; 1400
0uFygawmif=um;rSm æ uHewfbk&m;eJ@ pD;csif;xdk;
usaemfóud;pm;/ trSm;rsm;vnf; csif;csif;eD æ?

{&m0wD arar/ ydawmufyif[m arar

za,mif;wdkifjzLjzL[m arar/ eHeufcif;a=u;¶kyf[m arar æ?
ck æ ararqHk;+yDqdkwJh owif;rSm
usaemf[m t&m&m0if;&Sif;aygufuGJ æ eDvJh æ
vlwqHk; æ 0dnmOfwqHk;/ tºuGif;rJh Akef;Akef;vJus
“arar æ”
(11)
arar[m æ em&DoHeJ@ tdyf/ em&DoHeJ@ Edk; æ
b,fawmhrS xrif;tdk;a0ruswwfwJh rdef;rrsKd; jzpfw,f²²?
rD;avmifaewJh i&JyifysKdrSm/ yGifhtdkav;yrm/ 0g0gEGJŒEGJŒ

owWdopfawGeJ@ a0&JcJhw,f æ?
om;i,f&JŒrsufESmudk
tvuFmvdkvnf; zwf/ ykp>mvdkvnf; zwf
qdkvdk&if;udk csufcsif;&SmazGawG@wwfw,f²²?
vifr&Sad wmhayr,fh
om;i,ftwGuf &ifcGifwck&SdwJhrdef;r
vluE Wm&wdk@&JŒ ausmufwdkif/ ajrcdk;ajraiGŒudk ydkifw,f æ?
(tvif;jymrSwfausmuftwGuf rifwaygufjzpfw,f æ)
(12)
tarr&Swd o
hJ m;rSmom
apwef&JŒv$oGm;udk cg;oD;uGJ&S
t¶kd;ðryfatmif udkufòrdcJh&+yD æ?
rsufESmudk vuf0g;eJ@tkyf¶kHuvGJvdk@
bmrSvnf;vkyfray;EdkifwJhae&m æ ta0;rSm æ
usaemfu æ [dk; æ ta0;}uD;rSm æ?
usefwmawGuawmh bmrSrajymif;vJygbl;
rD;cd;k aiG@awGuvnf;
¶dk;&mtajctaetwdkif;/ vd_if;xaumhvef
'&GwfwdkufysHwufqJ æ?

tarh&JŒ ajcvdk/ vufvdk aecJhwJhaumif

tarr&Sdcsdefrdk@ vrf;ay:rSm jyef@vdk@ usJvdk@ æ?
trSm;vuQ%m/ trSefvuQ%m/ bmeJ@rSvmrwdkif;wmeJ@

‘tar’qdkwm xm0& tuef@towfrJhw,f
cspfaomarar æ aumif;&mbHkodk@ a&mufygap æ?
(aumif;&mbHkwdk@.wHcg;onf rdcifrsm;twGuf yGifhapownf; æ)
(13)
aemif æ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um&if
ararhtkwf*ludk/ 0wf¶HkjzLeJ@ vlwa,mufvmr,f
teufa&mifuwfjym; ryg/ vGrf;ol@yef;acG ryg
avxefvrf;rSm qHr#ifawG vGifh0J æ
tJ'Dvl[m æ om;yJaygh arar æ
b,foHo&mrSmjyef&Sm&if ararhudkawG@EdkifrvJ æ
usaemfha&SŒarSmuf va&mifawG auG@aumufvGef;vScsnfh æ?
tarhudk,fpm; æ
tarhudk,fyGm; æ
=u,fpifrsm;udk vufz0g;eJ@yef/ jrif;cGmoHrSm tyfESHvdrfhqif;
t0ga&mifr;D ¶SL;rD;yef;vdk
‘vif;’+yD;rS aysmufr,f æ?
usaemf æ
arar æ
rm,mawmifajcrS '&rfwD;olrsm;/ rsufvSnfhwD;vHk;rsm;
oDcsif;tuGJtp æ wyk'f+yD;qHk;oGm;yg+yD æ?
arar æ
aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap æ
acgif;avmif;xdk;oH wdk;wdwfvGifha0 æ
æææ
æææ
æææ??
(pDpOfol&JŒrSwfcsuf æ
'DuAsmudk pdwful;cHpm;r_eJ@ a&;zGJ@cJhw,fxifygw,f? ol@pdwfxJrSm usaemfwdk@&JŒ
usef;rma&;raumif;vSwJhrdcif}uD; ol@t&ifuG,fvGefvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifxm;cJhyHk&+yD;
'D ararhvGrf;csif; uAsmudk óua&;cJhwmjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ olcspfwJhararu
'Dpmtkyfuav;xkwfa0csdefrSm ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdaeqJyg? oluom ararhudk
t&ifcGJcGmoGm;ESifhwmyg?
atmif'if)
(raemf[&D &JŒ http://www.manorhary.blogspot.com/ rS ul;,lonf)


oPmw&m;twGuf rD;tdrw
f vk;H ESihf
wm7mrif;a0
1?
t&Sif æ
oif.ac:&m
xyfcsyf æ ig æ vdkufygrnf?
=u,fwyGiu hf qkd ,
JG l
ighudk æ xlyg?
[dk;rSm æ
aotHrh ;l rl;vlu
ajrjyifay:u ol@t&dyfudk
uysmu,m tdwfxJ,laumuf
vufonf;awGawmif acGacgufae+yD?
'DrSm æ
OD;acgif;cGHxuf
qHjzLawG 0yfwGm;wufaewJh tbdk;tdk
awmifa0S;usKd;udk &Da0=unfhai;
ol æ bmawG awG;+yDenf;?
prf;a&udik @kH aomufrS
udk,fhrsufESmudk,f jyefjrif&aomvlrsm;
tjcm; bmudkawG@pGrf;rvJuG,f?
twœqikd ;f bkwu
f dk
vnfrsKdrSm oHikwfeJ@¶dkuf
vrf;rSm;vdkufaom c&D;onfrsm;
oHo&m&xm;udk apmifhaeonf?
0g;wyif&yd rf mS
jcaoFhwdk@yif tdyf0Hhygovm;?
0g;wyif&yd Yf
olawmfpifwdk@ aysmfydkufcJh=u+yD?
tarSmifu euf.
=u,fu vufrnf
Tc&D;a0;ovm;
ig æ a&mufatmifoGm;ygrnfav æ?
2?
aEG æ aEG rdk; rdk;
wGif;xJrSm ESif;cJawG ykyfodk;aea&mhovm;?
aqmif;udyk ef+yD;
ajrmufjyefava&mufvmrS
jyma0r_id ;f tkyf
a[m æ ESif;awG wqkyf+yD; wqkyf?
oJuEœm&u
oJawGe@J z@JG pnf;jyovdk
rm,mavmu
rm,mawGeJ@ r_H&DtHkcsaew,f?
ausmufqpf¶yk u f
acgi;f ndwjf y¶Hrk [kwf
vufckyfwD;+yD; vuftkyfcsDjywm
ig awG@cJhzl;+yD?
aoG;pufawGaemufrmS
vufonf;eDpuf&&J aJ wmufjywm
ig awGŒzl;+yD?
u|JcsKdr_wf+yD;
u|Jtkyfudk azsmfajzwm
aysmfp&mrS r[kwfyJuG,f?
12 óud;uaom
avmu. ua0vufacsmif;rsm;
ightm; æ qGJac:
ig æ rarG@aysmfawmhyg+yD t&Sif?
3?
igonf æ wcgu za,mif;wdkifuJhodk@jzpf.
xd@k a=umifh
rD;awmufudk cspfavonf?
rdk;.tjrifhudkrod æ [k
udk,fhudk,fudk txif&Sd.?
trSefum; æ
ajr.teufrSmyif a00g;qJ?
pD;arsm&mwGif
aA'gudk ukyfzuf
teufa&mif v_dif;acgif;rsm;=um;rSm
a'gotrsufacsmif;acsmif;yGm;vsuf?
xkdaom æ rae@uigonf
0gusifa[mif;EGrf; aevHk;udkxrf;I
awmifpG,fwef;rSm 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,fcJh+yD?
T,ae@ æ ig æ onf
rD;cdk;uJhodk@ rdk;ay:xdk;wuf
E_wq f ufxu G cf mG
tm;vHk;udk v$wfcscJhcsifyg+yD?

igonf ig. bk&ifjzpfI

igonf ig. jynfoljzpf.?
ighudk igu tkyfcsKyfI
ightvkyfudk ig vkyf&ayawmhrnf?
4?
Oykofonf oDvusKd;awmh
bk&m;&Sdcdk;&if; &Sufavonf?
igwdk@onf æ vlom;rsm;jzpf.
vufz0g;rSm
trSm;vuQ%m ygavonf?
[dkcsKd; æ onfauGŒ
c|wf,Gif;aom armif;wHjzifh a&$Œvsm;
vrf;av#mufaeaom ocFsKdif;rSwfwdkifrsm;jzpf.?
tyfcsnEf iS jhf yefcsKyfxm;aom

puf¶yk .
f tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;yrm
wcgwcg
rSDwG,f&mvnf; rJhwwfonf?
tdk æ vlom;tm;vHk; csrf;ajrhygapom; ´´

tm;vHk;xJrSm
igonfvnf; yg0ifcsrf;ajrhygapom;?
olwyg;udkvnf; cGifhv$wf
ud,k u hf ,
kd uf v kd nf; cGiv hf w$ f
tem&Gwrf eS o f r#
qGcJ |wzf ,f&mS ;=uyg?
eif;vmaom ajcaxmufudk
ajrr_e@f oaJ usmufw@kd u
cGifhv$wf=uovdkrsKd;
¶d;k om;jynf0h
wa,mufuw kd a,muf cGiv hf w
$ =f uyg?

5?
xrif;0dik ;f rSm
v#mESifhcyfIpm;=uolrsm;
oGm;=um;xdk;wH pl;=uavonf?
pyg;aph (100) ESifh

oifvakH vmufygu
pyg;aph (101)
aemufvltwGuf jzpfygapuG,f?
qifjzLawmfr+DS yD;awmhvnf;
=uHrpky=f uygEiS /hf
=uHau|;+yD;awmhvnf;
qifudkESmarmif; rðzwf=uygESifh?
anmif&u G af wGe@J r;kd wJh

a&td;k pifav;yrm
om,majrhcsrf;
aeylvrf;rSm wGJac:=uyg?
trSepf ifppf
acgif;iHk@ay;vdkufjcif;[m
acgif;armhxm;&jcif;avmuf
anmif;nmvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg?
0ifoufEiS ,
hf cl ohJ r#
xGufoufESifh jyefay;&rnf?
'g æ urBmtp&JŒ
yxroDt&kd yD jJ zpfonf?
iguawmh (&rnfqdkygv#if)
aovGe+f yD;cgrS
tiftm;wp jyef,loHk;
ightacgif;udk igyJ zHk;oGm;csifawmh.?

6?
+idr;f csr;f a&;twGuaf wmh
vif;yGijhf rifjh rwf&OD;rnf?
xd@k twGuf
ud, k u hf , kd u
f kd wHjrufpnf;vS+J yD;
wzGm;zGm; a¹cGcsypf&rnf?
vufoD;qkyfjcif; æ qdkwm
wkefcgjzLazsmh axmhvefauG;vkyf
vufacsmif;awGtcsif;csif; jyefzrf;csKyf=ujcif;jzpf.?
udk,fhudk,fudk 'dkif;eJ@umxm;+yD;rS
olwyg;udk "m;jzifh&G,f&Jv#if
ol&Jaumif;[k rac:csif
wcgu
Tvufwdk@ tvHvkcJh=u.?
xkd æ qkwHqdyf
,ck b,fqDcsdwfrnfenf;?
ig&h yd ðf rHukd
¶kyyf pkH mwrf;
bmrSruyfwrf;
vrf;ab;rSm jrufjzifhaqmufrnf?
rmeudak jzavsmh
a&pifat;jzifh ig uefawmhygthH?
ajcz0g;rS OD;uif;
arwœmjzLjzifh vif;vdkvSygawmhonf ight&Sif æ?
7?
(avmu}uD;onf tHhzG,ftwd+yD;.?
e*dkrlv wdrfonf[kxif&aom wGif;rsm;yifv#if
qif;=unfhcgrS euf&Sv_dufpm;
ydkI æ edrfh0ifoGm;wwf.)
=uufajccwf æ .
qHk&yfrSmae &Da0axGjym;aomnrsm;
rdk;cg;&eH@ oif;ysHŒaewwf.?
igha&SŒrSvlrsm;
ighudkydwfIumxm;.
ighaemufrSvlrsm;
ighudkwGef;I ausmfoGm;.?
xdk@aemuf æ
acsmufurBm;a&mufrS
a=umuftm;jzifh vSnfhjyef
igESifhwzef æ
vlcsi;f vJ=ujyef.?
atmifjrif=uygapuG,f
aea&mifva&mif jzef@cif;
tvif;wa0a0eJ@
ae@awG nawG
+idrf;csrf;onfxuf +idrf;csrf;ygap?
olzkef;pm;vnf;
ajrom;yef;uefrmS
aumufEyHS ifw@kd a0òzd;
toa& wdk;onfxuf wdk;ygap?
olºuG,}f uD;vnf;
i&Jjynfu "m;udk
a&Smif&Sm;ydkif;csifh
ESdrfhcstyfaom OD;acgif;jzifh
jrifhonfxuf jrifhygap?
8?
idak ºuG;zd@k twGuf
touf0ifvmaomvlrsm;
opPmw&m;udk
[m;wku
d &f ,farmae=uonf?
&Siaf orif;u
tpG,fw0if;0if;ESifh apmifhpm;
oufwrf;u|o H nfEiS hf
wrvGerf mS
tcGHcGmI pm;vdrfhrnf?
[dkpOfcgu
igonfvnf; pdk;a=umuf
ausmufawmifudk yef;ESifhjyefayguf&if;
ajcajr‡muf vufajr‡muf
ajcmufjcm;zl;onf?
wkwfaumufr&Sdol æ ESifh
csKdif;axmuf r&Sdol æ
vrf;av#muf&efrmS yif
'kuQcsif; rwl=u?
wa*smufa*smufESifh
&$HŒ¶kyfom;aumif
rkq;kd vdjk yefavSmifonfh
arSm¶f akH xmifacsmuf
rsufvSnfhq&mawG aºuGtHacgufaeonf?
rsupf u d rkd w
dS +f yD;
udk,fxJudk wdwfwdwfuav;jyef=unfhaomtcg
n‡Kd Œjym,Suo f ef;
wavmuvHk; teufa&mifv$rf;awmh.?
xdo k @kd jzifh

ESi;f &nfpakd om
r_yd iG u
fh av;.yifajc&if;rSm
rmeudt k yd af rG@cs
xm0& ig æ xm;cJhcsifyg+yDav?
9?
avmu"Hw&m;u
e*g;&Spaf umifyrm
ajrudkxdk;cJG avudkqGJjzJ
vlawGxrJ mS
ysHoef;oGm;vmaeonf?
,Ofaus;r_t&
wae&mwGif zdeyfpD;&aomigwdk@onf
,Ofaus;r_t&yif
wae&mwGif zdeyfc|wf&OD;awmhrnf?
bk&m;ajymwmudrk S
ig æ r,Hk&bl;qdkv#if
rm&fewfajymwmudk
ig æ ,Hk&awmhrnfavm?
tpd;k r&aom
avmu.em&Dpufou H kd
vufwHwdk@u armif;ESifzefwD;
eD; æ eD; æ eD;I vmcJh+yD?
rD;udk ausmfjzwf
a&udk ausmfjzwf
oHcsyu f m0wf¶kH
ðcHvdk@ rvHkygbl;uG,f?
w&m;&dyrf mS
pdwfudkxkwf+yD; zkefcg
+yD;awmh æ
udk,fxJrSm jyefvnfaomhydwf
oknuav;vdk
+idrof ufww d q
f wd af e&rnf?
apwDtakd [mif;rS
acgif;avmif;oH wkd;zGwdk;n‡if;
tdk æ t&Sif æ
ajrrSxaom ighudkjrifyg?
10?
tcsKdŒaomvlrsm;
v,fxeG o f mG ;&if;
EGm;ay: tdyfae=uygovm;?
tcsKdŒaomvlrsm;
v,fxeG o f mG ;&if;
pyg;jzpfatmif pdkuf=uygovm;?
vlom;wa,muftaeESihf
rkd;aumif;uifatmufrSm
cdkifrmuspfvspf
wm0efausaom aywqpfr#awmh
jzpfoifoh nf?
t&yf&yfrSvmaom avwdk@Y
ajrpdu
k af usmufwidk w
f @kd
rwkev f y_ =f uouJo
h @kd
igwdk@ aeoGm;&rnf?
t&Si, f al qmifonfh
=u,fwaxmifjrifhacgif 0if;yonfhnum;
v$va$ zG;qGwf
vSHoGm;wdk@udkyif acG!$wfapawmh.?
"rRaw;ukd
aoG;tpufpufwkdifatmif jzef;qGwf
E_wq
f ufawmf&wG qf okd rH sm;
wdk;um us,fum ig æ =um;ae&.?
avjynfnif;wGif
a&$tqif;jzifh oGm;ESifh=uolrsm;
OayuQmudk
bmrSrajymbJ xm;oGm;.?
xdok wl @kd aemuf

ig waumufaumufvdkufygawmhtHh?
xkod wl @kd aemuf
ig awmufav#mufvdkufygawmhtHh?
=u,fa&mifauG@aumuf
xdkaom aumif;uifrsOf;a=umif;rsm;atmufrSyif
ightm;
vrf;jyappm;awmfrlygavmh ²²² jrwfaom igh ²²²t&Sif? ?
(Ak< æ odk@)
(wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& http://www.taryarminwaimemorial.blogspot.com/

rS ul;,lonf)


(1)
tckvkd æ
vSyat;pufaewJn h rSmyJ
ig æ ysKd;xm;wJh jrESif;qD[m æ
=u,fw&m jcH&H+yD; aºuGusoGm;cJhw,f? rD;awmuf &pforf
wm7mrif;a0
wdrv f m$ rsO;f aumufawGuvnf;
cspfolwpa,muf&JŒ rD;tdyfrufrSm
a&$rsuf&nfawG pkdvufvm+yDvkd@
r_dif;ndKŒaewJh aumif;uif}uD;ukd
wD;wkd;ajym=um;vkdufw,f?
‘cspfjcif;arwWm[m’ æ [m
arSmq f &mwa,muf&ŒJ ed*;Hk vkd
aemufqkH;rSm æ
rD;ckd;vkH;rsm; jzpfoGm;a&mhrvm; æ vkdŒ
E_wfcrf;ukduf+yD; æ ig pOf;pm;zl;w,f?
vli,fwa,mufuðdk ypm;zk@d
b,fewfb&k m;xHrmS
eifhvufawG jzef@um;awmif;cHcJhovJ æ
igh&mZ0if cyfusJusJukd
i&JrD;xJ wGef;csvkdufcsifw,f?
oHa,mZOf æ qkdwm
ta&m0ifvkd@raumif;wJh acG;uav;ygyJ æ?
avmu"H OD;wkef;u æ
tvGeft=uL;aomufcJhwJh t&ufwcGuf
ckrS æ pHy,f&Gufay:rl;vJ æ
tonf;uGJw,f æ qkdwm
oDcsif;av;awG wkd;wkd;nnf;&if;u æ
xd&ScJhwJh æ aoG;rJh'%f&m wcsufyg æ
okd;ausmif;om;&JŒ cHEkdif&nfeJ@
ewfbDvl;awG&JŒ owd&jcif;rsKd;u
ighukd æ pD;rkd;xm;w,f æ?
puf±kyfukd 'l;axmufusapwJh
eifh&JŒ æ rsuf0ef;pdrf;vJhrSm æ
ig æ b,fvkdrS arhr&wJh
r[mvuFm wpykdif;wp æ &Sdaeav&JŒ?
tJ'v
D edk @J yJ
ig jyefvnf csnfaESmifcJhygr,f æ
cspfaom æ zJóud;0guav;&,f æ
(vufeufrygbJ æ
ppf0uFygrSm ig æ rwkduf&Jbl; æ)
nHhw,fvkd@yJ æ
vufnd‡K;xkd;+yD; ajymvkdufygawmh æ?
v#yfppfr#ifwef;vkd æ
ylvif;jyif;xefveG ;f wJh
ol±l;wa,muf&JŒ ayG@zufr_awGxJ æ
ck æ &xm;wkd@ O=oqGJvkduf=u+yD æ
“ æ +yD;qkH;oGm;yg+yD æ
æ tm;vkH; +yD;qkH;oGm;yg+yD æ”wJh?
(2)
ta&SŒavawGwu dk w
f ek ;f u
cg;ukef;aewJh igwkd@&JŒ jr&myiftkd}uD;[m
wkef,ifcsnfheJ@pGm ,drf;xkd;aeawmhw,f æ?
ausmif;awmf&JŒ pnf;tjyif
aESmif;&dyfawG opfvGifvGifeJ@
xifa,mifxifrSm;
vrf;ay:rSm igpOf;pm;wm æ
eifhta=umif; acgif;pOfrsm;pGmygyJ?
xdyfxm;&,f æ
tD*spjf yuQ'ed x
f u
J
rkd;wdrfawG &Gmr,fhae@
eifeJ@ig jyefvnfqkHawG@=u&if
'Dta=umif;awG ajymjycsifygao;w,f æ?
igu qyfjymylazmif;ukd ckdpD;+yD;

jrifrh &dk af wmif}uD;eJ@wu
dk rf rd mS
pkd;&drf&Smol r[kwfcJh æ/
'gayr,fh
avayGvrf;a=umif;rsm;rS
wkef0g;azsmhat;
‘opPm’ukd yJhwifoHeJ@yJ jyefay;EkdifcJhol æ?
ighukdowf æ igh&ifbwfukd xkd;cGJazmufvSef=unfh

ighvufoD;xJrSm uspfuspfygatmif qkyfxm;wJh
oknwvkH;yJ &Sdvdrhfr,f æ?
0kid ,
f móud;awG
‘axmif;’ceJ rD;yGifhjywfawmuf+yD;
±kwfcsnf; arSmiftwdusoGm;wJh
‘tE<’wkd@&JŒ tdrftkdrSm æ
awavyDopGm æ igaew,f?
wdwfqdwf æ jymvJhaewJhn æ
a&wGif;xJ acgif;ikH@+yD; æ
‘æ’ukd cspfw,f æ vkd@
b,fqDb,f0,f æ [pfatmf wrf;w&wm æ

bma=umifhygvJ æ?
‘tkH@ykH;cspf’oDcsif;ukd
rqkdcsifbJ qkd&wm
a&$&nfpdrfxm;wJh vufypfAkH;ukd
ukdufrsKd&ovkdygyJ æ vkd@
tufuGJaewJh r,f'vif}uD;u æ
ighukd ajymjyw,f?
tJ'DvkdeJ@ æ
rkd;ukd qef@ajr‡mufxm;wJh
rrDEkdifaom urf;vufawG[m
[kd; æ wkef;uvkdyJ
ighqDrSm æ ajrr_efawG pGef;xifv#ufygyJav æ?
(3)
“vlqkdwm æ
vif;a0pdrf;jrwJh yef;nrsm;pGmxuf
o&Jajcmuf&m nwnukd æ ykdowd&wwfw,f”
igaooGm;cJhvkd@&Sd&if
igh&JŒocFsKdif;*lrSm æ
=uufajccwfwckuo dk m
rSwfwkdiftjzpf pkdufay;xm;yg?
wu,fawmh æ tJ'g[m
igodor# avmu"rRukd
tºuGif;rJh azmfjyoGm;jcif;yJ jzpfvdrhfr,f?
[kd;i,fi,f æ ausmif;rajy;wwfcifwkef;u
ca&yGifhjyxm;wJh ocsFmwyk'f
ightay: ckeftkyf+yD;
rifeDawG &JceJ okwfoGm;zl;w,f?
ig æ owWdaumif;uifrSm æ eDvGifxpfcsKef;
wpf æ ESpf æ okH;
teuf±_dif;qkH; xkd;usypfvkdufw,f?
xl;vSw,fawmhvnf; r[kwfygbl;av æ
a=umufrufzG,f&m vlawG&JŒ
r[mbkwf aA'ifxJrSmrS
iguvnf; ‘t"dywdbGm;’ jzpfcsifcJhwmukd;?
tdrftjyef nrsm;pGmrSm æ
b,folrS rajymcsifwJhpum;awG ayG@ykduf
ukd,fhukdukd,f ‘vlrkduf’vkd@ jyefac:cJh&w,f?
1993 æ 1994 æ
ighuAsmav;awG aqG;ajrŒa=uuGJ
vrf;ab;tkwfckHay: vJusaew,f æ?
ESif;jrm;wvuf&JŒ tqdyfeJ@
edrw
d rf aumif;wJyh jHk yif
rjrifbl;aom ae@rsm; æ nrsm;
ydawmufykdif;zsm;rSm æ 0yfwGm;pk±kH;
ighukd æ csnfxkH;cJhwm æ
(ck æ tcsdefwkdifatmif æ)
tvif;pdrf;wef;awG &pfzGmvkd@uG,f?
(4)
òrdŒjyifvrf;auG@u
awG@cJhzl;wJh *spfypDawGvkd
jzpfco
hJ r#udk
&,fumarmum jyefajymEkdifwJh tusifhav;
aoG;at;at;eJ@ óud;pm;arG;EkdifcJh+yD?
bmyJjzpfjzpf
ausmufacwf/ a=u;acwf
EsLuvD;,m; uifqm/ tem*wfacwf
tm;vkH;twGuf
aocsmwJh igh æ a=unmcsufuawmh
eifhukd xm0& cspfaer,fqkdwmygyJ æ?
xdyfxm;&,f æ
jzpfEkdifr,fqkd&if æ
*Eˆ0if yef;yk&yk'frSm æ
eef;okH;tuQ&meJ@ jc,fr_ef;
eifhemrnfav; pmokH;vkH;ukd
pD&D oDukH;ay;csifw,f æ?
eifhtay:xm;wJh igh&JŒcspfjcif;arwWm[m
rkd;ay:ukd OD;armh+yD;
0if;ypGm vif;jrwkefcgaewJh
a&$0ga&mif rD;awmufrD;v#HvkdygyJ æ?
ausmif;a&SŒu pHy,f±kHrSm
AD;eyfpf&JŒ euQwfwkd@ wvufvuf jyma0r_efoif;
ausmif;cef;wGif;rSm æ
vrif;uav; omcJhzl;w,f æ
cspfaom ausmif;oGm;azmf&JŒ
yef;±kyfv$mukd ar#mfawG;&if;
aqG;vsnd‡K;acG ajzrajyolav; twˆKy`wWd
jr&myif}uD; odygw,f?
urBmOD;vlwkd@vnf; (*leH&HrSm)
i,fu|r;f rsuEf mS a00g;
ynm&Sif}uD;rsm;&,f æ
ygVdpmvkH;awGeJ@
ightay: rqkH;jzwfygeJ@OD; æ?
“cspof u l adk wmif

cspfw,fvkd@ rajym&JwJhaumif æ
&mpkwaxmifae&pfcJh æ
xkdokd@jzifh pum;rJhapownf;”
jr&myif}uD;&JŒ
nnf;wGm;oJhoJh oef;acgif,H
iSuq f ;dk tkyef @J twl
±kwfw&uf vef@ysHoGm;w,f æ?
csKdŒwJhaom ausmif;om;b0
qEN&JŒ rajyvnfr_
teDa&mifrSwfwrf;wckeJ@ cspfoltwGuf yefopPm
a=omf æ ighukdav æ
em;vnfyg æ em;vnfyg æ
em;vnfprf;yg æ?
(5)
tJ'h aD e@&ufawGrmS
rm&fewf&JŒ b,fbufvufu
teufa&mif usrf;csyfwykd'f[m
ighukd pD;eif;wkdufckdufzkd@
jrif;uóud;wkd@ukd jyifvkd@ ‘o’vkd@aecJhaygh?
bmyJajymajym
a&$e@J puf0,fv@dk r&wJh
aemufqkH;uvl&JŒ tawG@tñuHrSm æ
oHr_efawG uyfygae&JŒ
ig æ bmukdrS ra=umufcJhbl;?
a[m'Davmu awmufav#muf
“ausmufoifykef;ay:u okneJ@pm&if
Avmpmtkyfay:u oknu jrwfw,f”wJh
tJ'DatmfoHukd ig&,faecJhw,f?
“rif;uaum æ bmvJ”vkd@
teE WawGu 0dkif;ar;awmh
1æ2æ3æ4æ5æ
ig æ tukefpOf;pm;w,f
6 æ 7 æ 8æ 9 æ 0 æ
wckrrS [kwb
f ;l
ightwGuf *%ef;r&Sdbl; æ?
aoG;eJ@,ufwJh uwWDygpvkd
eDv&G iS ;f awmuf
a=umufcref;vdvd vSywJh
ESvkH;om;u *DwoHpOf
ESif;q0d^mOfrSm wifwJhurŠnf;
vuG,fna&mufwkdif; æ ig
*pfwmwD;aer,f æ?
usqkH;awmhr,fh ppfol&Jtkdu
i,fb0u "m;eJ@cspfolukd
jyif;&SpGm owd&vkdufovkdrsKd;
eifhukd igowd&aew,f?
xdyfxm;a& æ
xdyfxm;a& æ
xdyfxm;a& æ
opfckwform;awGr&SdwJh wkdif;jynfrSm
ig æ v,form; jzpfcsifw,f æ
eif æ bk&ifr æ vmrvkyf&bl;aemf?
awmfawmf=um æ
wHpOfwvuf&JŒ usifh0wfrSm
oefvsuftwGuf yef;cl;ay;cGifhrygvkd@ æ
&GmZeyk'feJ@ rkd;a&xJ
ig æ wa,mufwnf;
rsuf&nf0Jae&ygOD;r,f æ?
iguvnf; cufw,f æ
uAsmwyk'ef @J
aer0if tifyg,m
b,f[m,lrvJvkd@ ar;vm&if
'kwd,t&mukd ig æjiif;w,f æ?
tJ'v
D edk @J yJ
arSmufxm;wJh
igh&JŒ uHaumf&Guf zJcsyfuav;awG
avmu}uD;ukd tr#a0&if;
umvrsm;pGm æ =um+yDaumav æ?
(6)
awmifndKrSm ysKd;wJhrkd;awG
eifhrsufESmvkH;ukd wkd;oufwJhtcg
awmifyifv,fu aA'gawG[m
aqmufwnf&mr& jzpfukef=uw,f?
a[; æ igajymr,f æ
æ æ tufqpfwdrfckd; æ wkd@
rkwfokefukd E_d;yg
'Dvq l ;dk twGuvf nf;
rkd;=urf;wkd@ wpufpuf&Gmyg æ?
“rxku d wf efoql w
dk m
vGifharsm&rSmygyJ æ”
cGJcGmjcif;[m æ
c&rf;jymusnzf ;l ukd
tqdyfcsKdawG vdrf;okwf
ESvkH;om; wnfhwnfhqD
csdef&G,f armif;ðzwfvkdufw,f æ?
oufjyif;a0a0
ca&wkd@ ESif;pufzm;vsm;
rsu&f nfupdk m;wJh
acsmufcsm;zG,f pum;rJhn
ig[m æ xufykdif;csKd;cH&wJh
wjcrf;yJh ‘v’yJ jzpfw,f?
tdyfrufxJu urBmppfvkd
t±kd;òydif;òydif;naetkdu æ
ajrukd&Sdckd; æ
jrLckd;wkd@ aysmif;td!GwfwGJ
vli,fb0&JŒ
n&dyfwkd@ r_efa00rf;enf;cJh&w,f?
tcifqkH; rjzpfcJhayr,fh
tcifqkH;awGta=umiff; ajymwkdif;
owd&rdaeus oli,fcsif;wa,mufqD
ig æ ra&mufa&mufatmif oGm;r,f æ?
+yD;awmh æ
c±dk;c±dkif æ vufzuf&nfqkdifav;rSm
uAsmta=umif; pmta=umif;awGajym&if;
ukd,fhukdukd,f jyefvnfzefqif;ypfr,f æ uG,f?
t&uform;u
olwyg;ukd vGrf;qGwfwm
&,fp&m r[kwfygbl;
w&Hwcg&ŒJ
jyefrvmwJoh w
l @dk
od=uzkd@aumif;w,f æ?
avnif;uav;a& æ
ig cspfjrwf&wJh urBm&JŒxdyfxm;ukd
ol@qEH , G cf ufav;awG
zGm;ceJ vGifh0JoGm;±kH
wcsufavmuf tkH@onf; wkdufcwfay;yg æ?
avpD;xJrmS
zGm=uJvyS ae&Smr,fh
ol@&ŒJ auomqHjrukd
ta0;uae æ ±_dufar$; vGrf;qGwfyg&apOD;aemf æ?
(7)
txD;usefawmifukd tkyfpkd;zkd@
ewfjynfu &GmcswJh
ightwGuf æ tnw&rdk; æ a&
aeygapawmh æ?
tJ'n
D [m
wjcrf;yJh ‘v’u
toufay;+yD; umuG,fcJh&wJh
tvHrvSJrD ‘n’ æ jzpfw,f?
jruf±kdif;u æ
rkd;ukyfpuf0kdif;ukd erf;r&ovkdrsKd;
aeeJ@vu æ
wa,mufukdwa,muf rykdifqkdifEkdif=uovkdrsKd;
±kd;om;pGm æ wkd@a0;vkduf=uygpkd@?
cspfolukd jrwfEkd;±kHeJ@
t&m&mukd vufjzef@rdk; apmifha&SmufcsifwJhvli,f
ck æ c|if;csufeJ@ vufeufcsvkdufygw,f æ?
awavb0&JŒ
yxrqk& trSm;awGukd
vG,ftdwfndKxJ xnfh+yD;
rD;tdrfvufqGJ æ
&mZ0ifxJrSm c&D;quf&OD;r,f?
xdyfxm;a& æ
uacsonfwkd@&JŒ aw;awGeJ@
+idrfat;aysmf&$if xm0pOf csrf;ajrŒapom; æ
aumif;aom rkd;aomufcsdefYvnf;
+idrfoufwnf=unfap æ
ig æ qkawmif;ay;aer,f æ?
yef;cl;&if;
oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ae&if; æ
pum;ajym&if; æ
oDcsif;av;awGqkd&if æ
rif; æ ighukd arhoGm;rSmyg æ?
ckawmh æ oGm;awmhaemf
ig cspfjrwf&wJh aea&mifjcnfawGeJ@ rdef;rysKdukd
‘b0’ qkdwJh rm,mEkdifiHtkdu æ
apmifhóudvkd@ aea&mhr,f æ
omrn vrf;cGJrSm æ
0rf;renf;ovkd igwkd@E_wfquf
reufjzefcgrSm æ atmifjrifygap
reufjzefcgrSm æ atmifjrifygap
reufjzefcgwkdif;rSm æ atmifjrifygap æ
xdyxf m;a&? ?
(wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& http://www.taryarminwaimemorial.blogspot.com/

rS ul;,lonf)
tydik ;f ( 4 )
psmye rSww
f rf;"mwfyrkH sm;
(=o*wfpf 7/ 2007 ck/ &efuek f a&a0; ok\ef)

a&$bek ;f vl (wm&mrif;a0)
(1966 =2007)
psmye vufurf; a=umfjim


rdom;pk&JŒ trSwfw& vGrf;olŒyef;jcif;av;awGaygh æ

olŒtwGuf
0rf;enf;jcif;rSwfwrf; pmtkyfav;
om,m0wDaxmifrS
oli,fcsif;rsm;&JŒ vGrf;olŒyef;jcif;
&Spfq,fh&Spf rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm; &JŒ aemufqkH; E_wfqufpum; æ?

psmye udk vdkufygydk@aqmifay;r,fholrsm; 33 vrf;/ avxefukef;rSm pka0;ae=uwmyg?
psmye
um;u
dk udk,
fwdkif v
dkufar
mif;ydk@
ay;r,
fh udkau
smfol

psmyeum; udk
jyifqifaewJh
udkausmfol
udkausmfol eJ@ udkZm*em
raemf[&D eJ@
roef;jrifah tmif

±kyfuvyfudk jyifqifae=uwJh udkausmfol eJ@ roef;jrifhatmif
rSefacgif;xJu wm&mrif;a0
±kyftavmif; udk o,faqmif=upOf

yef;awG=um;u
wm&mrif;a0
acwfaeav; ESifh raemf[&D

om;&JŒ psmyeudkoGm;r,fh
azaz OD;ausmf&Sdef
olŒudk cspfcif=uwJh
pmaye,frS yk~dKvfwcsKdŒ
88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm; rif;udkEdkif udk,fwdkif a&;zGJŒ&GwfqdkwJh

=u,faºuowd@k om;
33 vrf;rSm um;r&vdk@ qüjyae=uolrsm;
udkudk}uD; ESifh rif;udkEdkif
("mwfyHktcsKdŒudk tifwmeufu ,lygw,f?

cGifhðycsuf rawmif;cHEdkifcJhjcif;twGuf av;pm;pGm awmif;yeftyfygw,f)

tydik ;f ( 5 )
wm&mrif;a0 trSww
f & uAsmrsm;
=u,faºu owd@k om; (rif;udEk ikd )f

wm&mrif;a0od@k tvGr;f (atmif'if)
xm0& tdyaf ysmo f mG ;wJh =u,f (acvGe;f )
vlru
kd rf sm;ESihf cGcJ mG jcif; (udòk z;)
arSmo f m;rD;v#H (rd;k v_id n f )
vGr;f qGw=f u,f (ndr;f ndK)
wm&maºuwJh n (yef'&kd m)
wm&mrif;a0 (pef;pef;wif)
xm0&vif;r,fh wm&mod@k (aEGq;l vuFm)
a&$bek ;f vl (od@k r[kw)f wm&mrif;a0eJ@ e,fpnf;rjcm; uAsmrsm; (xdu k o
f El ikd )f
ta0;u yef;csu D m; (armift;kd )
vkvif=u,f (atmifa0;)


=u,faºu owdo
@k m;
rif;udkedkif
oli,fcsif;
rif;[m ,Hk=unf&mudk
&ifaoG;vdvk nf; arG;cJw
h ,f?
oli,fcsif;
rif;[m '%f&mawGudk
qDrD;vdkvnf; xGef;cJhw,f?
oli,fcsif;
rif;[m udk,fhtem
udk,fhv#meJ@ jyefoyf
&Siw
f wfc+hJ yD;+yDy?J oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif;
aetpif;pif;ylwhJ
oli,fcsif; uBmajr&JŒ '%f&mawGudk
rif;[m vufz0g;awGeJ@ umuG,fzdk@
udk,fhta&jym; udk,fv$m igwdk@ ae&pfcJhOD;r,f?
udk,fht±dk;udk tyfvdkaoG;
udk,fh0wfpHk udk,fcsKyfvdk@ oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif;
ususee vScJh+yD;+yDyJ? uBmajr&JŒ a=uuGJjcif;"mwfjym;xJ
rif;&JŒ uAsmawG
oli,fcsif; rmwdumpDz@kd
oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif; igwdk@ ae&pfcJhOD;r,f?
=u,ftpif;pif; aºuwJh
a[m'DuBmajr&JŒ temw&awGudk oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif;
pGrf;or# ukpm;zdk@ ausmif;eH&wH 0du
k f
igwdk@ ae&pfcJhOD;r,f? a'gif;tvH jyefpdkufwJhwae@
igwdk@ æ æ æ ? ?
(2007 -o*kwfv 7 &ufaeŒu wm&mrif;a0&JŒ psmyerSm

88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm; rif;udkEdkif
a&;zGJŒ&GwfqdkwJh uAsm)

wm&mrif;a0ok@d tvGr;f
atmif'if
nDav;
=o*wfpf&JŒ rkd;a&pufawGxJ
rif;uawmh cGJcGmoGm;cJh+yD
r_efr_dif;at;pufwJh aumif;uifrSm
òyifjrif;waumif&JŒ cGmoHawGom
yJhwifxyf usef&pfcJh æ?
nDav;
rif;cspfwJh b0ukd
rif;trsm;}uD; jyefay;qyfcJh
rif;cspfwJh vl@avmuukd
rif;taEG;axG;qkH; ±d_uferf;cJh
'%f&mawGtjynfheJ@/ rif;&JŒESvkH;om;u
aoG;pufpufus/ ikdnnf;aewmawmif æ rS?

tEkynmeJ@ EkdifiHa&;
b0ESpfckpm arG;zGm;
b0ESpfckrSm }uD;jyif;
b0ESpfckpvkH;ukd yckH;ay:rSmxrf;
wwfpGrf;or#/ rif;wm0ef,lcJhwm
tif;pdefaxmif}uD; odygw,f æ
o&ufaxmif}uD; odygw,f æ
om,m0wDaxmif}uD; odygw,f æ
‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;’ æ odygw,f æ uG,f æ
uH=uRmukd r,kH&JcJhayr,fh
wkd;wkd;av; qkawmif;cJhzl;yg&JŒ
“wae@awmh jyefqkHawG@=ur,f æ” vkd@
ckawmhvnf;
'Du=H uRmuyJ
igwkd@ukd &uf&ufpufpuf æ cGJ æ
oGm;ESifhuG,f
b0qkdwm wkdwkdav; æ vkd@
rif; oufaojycJ+h yD
tJh'D æ b0wdkwkdav;ukdyJ
teuf±d_if;qkH; cspfruf=uzkd@
tjrifhrm;qkH; ay;qyf=uzkd@
tawmufyqkH; wG,fzuf&J=uzkd@
t±kd;om;qkH; a=uuGJwwf=uzkd@
rif; æ igwkd@ukd oifjycJh+yDyJ æ? ?
-o*kwfv 10/ 2007

xm0& tdyaf ysmfomG ;wJh =u,f

acvGef;
=u,fwyGihf
vGixhf u
G af ºucdu
k f
yifhoufawG ±d_uf&jyefw,f æ?
‘ryGifhbJ zl;cJh&wJhaumifrdk@ arSmifw,f’ wJh

tckawmh cifAsm;
tvif;awG=um; xGufoGm;cJh+yD?
‘w,fvDzkef;ac:oHawG =um;wmawmif
jyefrxl;jzpfwJhaumif’ wJh
tckawmh cifAsm;
jyefxl;p&mrvdkatmif xGufoGm;cJh+yD?
‘ighrSmwa,mufwnf; jzpfae&wJhtxJ ‘avmurm,mqdkwm

a0gueJ aysmufqHk;vdkuf&’ wJh twD;cH&wJhAHkawG&JŒ *DwygyJ’ wJh
tckawmh cifAsm; tckawmh cifAsm;
taiG@awG=um; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh+yD? AHkoHawGr=um;wJht&yfqD xGufoGm;cJh+yD?
‘,H=k unfxm;prf; a&cd;k a&aiG@awGuvnf;

yifv,fudk ypfaygufpdkufysKd;Edkif&r,fqdkwm’ wJh
tckawmh cifAsm;
yifv,fudk pdkufysKd;jy+yD; xGufoGm;cJh+yD?
‘arara& æ rdk;wdrfawGxJ ajcypfvufypf

om; 0iftdyfypfvdkufcsif&JŒ’ wJh
tckawmh cifAsm;
ajcypfvufypftyd af eyHrk sm;
usaemfwdk@ac:wmawmif r=um;awmhbl;? ?
(bavmh*g nDnD (oHvGif) &JŒ bavmh*fwGif -o*kwfv

6 &uf 2007 &ufpGJjzifh azmfjycJhaom uAsm)

vlru
kd rf sm;ESihf cGcJ mG jcif;
udkjzdK;
vlawGaygh æ
enf;enf;awmh ±l;ae=uw,f
'g[m vlwa,mufaowm r[kwfbl;
tEkynmwckaooGm;wm
bmeJ@ tpm;xdk;jy=urSmvJ
a=uuGJzl;yg&JŒvdk@ ajymjyae±HkeJ@aum
&ifckefoHawG jyef&EdkifrSmvm;
pum;tvGefrsm;wJh vlawG
tck aoae=u+yDvm;
cifAsm;[m ayghpwm; r[kwfwm
enf;enf;awmh emw,fAsm
romawG vdu k yf @kd =u
bk&m;awG wnfvdkuf=u
0rf;enf;jyvdu k =f u
owif;awG a&mif;pm;vdkuf=u
&ifxJu atmifh+yD;emvmw,f
cifAsm; apmapmxGufoGm;wmvnf;
cyfaumif;aumif;ygyJAsm
vlawG[m tEkynmudk em;rSrvnf=uwm
cifAsm;&JŒ ESvHk;om;}uD;udk csxm;wmawmif
b,faumifrS vmrpm;=ubl;
usaemfwdk@rSmu wrf;wrdef;armae&
vJao=u
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“igb h 0wckv;kH eJ@ vJaovdu k =f u”
tWrmeawGudk c0gcs+yD;
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usaemf bmrSjyefr&awmhbl;
tEkynmudk ±kyfawGeJ@ wefzdk;jzwfae=uw,f
vlawG b0ajymif;ukef=u+yD
Aef;*dk;&JŒyef;csDwcsyf[m oef;csDwefcJhcsdefrSm
rm&DvifrGef±dk;&JŒ"mwfyHkwcsyf b,favmufwefygovJ
usaemfh&ifxJrSm cHjyif;pdwfawGcsnf;yJ
cyf±dkif;±dkif;yJ ajymvdkufawmhr,f
aomufoHk;udkruswJh aorif;uGm
tEkynmudkrS ac:oGm;w,f
bmrS vm&Sif;jyrae=ueJ@awmh
b,favmuf ±dkif;=uvJqdkwm
bk&m;yg odoGm;+yD
‘vlrdkufawGaum vlaumif;awGudkaum cifAsm;xm;cJh+yD’
&ifxJrSm twm;tqD;r&SdolawG
vGrf;=u æ? ?

arSmo
f m; rD;v#H
rdk;vSKdifn
vli,fwa,muf&JŒausmufxGif;&mZ0if
tyDjyifq;Hk jzpfapr,fh
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cHpm;csufawGukd ukd,fpm;ðyzufwG,fcJh
90 vGefvli,fawG[m
ol@,Ofaus;r_rSm xGef;um;cJhzl;w,f?
z,fay;vku d =f uprf;yg
rmefewf&@J twGi;f om;ukd
v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ pm;aomufzkd@twGuf
arSmfom;rD;v#H c&D;xGufoGm;jyef+yD?
ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ aoqkH;aeolawG&JŒ
vrif;uifqmukd ukpm;zkd@
arSm0f ifaewJph um;vk;H awGe@J
ol@ukd,fol tavmifu|rf;cHcJhwJh
arSmo
f m;rD;v#H
umveJ@ tmumoukdyg
ul;pufavmifu|rf;apcJh+yD æ? ?

vGr;f qGw=f u,f

ndrf;ndK
‘aqmif;wckrmS
yg0ifcJhzl;wJh ESif;wpufvdk
pm&if;vnf; r&Sd/ eHygwfvnf; rod
b,ftxdrSvnf; r}uD;us,fygbl;uG,f’ wJh?
ol@ud, k o
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vli,fwa,mufua&;wJh ausmufxGif;&mZ0ifawG
usaemfwdk@&iftHkudk wnfhwnfhypfaygufvdk@
cspfoludk ESvHk;om;topfeJ@ cspf=unfhzdk@
b0udk ±_axmifhtopfeJ@csOf;uyfzdk@
avmuudk jrwfEdk;jcif;oufoufeJ@ apmifha&Smufzdk@
ol@&JŒtEkynm aygif;acsmifav;xJrSm
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tHk@ysarSmif&D avmu"HxpfcsKef;rSm
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ESvHk;om;&Sdvdk@ usaemfwdk@ ESarsmwrf;w&
tudka& æ
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atmufarhowd&jcif;awG xyfaygif;vdk@
tudk aumif;&mok*wda&mufygapAsm æ? ?
tJ'n D u
=u,fawGtm;vH;k
a&qif;aomuf=uw,f æ
yifv,f&JŒ iefysys*k%foWdrSm
tm;vHk; pdkpdkpGwfpGwfeJ@ æ
vrif;u r=unf&h v J Œkd
rsufESmv$JoGm;w,f æ
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æ
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æ
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tarSmifxu J pkd u kd v f @kd
ai;=unfah evdu k w f m
t=um æ æ }uD; æ? ?
wm&mrif;a0 avmuudk cHkrif

prf;prf;wif avmuudk cspfcif
avmuudk tvSqif
cHkrifqJ cspfcifqJ tvSqifqJ

avmuu qH;k ±_;H oGm;
wm&mrif;a0
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pmaumif;uif
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qdkif;oH AHkoHrygbJeJ@
cifAsm;xGufoGm;wJhae@u
rdk;awG ndKŒaevdkufwm æ?
wm0efauscyhJ gw,fqw kd mxuf

yd+k yD;wefz;kd &Sad tmif
cifAsm; aexdkifcJhwmyg?
vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhawG xm0&vif;r,fh wm&modŒk

rd;k vdak cgiaf ewJah cwfrmS aeGql;vuFm
cifAsm;wD;jycJhwJh AHkoHawGu
tm;rmeftppf jzpfapcJhw,f?
cifAsm;a&;cJw
h hJ
tvHrxlcw hJ hJ vufawGe@J oHo&maw;oGm;xJuvdk
b,fvufxJrSm 0Sufxm;wJhyHkjyifawGudk ,rrif;qDrSm eDudk&JeJ@awG@&JŒvm;´
rajymEdik af wmhayr,fh 'gayr,fh aocsmygw,f
reufjzefrmS xm;cJw h hJ cifAsm;u b,fol@&JŒxdkifcHkudkrS
cifAsm;&JŒrsufESmudk twif;t"R rvkcJhbl;qdkawmh
tqH;k r&Std em*wfrsm;pGmwkid f aumif;&mrGef&mudkyJ a&muf&rSmaygh æ?
vleHygwf 13 tjzpfeJ@
jrifa,mifae=uOD;rSmyg æ? cifAsm;xm;cJhwJh
usaemfw@kd aewJEh ikd if u
H
cifAsm; rjrifvdkuf&wJh
a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;ta=umif;
cifAsm;udk ajymjycsifvdkufwm?
tm%m±l; zufqpfvufopfawG&JŒ
&ufpufr_awG æ ±dkif;ysr_awG æ
tkd æ tudk a&$bkef;vl
ñuHwJhtcg cifAsm;&JŒtdyfrufawGeJ@
jrif;pD;xGuf+yD; =unfhvSnfhygOD;? ?
(q&m wm&mrif;a0 odkŒ trSwfw&)

a&$bek ;f vl (odŒk r[kw)f wm&mrif;a0eJŒ e,fpnf;rjcm; uAsmrsm;

xdkufoledkif
ydwrf oGm;&ao;wJh
a'gif;±kyfuav;awG om;i,fqGJawmh
arar æ rsuf&nf0Ja&mhr,f?
a&$bkef;vl (ar#mf uAsmrS)
pufbD;awG pD;vmwJh tjzLtpdrf;0wf ausmif;om;wpk vrf;ab;rSm&yf+yD; a'gif;tvHudk

±kwfw&uf jzef@vdkuf=uw,f? zrf;qD;ausmif;om; jyefv$wfa&;/ ausmif;om;or~
zGJ@pnf;a&; awmif;qkdwJh aºu;a=umfoHawG 84 vrf;ay:rSm nHoGm;w,f? c%=umawmh
ppfum;awG vkHxdef;awG a&mufvmw,f? vlpkrcGJcif oli,fcsif;u a&$bkef;vl&JŒ
uAsmpm&Gufav; rarhcifay;vkdufzdk@ ajymw,f? 1990 ckESpf Zlvkdifv/ rœav; òrŒjy/
vlxkwdkufyGJeJ@ vrf;ray:u ol&Jaumif;awG/ usaemf tJ'D tjzpftysufav;udk trSwfw&
&Sad ewwfygw,f?
jym0if;0d;k 0g;wJh
aqmif;ESif;rsm;uom
ordkif;&JŒ bmompum;jzpfr,fqkd&if
wvdrv hf rd chf ,Ge;f wJh
aoG;pGef;ESif;pufawG æ wdk@jynfrSm rd_if;rd_if;a0a&mhr,f?
a&$bkef;vl (O'gef; uAsmrS)

avwcsufwcsuf wdkufvdkufwkdif; va&mifatmufu 0g;&GufawG usaemhfvufay:rSm

t&dyfvmvm xdk;aew,f? 0g;qpfudk jzwfxm;wJh a&aEG;=urf;cGufawGudk pDodrf;+yD;
ppfykcufay:wuftdyfzdk@ usaemf jyifqifrdw,f? nOfheufae+yDav? cifAsm; cke &GwfjywJh
a&$bkef;vl&JŒuAsmav; csa&;xm;&if aumif;r,f? =um&if arhoGm;vdrfhr,f wJh? v&dyfðcHwJh
±dk;r/ aomif&if;&JŒ ppfcsDoDcsif;awG/ aoG;eJ@a&;wJh rSwfwdkifawG wcgwcg usaemf
owd&rdwwfw,f? q,fhig;ESpf q,fajcmufESpfawmh =umcJhyg+yD? uAsmeJ@uspfwJhóu;awG
±dk;rudk wcgu &pfywfcJhzl;w,f?
oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif;
aetpif;pif;ylwhJ
uBmajr&JŒ '%f&mudk
vufz0g;awGeJ@ umzdk@
igwkd@ ae&pfcJhtkH;r,f?
rif;udkEkdif (2007 ckESpf =o*wfpfv/ wm&mrif;a0&JŒpsmyerSm &Spfq,hf&Spf

rsKd;qufausmif;om;awG&JŒudk,fpm; &GwfqdkwJh =u,faºuowdk@om; uAsmrS)
'Dbuf uBmacwf&JŒ
&J&ifhwJh orkdif;a=umif;[m
wdk@jynfu ausmif;om;tavmif;awGqDrSm &Sdw,fwJh?
udak tmif'ifa&
uBmajr&JŒ a=uuGJjcif;ykH&dyfawGudk
aq;a=umoef@pifz@dk
ol@uAsmawGukd usaemfwdk@ &GwfzwfcJhzl;w,f?
tdrrf ufr&Sw
d hJ nawGxJ
aysmufqkH;aewJh nDtudkawGudk&Smzdk@
ol@ uAsmawGukd
usaemf rD;xGef;cJh&zl;w,f?
tESpf 20 Asm æ
&ifbwfay:rSmom tQ&m rwifcJh&if
avwkdufpm;vdk@ vGifh+yDaygh? ?
(udka&$bkef;vl uG,fvGefjcif; 2 ESpfjynfh)

ta0;u yef;csDum;
armiftdk;
usaemf=unfhavh&SdwJh
yef;csDum;awG &Sdw,f?
wcsKdŒu teD;uyf yef;csDum;awG?
wcsKdŒu ta0;u yef;csDum;awG?
udka&$bkef;vl[m
usaemf=unfhavh&SdwJh
usaemf&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum;wcsyfaygh?
ol@udk
ol@tud}k uD;avmuf
ol@rdbawGavmuf
usaemf r&if;ESD;cJh?
usaemhf&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum;?
ol@udk
uAsmq&mav;
88 rsKd;quf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifav;tjzpf odcJh
88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD; rjzpfcifuwnf;u
olwdk@nDtudk&J@ uAsmawG
vufa&;rlawGeJ@ zwfcJh&?
ta&;awmfyakH oG;awGukd
xHk;awGeJ@ okwfwJhumvawGrSm
ol@uAsmawGu ydkvdk@awmufycJh?
rd>mawG ausmif;zGifhcsdef
*k%fwk*k%fòyifjyZmwf oGm;=unfh=ur,fh
azmufjyefolwcsKdŒudk oa&mfxm;wJh
ol@&JŒausmif;zGihfcsdef uAsm
ausmif;om;awG=um; ausmf=um;cJh
a&$bek ;f vlqw
kd m
awmfvSefwJh armf'efuAsmq&m jzpfcJh+yD
89 rwfvxJ
ol@tudk}uD; tzrf;cH&+yD;aemufydkif;
omrefausmif;om; r[kwfwJhol
&ef ig pnf;jywfwJhol
Auo/ &uo tpnf;a0;awGrSm
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifav;tjzpf wm0efauscJh
awmfvSefwJh armf'efuAsmq&m
&Spfav;vHk; rsKd;qufausmif;om; acgif;aqmifav;
a&$bkef;vlqdkwm atmif'if&JŒnDaygh?
ol@tazu EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;
om;awGvnf; rajymif;vJwJhpdwfxm;eJ@
88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;awGtjzpf
ppftm%m&Sifudk awmfvSefcJh
tJ'yD ef;csu
D m;u
a&=unftikd rf o S nf
tif;pdef/ o&uf/ om,m0wDaxmifawGtxd ausmf=um;cJhaygh?
usaemhf&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum;udk
91 ckESpfrSm
tif;pdefaxmifrSm axmif0g'gawGudkpdefac:vdk@
qüjyvd@k qd+k yD;
axmiftm%myg;uGuo f m;awGu
om,m0wDaxmif oD;oef@wdkufxJudk
ajymif;a&$ŒcJh?
q&mpHyef;csDum;csyf}uD;&SdwJh
om,m0wDaxmif aps;wdkuf wkdufcef;eJ@uyfvsufrSm
usaemfh&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum; a&mufaewmodayr,fh
usaemfoGm;=unfhcGifh r&SdcJh?
'Dvekd @J
92 rSm usaemf axmifuvGwfcsdeftxd
usaemhfta0;u yefcsDum;eJ@ rqHkjzpfvdkuf=u
tJ'Daemuf usaemfhyef;csDum;udk
o&ufaxmif xyfajymif;a&$Œvdkufw,fvdk@
=um;odc&hJ ?
a'gi;f tvHuikd pf JG
axmifx0J ifomG ;wJh
usaemfh ta0;u yef;csDum;
94 ckESpfrSm
uavmifwH udkifpGJ+yD; jyefxGufcJh?
r=umcif wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh
armf'efpma&;q&mav;tjzpf
ausmf=um;vmcJh
usaemfh&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum;?
ol@uavmifvufeufe@J
ppftm%m±l;awGudk edrdwfyHkðy wdkufcdkufcJh?
ol@&JŒatmifjrifjcif;awGe@J twl
raemf[&D qdkwJh uAsmq&mrav;wa,mufeJ@vufxyfcJh
ol@&JŒb0rSm taysmfqHk;umvrsm;aygh?
2002 ckESpf usaemf jynfya&mufcsdef
usaemhf ta0;u yef;csDum;udk
owd&rdc?hJ
'gayr,fh
trdajrudk rypf
jynfyajrudk rcspfwJh ol@twGuf ol@aumif;owif;awG
ol@atmifjrifra_ wGu ta0;uae =um;ae&ovdk
oleJ@ eD;uyfpGm&SdaecJh ol@qd;k owif;awGvnf;
usaemhf&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum;? =um;vmcJh&?
awmfvSefwJh armf'efuAsmq&mav; ol@om;av;wa,muf&+yD;cgrS
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifav; tdraf xmifa&;òyuGJ
armf'ef0ˆKa&;q&mav; om;uG J r,m;uGJ t&ufpGJ
±ky&f iS Zf mwf!e$ ;f a&;q&mav; usaemhf ta0;u yefcsDum;av;
ol@atmifjrifr_ rSwfwdkifawG ta&mifawG azsmhawmha=uuGJ
wdkifaygif;rsm;pGm pdkufxlEkdifcJh? 'Dvekd @J
jyefjyifa&;csed rf &vduk &f mS wJh
usaemfh&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum;
ol@uif;bwfpaf y:rSm a&;vdu k w f hJ
yvHk qdkwJh aemufqHk;uAsmav;[m
2007 =o*wfpf 5 rSm
vl@avmuxJu aemufqHk;xGufcGmzdk@
edrdwfyHkjy a&;vdkufava&mhovm;
usaemhf&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum;a&? ?
(2009/ ZGef 15)

vkvif=u,f
atmifa0;
wm 0efauscJhwJh 88 cGyfa'gif;
&m oufyef t=urf;rzuf awmfvSefa&;orm;
rif; qdk;rif;npfudk ykefuefjcm;em;ol
a0 zl;vmr,fh yef;opfawG rsKd;aphcscJhavw,f? ?
(Zlvdkif 18/ 2009)


tydik ;f ( 6 )
wm&mrif;a0 trSww
f & pmpkrsm;
rd;k acgiw
f ahJ vmurSm tud@k ud, k pf m; usaemfw@kd (aebke;f vwf)
usaemf rodaom wm&mrif;a0 (xifrif;rif;vwf)
E_wq f ufjcif; (cufrm)
a&$bek ;f vlukd owd&jcif; (bd=k unf)
i&Jcef;u jcaoFh (pd;k xufcikd )f
=u,faºuwyGihf æ (ar+idr;f )
udak &$bek ;f vl ESihf wavSwnf;pD; (rif;Zif)
wm&mrif;a0 (od@k r[kw)f jrm;xufjrifah tmif ysw H ihJ u
S f (jrifph ;kd )
yef;acwfu vrif;od@k vGr;f csi;f (yef;csD xdev f if;)
nDav;rGef tvnfvmwke;f u (rif;vGi)f
wm&mrif;a0 eJ@ ol@arG;pm;tazta=umif; (armifprG ;f &nf)
88 xJu wa,muf (armif&pf)


rd;k acgifaewJah vmurSm tudu

@k ,
kd pf m; usaemfw@kd æ æ
aebkef;vwf
yef;acwfu vrif; æ
yef;csDq&mav;wa,muf/ aemuf olcspfwJhtEkynm/ olcspfwJhaumifrav; æ/ ol@&JŒ
tEkynmtay: ±l;oGyrf _ æ aemufq;kH tEkynm&JŒ tqH;k rJw
h phJ rG ;f yum; æ? xyfcg xyfcg zwfjzpf
ovdk zwfrdwJhtcgwdkif; usaemf rsuf&nf0J&w,f æ?
oifESifh eHeufcif;udkom 0ifcGifhðyrnf æ? tJ'Dhpmtkyfav;udk zwft+yD;rSm usaemf&JŒpdwfxJ

udk zdk;=u,f&JŒ0d^mOfu uyfygvmw,f?
ta&SŒòrdŒ±dk;ay:u rdk;a&pufrsm; æ? *sLEdkqdkwJh uacsonfrav; usaemf&JŒtm±HkxJrSm

ajyjypfvyS pGm uaew,f æ? tEkynm&Sirf av;*sLEd&k ŒJ ESv;kH ckeo
f aH wGu usaemfEh v
S ;kH ckeo
f aH wG
eJ@ xyfwlusoGm;w,f?
odk;aqmif;*pfwmwvuf&JŒ rSwfwrf; æ? tEkynmarSmf0ifaewJh rD;awmuf&pforfqdkwJh

uAsm&Snfwyk'f æ usaemhf&JŒESvHk;om;udk nifnifomomav; zrf;qkwf,liifoGm;w,f?
0wˆKav;&JŒtqHk; æ tEkynmorm;wa,muf&JŒpdwfudk &Sif;&Sif;}uD;jrifodoGm;csdefrSm usaemf
=uufo;D ar$;n‡i;f xrdw,f?
"m;oGm;ay:rSmuwJh qyfuyf æ
yifv,fw0uf awmifwef;w0ufjzpfaewJh aumifav; æ
{'if uacsonf æ
vli,fwa,muf&JŒ ausmufxGif;&mZ0if æ
òydifjrif;wdk&JŒ cGmoH æ
vGrf;w,f æ vGrf;w,f æ?
vSyajyjypfwJh pum;vHk;twGJtqufawG&JŒ t&Sifocif æ
vli,fawG&JŒpdwfxJudk xGif;azmuf0if=unhf pdwf0d^mOfwckvHk;rSm tEkynmtwd+yD;wJh
usaemfav;pm;tm;uscJh&wJh pma&;q&m æ
tudak & æ
tudkwl;azmfcJhwJh ajrpdkifajrcJawGudk zufwG,f&if; æ

tudka&;vdk@r+yD;cJhwJh ausmufxGif;&mZ0ifudk usaemfwdk@ qufxGif;r,f æ
rdk;acgifaewJhavmurSm tudk@udk,fpm; usaemfwdk@ AHkawG qufwD;r,fAsm æ? ?

usaemf rodaom wm&mrif;a0

xifrif;rif;vwf
ol@udk wm&mrif;a0tjzpfeJ@ rñuHbl;/ rawG@bl;vdkuf&yg/ ol@pmawGudkom zwfcGifh&if;ESD;

cGifh&cJhygw,f? ol@udk odcJh &if;EêD;cJhwkef;u nDnD/ aemuf a&$bkef;vltjzpfeJ@om?
oleJ@usaemfwdk@wawG pwifwGJcJhwmu vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif;20 ausmf/ 88 ta&;tcif;}uD;

jzpfcgp/ usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awG wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfeJ@ ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_awG vkyfaecsdef/
oli,fcsif;vnf; jzpf/ nDrwydkif;vnf;jzpfwJh olwdk@(udkatmif'if/ a&$bkef;vl) nDru usaemfhudk
awmifOuUvmybufu tdrf}uD;wtdrfudk ac:oGm;w,f? tJh'Dtdrfa&mufawmh tdrftay:xyf
rSm udkatmif'ifudk vSJ+yD;tem;,laewm awGŒ&w,f? yifyef;+yD; aumif;aumif; rtdyf&ao;wJh
yHyk gy?J udak tmif'ife@J a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG tenf;i,fajym+yD; udak tmif'ifu tckov l yk af e
wJt h a=umif;awG/ a&SŒvkyif ef;pOfawG &Si;f vif;ajymjycJw
h ,f? aemuf udak tmif'ife@J pum;ajym+yD;
jyefr,ftvkyfrSm a&$bkef; a&mufvmw,f? 'geJŒ a&$bkef;eJ@yg pum;qufajymjzpfcJhw,f? tJh'D
aemufydkif;up+yD; oleJ@ tvkyftwlwl vkyfjzpfcJhwmygyJ?
ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh ol usaemfwdk@tdrfrSm vmaew,f/ ol&,f usaemf&,f tjcm;

taygif;toif;awG aygif;+yD; jynfol@udk,f&HawmfwyfOD; ukd zJG@w,f? olu OuUÏ? yOPrEdkifiHawmf
pmapmifukd xkwfa0cJhw,f? tJh'Duwnf;u ol[m tEkynmorm;ppfppfrSef; odomxif&Sm;
cJw
h ,f? vufa&;vufom;utp pma&;jcif;twwfynm/ tdik 'f , D myg xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &Scd w
hJ ,f?
ol usaemfw@kd trd rf mS aecJw
h w
hJ av#mufv;Hk ol@ukd pmzwfaewm&,f/ pma&;aewm&,fyJ tawG@
& rsm;w,f? usaemfwdk@oli,fcsif;nDtwGuf oDcsif;wyk'fvnf; a&;ay;cJhzl;w,f? wcgwav
usaemfw@kd wcGuw f zvm; aomuf=uw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u ol aumif;aumif; raomufwwfao;?
odyfóudufyHkvnf;r&? rSwfrSwf&& 1988 &JŒc&pfprwf tóudn æ udkatmif'if&,f ol&,f
usaemf&,f enf;enf;yg;yg;aomuf&if; pum;ajymjzpf=uw,f? aomuf&if;eJ@aygufuGJvm+yD;
udkatmif'ifudk a0zefajymqdkaewJh ol@&JŒyHkudk jrifa,mifrSwfrdaeygao;w,f?
Auoudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wJhtcsdefrSm ola&m usaemfyg yg0ifcJhw,f? ol[m EdkifiHa&;udk

vnf; wpdu k rf wfrwfvyk cf w
hJ ,f? ol@acgi;f xJrêmwcsed v
f ;kH tJ'h u
D pd yP &J adS ecJyh gvrd rhf ,f? aemufyidk ;f
rSm tm;vHk;vkdvkd tzrf;cH&w,f/ olvnf; ygoGm;cJhw,f? trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if axmif0ifpm
awmh a=umufvk@d oGm;rawG@jzpfcJhyg? axmifxJu ol@owif;awGawmh =um;aecJh&w,f? 1991
rSm usaemfvnf; jrefrmjynfu xGufcJhw,f? ol o&ufaxmifa&mufoGm;wm/ axmifxJrSm
yHpk rH xdik Ef idk bf ;l jiif;wmawG =um;ae&w,f? 1995 avmufjzpfr,fxifw,f? udak tmif'ifqu D
ol wm&mrif;a0 emrnfeJ@ pmtkyfxkwfr,fhta=umif; =um;&w,f? aemuf ol@pmtkyfawG
aecsif;ncsif;yJ ausmf=um;vmw,f? usaemfvnf; vufvSrf;rDoavmuf &SmzwfcJhygw,f?
ol@pmtkyfawGxJrSm ol@&JŒ e*kdyifudkyHkpHudk jrif&w,f? ol t&ufaomufaewm =um;&w,f/
aemuf oltrd af xmifðywJt h a=umif;/ acwfaeav; arG;wJt h a=umif; od&w,f? zke;f awGbmawG
awmh rac: jzpfawmh/ olom aooGm;a&m ol@ukd wm&mrif;a0tjzpfe@J usaemfpum;rajymjzpfc?hJ
tquftoG,f rvkyfjzpfcJhyg?
usaemfodwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif cspfnDnD/ awmfvSefa&;orm; a&$bkef;vl/ ol[m

wm&mrif;a0 rjzpfcifuwnf;u tEkynmorm;ppfppf jzpfcJhwmawmh usaemf &J&J}uD;ajym&J
ygw,f? (ole@J ywfouf+yD; tao;pdwaf &;csiw f m ajymcsiw
f mav;awG&adS o;ayr,fh pmody&f n
S f
rSmpd;k wJt
h wGuf ra&;jzpfawmhyg)? awmfveS af &;orm; a&$bek ;f vl ukd vGr;f w,f? tEkynmorm;
wm&mrif;a0 ukd ESarsmaerdygw,f? ?

E_wfqufjcif;
cufrm
wu,fawmh olESifhusru pmwapmifaywzGJ@ a&;&avmufatmif r&if;ESD;cJhyg? 'gayr,fh

olESifhywfoufaom trSwf&p&mav;awG usrrSm &SdaecJhonf?
ÐÐÐ
olESifhywfouf+yD; yxrqkH;rSwfrdaewmu ol. ‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;’ 0wˆKwdkuav; jzpf

onf? 0wˆKudkzwf+yD;+yD;csif; tJh'Dvdka&;wwfcsifvdkufwm[k pOf;pm;cJhzl;wm owd&onf?
aemufawmh tJh'D0wˆKwdkav;u jzL;rdwfaqGrsm; pm=unfhtoif;rSay;aom 0wˆKwdkqk &onf?
xdkqkay;yGJwGif usr &SdaecJh.? qk&0wˆKwdka&;oltaeESifh aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym&ef ol pifay:
wufvmcJo h nf? ¶d;k pif;aom 0wfpm;qif,ify/kH wnf+idraf omrsuEf mS ESihf “usaemf a&$bek ;f vlyg”
qdkaompum;jzifh pwif rdwfqufonf? ajzmifhajzmifhpif;pif; qHyifawGu ol@ezl;ay: 0Jusae
onf? olu r&,frðyH;aomfvnf; rwnfwif;aomrsuEf mS jzif@ pum;udk wnfwnf+idr+f idrf ajym
oGm;onf? bma=umifrh eS ;f odayr,fh =unf=unfvifvif rsuEf mS ay;jzifh “usaemf a&$zek ;f vlyg”
[k E_wfqufpum;udk pwifvdkufwm usr awmfawmf oabmusoGm;onf? ESpfvdkzG,faumif;
aom vli,fuav;tjzpf cifrifrdoGm;onf?
tJ'h yD rJG mS udZk m*emu olEiS u

hf srudk rdwq
f ufay;cJo
h nf? od@k aomf oluvnf; cyfat;at;
aewwfol usruvnf; vlr_a&;nHhzsif;olqdkawmh ðyH;jyE_wfquf todtrSwfðycJh=u±Hktjyif
pum;a0qm rajymjzpfcJh=uyg? (tcktcsdefrSmawmh usr. vlr_a&;nHhzsif;r_udk twwfEdkifqHk;
óud;pm;jyifaeygonf?)
o&zlr*~Zif;udk OD;+idr;f at;tdrv
f yk af wmh o&zlr*~Zif;wdu
k o
f @kd oGm;wdik ;f vdv
k kd ol@ukd awGŒ&
onf? r*~Zif;wdkufrSm [dk[dkonfonf pum;awG ajymjzpf=uonf? xdkumvrsm;wGif olu
wmxGufaumif;aom vli,fpma&;q&muav;tjzpf 0wˆKwdk/ 0wˆK&Snf/ pmayaqmif;yg;awG
udk tm;aumif;armif;oef a&;aeonf? ol@pmawG qufwdkufvdkvdkawG@&awmh usr 0rf;om
onf? tm;usonf? 0D&d,pdkufI avhvmtm;xkwfEdkifol vli,fwOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðy
csD;usL;rdonf? 'gayr,fh usr&JŒtm;enf;csufuawmh olESifhqHkawGŒcsdefawGrSm olESifhywfouf
aom usr.cHpm;csufawGudk ajymrjyjzpfcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf?
tJh'Dvdk pum;wkH@qdkif;wwfjcif;. rESpfòrdŒzG,ftusKd;udk r=umcifrSmyJ usr odcJh&onf?

ol@ oli,fcsi;f awGu usr oli,fcsi;f awGyq J akd wmh ol@pmawGzwfae&csed Ef iS hf wòydiw
f nf;vdv
k kd
rSmyif ol@ta=umif;awGvnf; =um;ae&onf? tJ'h o D il ,fcsi;f rsm;xJrS wa,mufjyefajymjyaom
usrESiyhf wfoufonfh ol@cpH m;csuuf =kd um;&awmh usr awmfawmfpw d rf aumif;jzpf&ovdk E_wpf
v#mp enf;jcif; tm;enf;csufudk jyifzdk@vdk+yDqdkwmvnf; rSwfrSwfrSwf&& owdrlrdcJhonf?
“cufrmu usaemfhudk v_dufvd_ufvSJvSJ Welcome rvkyfovdkyJAs æ”
tJonfvdk ol ajymcJhowJh? usr wu,fyJ pdwfraumif;yg? olESifhusr vlcsif;reD;pyf=u

ayr,fh olESifhywfoufaom usr &ifxJu trSwfxifxif&Sdr_/ wefzkd;wckowfrSwfI tav;
teufxm;r_udk usrudk,fwdkif todqkH; r[kwfvm;? olpma&;ovdk usr ra&;Ekdifwm/ ol
avhvmtm;xkwfovdk usr ravhvm tm;rxkwfEkdifwm usrudk,f usrodonfav?
ol@pum;a=umifh pdwfraumif;jzpfrdaom usru w&ufrSm OD;+idrf;at;tdrfESifh pum;0dkif;

zGJ@rdpOf ol@ta=umif; pum;pyfrd=uonf? ol@óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_awGta=umif;ajym&if; usru
±kwfw&uf rSwfcsufay;rdonf?
“udka&$bkef;u Sensitive jzpfw,faemf”
ol@uckd spaf om OD;+idr;f at;u b,fvkd t"dym` ,faumuf,o

l nf rod? “tdk æ tJ'v
D kd r[kwf
ygbl;” [k csufjcif;jiif;onf?
“Sensitive jzpfw,fqdkwm ol xdcdkufcHpm;vG,fwmudk ajymcsifwmyg”

usru tJ'Dvdkxyf&Sif;jyawmhrS OD;+idrf;at;u “at; æ 'gqdk [kwfw,f”[k oabmwl
awmhonf? wu,fawmh olrSr[kwfyg? usrwdk@vdk tEkynmESifh wenf;wzHk ywfoufaerdol
rsm;tm;vkH;u cHEdkif&nf&Sdonfhae&mwGif tHhrcef; cHEdkif&nf&Sd=uoavmuf pdwfxdcdkufvG,f=u
jyefawmhvnf; omrefvlawG ðyH;csifp&maumif;avmufatmif El;nHhae=ujyefa&mav?
ÐÐÐ
aemufydkif;rSmawmh usrtay:&SdcJhaom ol@xifjrifcsufawG ajymif;oGm;yHk&onf? o&zl

r*~Zif;wdkuf&Sd&m 32 vrf;xdyfu vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm/ bm;vrf;xJu udkxGef;&D vufzuf&nf
qdkifrSm usrwdk@xdkifjzpfv#if olu &,f&,farmarm yl;aygif;yg0ifvmonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh
ola&m usryg em;axmiform;oufoufyrmyif?
1996 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvqef;xJu w&ufrSm usr vufxyfawmh r*FvmqGrf;au|;yGJudk ol

uokwu f &uf a&mufvmonf? r*FvmqGr;f au|;yJrG mS au|;aom 'efayguxf rif;udyk if rpm;bJ
oGm;awmhrnf jyif.? uokwfu&ufEdkifvGef;aom ol@[efa=umifh usr pdwfraumif;wmukdjrif
awmh usr ycHk;udk cyfzGzGykwfum usr oabmusaom =unf=unfvifviftðyH;jzifh ol ajymcJh
onf?
“usaemf vmcsifvGef;vdk@ a&mufatmifvmwm æ? usaemfhtudk puFmylu jyefvmrSmrdk@

av,mOfuGif; oGm;óud&r,f? awmf=um av,mOfqdkufESifhae&if tudk apmifhae&vdrfhr,f?
'ga=umifhyg? aemufawmh at;at;aq;aq; pm;wmaygh æ”
tJ'Dae@u ol usrwdk@udk 0uf0H±kyf}uD;w±kyf r*FvmvufzGJ@cJhonf? usrwdk@r*Fvmaqmif

rSm olwa,mufwnf; t±kyfvufzGJ@cJhwmrdk@ rSwfrSwf&& &SdcJh=uonf?
wdu k w
f u kd q f ikd q
f ikd f usr trsK;d om;.tru olEiS t hf wl q,fwef;rSm usL&Sit f wlwufzuf
tvGe&f if;ES;D aom oli,fcsi;f awG jzpfc=hJ uowJ?h usr a,mif;ru pum;pyfrw d ikd ;f ol t*Fvyd pf m
rSm awmfa=umif;/ oli,fcsif;awGudk az;rulnDwwfonfhta=umif; &$ef;&$ef;a0atmif ajymjy
wwfonf? azazmf0g&DvxJu w&ufrSm olwdk@oli,fcsif;awGpk+yD; usKdufuUpHuGif;xJu
jynfaxmifpyk u JG kd oGm;=uowJ?h narSmifcge;D rSm tdrjf yefvm=u+y;D tdraf &mufcge;D rS usr a,mif;r
u jycef;awGxJrSm xD; usefcJhwm owd&cJhonf? 0efxrf;om;orD;rdk@ ac|wm pnf;urf;&Sd&ol
a,mif;ru xD;rygbJtdrfjyefv#if rdcifqlrSmpdk;+yD; vrf;cJG+yD;prSmyJ ol@tdrfudk vdkufoGm;cJhowJh?
olESifhawG@um tusKd;ta=umif;ajymjyawmh tdrfa&mufcgp xdkifyifrxdkif&ao;aomolu usr
a,mif;raemuf apG@ueJvu kd o f mG ;+yD; usKu
d u
f q
U u
H iG ;f qD aemufwacguf xyfomG ;cJ=h uonf wJ?h
n}uD;rif;}uD; usKu d u f q U uH iG ;f xJu jycef;aygi;f rsm;pGmrSm wcef;0if wcef;xGuf xD;aysmuf t&Sm
xGucf =hJ uowJ?h
tJ'DZmwfvrf;udk a,mif;rxHrS usr q,fcgxufrenf; =um;cJhzl;onf? Zmwfvrf;qHk;

wdik ;f a,mif;rjzpfou
l pnfpnfviG vf iG &f ,farmum “tJ'aD umifav; odycf ifz@kd aumif;w,f”
[k ajymzdk@udkvnf; b,fawmhrS rarhcJhyg?
olu usrudk wcgar;cJhzl;onf?
“rjrifhjrifhoef;u cufrmtrsKd;om;&JŒ trqdk”

“[kww
f ,fav”
“avmu}uD;u usOf;vdkufwmAsm? usaemfwdk@u odyfcif=uwm”
“trav; æ odygw,f? n}uD;rif;}uD; xD; t&SmxGuf=uwJh Zmwfvrf;awGav”
olu xH;k pHtwdik ;f =unf=unfvifvif &,favonf? ol tJ'v D &kd ,farmawmh bma=umifh

rSe;f rod “usaemf æ a&$bek ;f vl yg” [k ol@u, kd o
f l pwifrw
d q
f ufcohJ nfh qkay;yGrJ mS ol@upkd wif
jrifawG@cJh+yD; ESpfvdkpGm cifrifcJhrdwmudk jyeftrSwf&oGm;onf?
ÐÐÐ
2007 ckESpf =o*kwfvtwGif;rS w&ufwGif usrudk vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; zkef;ac:=uonf?

usrtdrfwGif zkef;r&Sdwma=umifh zkef;ac:ay;&ol tdrfeD;csif;tr}uD;uyif 'Dae@ zkef;awGvmvS
csnfvm;[k ar;&Smonf? xdkzkef;tm;vHk;u ol aoqHk;a=umif; vSrf;umtoday;=uaom
jynfwGif;jynfyrS zkef;rsm;jzpfonf? jynfyrSrdwfaqG oli,fcsif;rsm;u “ol@tdrfrSm ol@tazeJ@
tar ESpfa,mufyJ&Sdw,f oGm;=unfhvdkufygtHk;” [k wdkufwGef;=uovdk jynfwGif;rSrdwfaqG
oli,fcsif;rsm;u “ol@tdrfudk oGm;=u&atmif” [k csdef;qdk=uonf?
ol@tdrfrSm avmu"Hudk wnfwnf+idrf+idrf &ifqdkifaeaom ol@ rdb ESpfyg;udk awG@&onf?

tdrfeH&Hrsm;ESifhtjynfh pmtkyfawGukd awG@&onf? ol@udkcspfcif=uaom ol@rdwfaqG oli,fcsif;
awGESifh olpmayudk tav;xm;=uaom r*~Zif;*sme,frsm;rS owif;axmufawGtjyif ol@ESifh
a&m ol@rdom;pkESifhyg rdwfaqGoli,fcsif; r[kwfaom/ ar;cGef;csnf;oufoufar;zdk@ a&mufvm
=uolrsm;udkvnf; awG@&onf? olpma&;aeus pm;yGJay:wGifwifxm;onfh ol@qJvfzkef;av;
uvnf; r=umc% w*Grf*Grf jrnf&Smonf? &yfeD;&yfa0;rS ol@rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;. zkef;jzifh
ar;oH/ ol@aemufqHk;c&D;twGuf wm0efcGJa0,lae=uaom ol@rdwfaqG oli,fcsif;rsm;xHrS
qufo, G o
f rH sm;jzpfonf?
“yef;zvufudpP +yD;oGm;+yD tar”
“,yfawmifeJ@ a&oef@bl;pDpOfwJhbufu tqifajy+yDvm;”
“'Hayguf b,frSm rSmrvJ”
“avxefukef;rSm um;b,fESpD;xm;rvJ tar”
“tar vdkwm&Sd&if usaemfwdk@udk vSrf;ajymaemf”

“tar bmrS pdwfryleJ@aemf? tm;vHk;udk usaemfwdk@tqifajyatmif pDpOfr,f”
ol@aemufq;kH c&D;twGuf jyifqifae=ucsed w f iG f ol tygt0if ol@rcd if. om;orD;t&if;rsm;

xdt
k rd w
f iG &f rdS aeayr,fh xdt
k rd yf wf0ef;usiw
f iG f tar ac:oHrsm; v$r;f aecJoh nf? ol@taronf
ol.rdwaf qGoil ,fcsi;f rsm; ol@tudk ol@nrD tm;vH;k wd@k . rdwaf qGoil ,fcsi;f rsm;twGuf tar
ozG,fjzpfaecJhonf? {nfhcef;eH&HwGif uyfaxmifxm;aom "mwfyHkxJrSoluawm@ ysm;yef;cyf
ovdk pDpOfv_yf&Sm;ae=uaom {nfhcef;twGif;rSvlrsm;udk rðyH;wkH@wkH@jzifh =unfhaecJhavonf?
ÐÐÐ
ol@uo kd ò*õ[rf nfah e@wiG f &efuek òf rdŒwGi;f &Spd &k yf avxefuek ;f od@k usrwd@k cyfapmapma&muf
aecJhonf? avxefukef; vufzuf&nfqdkifuav;twGif;&Sd cHkykuav;rsm;wGif ol@udk cifrif
av;pm;aom Edik if aH &;ESihf pmaytodik ;f t0dik ;f rSvrl sm;ESihf jynfEh uS af eojzifh 33 vrf;udjk zwfum
Adv
k cf sKyfvrf;ray:wGif &yfapmifah e=uaom [D;Ed;k um;rsm;ay:wGif usrwd@k ae&m,lxm;=u onf?
um;awGay:rSmvnf; vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&mufae+yD? um;ay:wGif eD;pyf&m tkyfpkvdkuf
pum;0dik ;f zG@J ae=uwm ol@ta=umif;awGjzpfonf? usrwd@k pum;0dik ;f rSmawmh rESi;f a0+idr;f u olr
ESifh wm&mrif;a0 ywfoufeD;pyfcJhyHkawGudk xHk;pHtwdkif; ajc[efvuf[efESifh rmefygyg ajymae
avonf? usruvnf; xH;k pHtwdik ;f ai;armem;axmif+yD; &,fp&m&Sd &,fvu kd /f 0rf;enf;p&m&Sd
rsu&f nf0v J u kd &f adS ecJo
h nf?
tm;vHk;u pum;0dkif;rSm tm±HkepfðryfaepOf usrwdk@ae&m,lxm;aomum;. '±dkifbm

jzpfyHk&olwOD; um;ay:wufvm+yD; cyfus,fus,f ajymonf?
“wjcm;um; ajymif;pD;=uyg? 'Dum; xGufvdk@r&awmhbl; æ”
um;ay:rSvlrsm; ±kwf±kwfoJoJ jzpfukefonf? bmjzpfvdk@vJ bma=umifhvJ ar;cGef;oHawG

qlnHvmovdk wcsKdŒu wjcm;um;rSm wae&m&a&; ajy;OD;zdk@ óud;pm;.? odk@aomf wjcm;um;
ay:rS vlrsm;vnf; tv#Kdv#Kdqif;vm=uonf?
“um;awG tm;vHk; xGufcGifhr&bl; æ wJh”
“rxo æ u vmwm;oGm;wm”
“[ æ tokbydk@wJhum;udk wm;&owJhvm;uGm”
wa,mufwayguf pum;oHawGjzif@ vlawGvrf;ay: jyef@usJukefonf? vufudkifzkef;awG

wuGu
D DG w*Gr*f rG f jrnfuek o
f nf? a'gow}uD; v_y&f mS ;[efawGjzifh ywf0ef;usiu
f ±kw±f w
k o
f o
J J
jzpfoGm;onf? xl;jcm;aomtajctaerdk@ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmawG wuUpDorm;awGu &yf=unfh
a0zef&if; vltkyfu ydk}uD;rm;oGm;onf?
usrESifh rESif;a0+idrf; wa,mufrsufESm wa,muf=unfh&if; um;vrf;rudk jzwful;vdkuf

onf? wuUpu D m; wpD;ay:wuf+yD; “a&a0; udk æ”[kajymawmh um;orm;u “av;axmif”[k
wHk;wdwd jyefajzonf? usrwdk@ESpfa,mufuvnf; “oGm;r,f”[k cyfjywfjywfyif jyefajzvdkuf
onf? ol.aemufqHk;c&D;udk a&mufroGm;&aomtjzpfrsKd; usrwdk@ tjzpfrcHEdkifyg? aemufusrS
a&mufoGm;wmrsKd;yif rjzpfcsifyg? 0l;ueJxGufvmaom um;av;.aemufrSmawmh a'gojzifh
±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpfaeaom vltkyf}uD; usefcJhavonf?
usrwdk@a&a0;okomefudka&mufawmh ol@±kyfuvyfudkyif rxkwf&ao;? ±kyfuvyfxm;&m

a&cJwdkuft0wGif EdkifiHa&;/ pmayESifh tEkynmtodkif;t0dkif;rSvlawG ±kwfpk±kwfpkjzpfaeonf?
ukdZm*em/ OD;+idrf;at;tdrf/ armifrsKd; (a=umifESpfaumif)/ ausmfol/ roef;jrifhatmif +yD;awmh
ol@ZeD;onf raemf[&D ESifh olwdk@. cspfpzG,f om;av; acwfae?
usrwd@k apma&mufaeoltcsi;f csi;f E_wq f uf{nfch =H uonf? wzGzJ aJG &mufvm=uolrsm;tm;

óudqdkoifholudk óudqdk/ ae&mcsay;oifholudk ae&mcsxm;ay;&if; i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh aºuGvGifh&
&Smaom ol@twGuf ESajrmwo=uonf? wcsed u f wavSwnf;pD;cJ=h uayr,fh ,cktcsed rf mS awmh
vlra_ &;udpw
P ckc&k rdS S awG@q=kH u&avaom oli,fcsi;f / &Jabmf&b
J ufawG ol@psmyeudk ta=umif;ðy
+yD; qHkqnf;=u&avaomtcg qHkqnf;&r_twGuf 0rf;om=u&ayr,fh qHkqnf;&aom
ta=umif;t&mtwGuf &ifem 0rf;enf;=u&avonf?
ol@rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;awG ol@±kyfuvyfudk wGef;+yD;xGufvm=ucsdefrSmawmh olu yef;yGifh

rsm;tv,fwiG f +idro
f ufpmG tem;,l&if; vdu
k yf gvmavonf? usrwd@k wawG ol@ukd wdwq f wd f
pGm E_wfquf=uonf?
E_wq
f ufaeoltm;vH;k u a=uuGpJ mG wdwq
f w
d af eayr,fh tm;vH;k &ifxw
J iG f ol@ukd us,af vmif
pGmE_wfqufpum;awG ajymae=urnfqdkwm usr odonf?
“om;av;a& æ om;trSm;awGðycJhwm&Sd&if arar cGifhv$wfw,f æ odvm;? pdwfajzmifh

ajzmifo
h m oGm;aemf æ? aemufb0us&if vlaumif;av;tjzpfjyefvm+yD; touf&n
S &f n
S af eaemf
om;av; æ”
toufrJhaeaom om;rsufESmudk wnfhwnfhpdkuf=unfhum rsuf&nfrusbJ ouf&Sd

vlwa,mufudk ajymaeonfhtvm; avoHrSefrSefESifhajymaeonfh ol@arar.toHu usrudk
awmh rsuf&nf ydk;ydk;aygufaygufusvmapygonf?
ÐÐÐ
usrwd@k ol@ukd tav;ðycJ=h uonf? E_wq f ufuAsmawG/ E_wq f ufpum;awG ajymcJ=h uonf?
ol@twGuf *k%f,lcJh=uonf? ol@twGuf a=uuGJcJh=uonf? ol@twGuf ESarsmwocJh=uonf?
rD;cd;k acgi;f wdik rf S v$iyhf sx
H u G v
f maom ol@. aemufq;kH ±kycf E<m"mwfwptjzpf rSw,
f &l rnfh rD;cd;k aiG@
rD;cdk;r#ifawGudk=unfh+yD; qkwfqdkif;aom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh usrwdk@ tdrfjyefcJh=uonf? um;ay: æ
tjyefvrf;rSm rðyH;wHk@wHk@ ol@±kyfv$mu usrrsufaphxJ a0h0Jaeovdkvdk/ ol@toHudkvnf;
=um;a,mifaeovdv k ?kd
“cufrmu usaemfhudk v_dufvd_ufvSJvSJ róudqdkbl;vdk@ usaemfxifcJhayr,fh 0rf;yef;wenf;

awmh vdkufydk@cJhom;As æ”
olom usrudk pum;ajymcGi&hf OdS ;D rnfqv

kd #if rðyH;wH@k w@kH rsuEf mS jzifh TuJo
h @kd aemufovdv
k kd
twnfvdkvdk ajymavrvm;[k pOf;pm;cJhrdygonf? ?


a&$bek ;f vl udk owd&jcif;

bdkjunf
wm&mrif;a0 qHk;oGm;wm 2 ESpfawmif&Sd+yD? ol@ta=umif;trSwfw& pmtkyfav;xkwf

csiw
f ,f wJ?h wckcak &;ay;ygq+kd yD; pmtkyx
f w
k zf @kd ppD OfaewJh rdwaf qGawGu awmif;cHvmygw,f?
wu,fawmh usaemfodcJhwmu wm&mrif;a0taeeJ@ r[kwfygbl;? a&$bkef;vltaeeJ@/ oydwf
arSmufausmif;om;wa,muftaeeJ@ oleJ@ u|rf;0ifcJhwmyg?
oleJ@usaemfeJ@ podwmu 1988 ckESpfta&;awmfyHktwGif;u r[kwfyg? olvnf; ol@e,f

ajr/ ol@tzJG@tpnf;eJ@ vkyfaewmqdkawmh vlcsif;rqHkjzpfygbl;? vlyHkpHu t&yfykyk/ tom;u
vwfvwf/ =unfhvdkuf&if rxHkwufaw;eJ@ayhg? oleJ@ vlcsif;pqHkjzpfwmuawmh 1989 ckESpfrSmrS
pod/ pwJjG zpfwmyg? 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd ESpaf ,muf[m pOf;pm;yHck si;f odyrf wl=uovd/k 0goem
csi;f vnf;wl=uwm r[kwyf g? 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd EpS af ,muf=um;rSm wlwmuawmh 'Dru kd a&pD
vdkcsifw,f/ trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;w,f/ vlom;awGudk tusKd;ðycsifw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ usaemfwdk@
ESpfa,muf twltdyf/ twlpm;/ twlykef;ckd=u&if; wa,mufeJ@ wa,muf ydkem;vnfvm=u/
wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf ydkodvm=uygw,f?
tJ'DtcsdefawGuwnf;u usaemfodwmu ol uAsm a&;aumif;w,fqdkwmudk odw,f?
wae@ae@rSm atmifjrifwJh uAsmq&m 'grSr[kwf pma&;q&mjzpfEdkifw,fqdkwmudk usaemf
odaew,f?
yef;uav;rsm; yGifhawmhrnf
zl;wH0ifv
h @kd csD
aejcnfrmS a&$&nfavmif;
igwdk@ tcsKyfausmif; æ æ
txufyguAsmav;uawmh usaemfwdk@ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzJG@

csKyfrx
S w
k af 0cJw
h hJ or*~owif;pmxJu uAsmav;wyk'yf g? usaemfw@kd u oifyek ;f }uD;vd@k trnf
ay;xm;w,f? 'Dacgif;pOfudk t=uHay;+yD; a&;wmuvnf; aemifwcsdefrSm wm&mrif;a0 jzpfvm
r,fh a&$bkef;vlygyJ? tcsdefumvuawmh 1989 ckESpfuyg? tJ'Dtcsdefu usaemfwdk@&JŒ or*~
owif;pmudkzwfcJhwJh y&dwfowftóuduf uAsmuav;ygyJ?
tvm;wl uAsmawG trsm;}uD;vnf; ol a&;cJhygao;w,f?
aemufxyf tJ'aD cwf tJ'tD csed ef @J udu

k n
f w
D hJ uAsmwyk'u
f awmh ‘ausmif;zGichf sed ’f uAsm
av;yg? tcsdefuvnf; ppftkyfpku ausmif;awGjyefzGifhawmhr,fqdk+yD; avoHypfaecsdef? usaemf
wdk@ ausmif;om;xktwGif;rSmvnf; ausmif;wufr,f/ rwufbl; jiif;ckefae=ucsdefaygh? tJ'D
tcsdefrSm olu ausmif;wufr,f/ rwufbl;qdkwJh ol@&JŒoabmxm;udk ‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ qdkwJh
uAsm&Sn}f uD;eJ@ xif[yfapcJw
h ,f? tJ'u D Asm&Snu f ausmif;om;awGukd towfccH &hJ wJh jrifuiG ;f
awGudk arhaysmufroGm;atmif jc,frlef;xm;wmyg? tJ'D uAsm&Snf}uD;[m tckcsdeftxd 88
rsKd;qufawG=um;xJrSm pJGusef&pfaewJh uAsmwyk'fyg?
‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’
ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;awmf}uD;=um;
ck æ aoG;yifv,f}uD;jcm;aeyg+yD æ
‘ausmif;zGifh+yD’ qkdwJh tm%m&SifawG[m
aoG;yifv,f}uD;udk ausmfeif;
xHk;wHwm;}uD;udk ausmcif;ay;w,f
wcsKd@awGu ausmif;wufvm=uvdrfhr,f æ
tJ'DxJu wcsKdŒ[m æ
“ta=umif;a=umif;a=umihfyg”vdk@
pdwrf aumif;pGmajym&if;
xHk;wHwm;udk av#mufeif;
ausmif;cef;wGif; 0wW&m;t&xdkif
igwdk@ æ em;vnfcGifhv$wfEdkifygw,f æ
wcsKdŒuawmh æ
‘*k%fwk*k%fòydif’ aumif;a=umif;ajym&if;
xHk;eH@oif;wJh yef;cif;udkjzwf æ
&nf;pm;xm;zdk@ ausmif;jyefwufvdrfhr,f æ
tJ'Dvdk æ vlpm;awGudkawmh
igwdk@u æ cGifhv$wfonfhwdkifatmif
&mZ0ifu cGifhrv$wfoa&GŒ
olwdk@[m æ ordkif;rSm æ
‘opPmazmuf’rsm;om jzpfw,f æ?
tJ'DvdkeJ@ pmoifcef;udkausmcdkif; wdkufyJGquf0if&if; 1989 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;avmufrSm ol

tzrf;qD;cHvdkuf&w,f? tJ'Daemuf axmif 4 ESpfusoGm;cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh ol[m pdwf"mwf
rusbl;? axmifxJudk a&mufaeayr,fhvnf; uAsmawG qufa&;aew,f? tusOf;axmif[m
ol@twGuf axmifv@kd rcHpm;&bl; xifw,f? a&;vdu k w
f hJ uAsmawG[mvnf; renf;ygy?J tJ'x D J
u xif&Sm;+yD; tjcm;axmifawGqDudk ysHŒESHŒvmwmu ‘vGwfvyfa&; ewforD;’ wJh?
'DvdkeJ@ usaemf yxrt}udrf axmifuvGwfvm+yD; 1993 ckESpftukefydkif;avmufrSm xif

w,f? ol jyefvGwfvmw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfwdk@ jyefawG@jzpf=uw,f?
1988 ckESpfrSm olu t*Fvdyfpmar*sm yxrESpf ausmif;om;wa,mufyg? tJ'Dawmh

usaemfu ar;w,f? “rif; ausmif;jyefwufrvm;”ayghvdk@? 'gayr,fh olu acgif;cg+yD; tajzay;
w,f? “'gqdk rif;bmqufvkyfrSmvJ”ar;awmh “ig æ pma&;r,f”vdk@ wHk;wdwd jyefajzw,f?
“rif; pmaypdppfa&;uae vGwfatmifa&;Edkifyghrvm;”vdk@ xyfar;awmh “óud;pm;&rSmayghuGm”
vd@k jyefajzygw,f? 'Dvekd @J ole@J usaemfrawG@jzpfbJ wvavmuf=umoGm;w,f? +yD;awmh jyefawG@
wJhtcsdefrSm ol axmifuxGuf+yD; yxrqHk;jyefa&;wJh uAsmav;wyk'fudk usaemfhudk jyw,f?
usaemfvnf; acgif;pOfrrSwfrdawmhyg? 'gayr,fh a'gooHenf;enf;rsm;aew,fqdkwmudkawmh
owdðyrdw,f? a'gooH enf;enf;av#mzh @kd awmh t=uHay;jzpfw,f? wzufuvnf; ud, k bhf mom
odaeonfu tcsdefu ol@udk ukpm;ay;vdrfhr,f?
aemufawmh ol@uAsmawG r*~Zif;awGrSm ygvmwmudk awG@&w,f? t&rf;*k%f,lcJh&wm

ayg?h bmjzpfv@kd vq
J akd wmh axmifxu
G af wG[m axmifuxGuv f m+y;D &if oH;k pm;vd@k &wJh aumifawG
r[kwfygbl;vdk@ xifjrifae=uwJhywf0ef;usifudk tEdkif,lEdkifcJhvdk@yg?
'gayr,fh usaemfu ol@uAsmawGudk zwfcGifhrsm;rsm; r&EdkifcJhygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh

usaemfu axmifjyefusoGm;vdk@yg? 'gayr,fh axmifeH&Hudkausmfjzwf+yD; wm&mrif;a0 a&;cJhwJh
uAsmawG/ 0wWKawG a&mufvmcJhygw,f? ‘tmvl;pm;=uolrsm;/ yef;acwfu vrif;’wJh?
tJ'DvdkeJ@ usaemfaxmifuae jyefxGufvmawmh oleJ@ ol@trsKd;orD; (raemf[&D) wdk@
usaemfth rd uf v
kd m+yD; ol@trd u
f v
kd u
kd cf zhJ @kd ac:=uw,f? usaemfvnf;vdu
k o
f mG ;+yD; ole@J pum;awG
trsm;}uD; ajymjzpf=uw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfowdxm;rdwmu ol t&ufawmfawmfaomuf
jzpfae+yD? rdwfaqGwa,muftaeeJ@ ol@udk t&ufav#mhaomufzdk@ t=uHðyygao;w,f? tJ'Dae@
[m oleJ@usaemf aemufqHk;awG@cJhjcif;ygyJ? rSwfrSwf&& 1998 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 7 &ufae@?
aojcif;w&m;udk vlwikd ;f u vGeq f efEikd rf mS r[kwb

f ;l qdw
k m odygw,f? 'gayr,fh tckvrkd sK;d
i,fi,f&G,f&G,frSm aoqHk;oGm;r,fvdk@awmh rxifcJhrdygbl;? 'g[m tEkynmavmutwGuf
qHk;±H_;rl/ wdkif;jynftwGuf qHk;±H_;rlyg? tckawmhvnf; aºuGvGifhapmvdkufwm æ? ?

i&Jcef; u jcaoFh
pdk;xufcdkif
(tif;pdef eSifh awmifil axmifxGuf)
1990 jynfah &G;aumufyt JG óudumvrSm waygi;f aEGe@J twl ausmif;om;rsm;/ ausmif;om;

acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ygwD0if/ ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;/ tif;pdefaxmif&JŒwdkuftoD;oD;rSm a&muf&Sdae
csed rf mS ol (a&$bek ;f vl) eJ@ usaemfqckH w
hJ ,f? usaemfu 5 wduk f 15 cef;rSm ae&+yD; udak tmif'ifu
19 cef;rSm/ a&$bek ;f vlu tcef; 22 rSmae&ygw,f? ole@J twl udx k ufr;kd (usq;kH - atbDtufpf
'Dtufzf - pDtD;pD)/ udkausmfwifh ('v teft,fvf'D tzGJ@0if) wdk@twl wcef;xJae&ygw,f?
usaemfwdk@ 5 wdkufrSm tcef;aygif; 22 cef; &Sdw,f? tcef; 1 rSm *sifrD (88 rsKd;quf)/
tcef; 6 rSm ppfudkEdkif (c) pdk;odrf; tp&SdwJh emrnf}uD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG &Sd=uw,f?
ruo twGif;a&;rSL; aZmfrsKd;atmifeJ@ 'k OuUÏ atmifrsKd;wifhu tcef; 18 rSmyg/ vl&$ifawmf
t±dkif; eJ@ 88 rsKd;quf udkjrat;wdk@u tcef; 16 rSmyg? 5 wdkufrSm usaemfeJ@ usaemfhnDt&if;
atmifrsKd;odef; nDtudkt&if; ESpfa,mufae=uovdk/ udkatmif'ifeJ@ a&$bkef;vl nDtudkt&if;
ESpfa,mufvnf;&Sdae=uwJh 5 wdkuf&JŒ xl;jcm;wJhumvwckayhg?
tJ'Dumvu ol[m uAsmawGa&;aecsdefyg? a&csKd;qif;csdefav; 15 rdepfrSm a&tajy;

tv$m;ajy;csKd;+yD;&if ol@tcef;&Sd&modk@ usaemfoGm;um ol&GwfwJhol@uAsmawGudk usaemf em;
axmifwwfwm yHkrSeftvkyfwckvdk jzpfcJhygw,f? ol@&JŒ arSmfqefwJhtawG;tac:awGudk usaemf
wdk@em;axmif=u&if; aemifwcsdef (tem*wfrSm) emrnf}uD; pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfvmvdrfh
r,fqdkwm b,folrS rcef@rSef;cJh=uygbl;?
1990 arva&G;aumufyt JG +y;D NLD wm0efcH OD;=unfarmifxo H @kd axmifxu
J ausmif;om;
acgi;f aqmifawGu oabmxm;wifjycsuu f kd v#KŒd 0Supf mG ay;yd@k c=hJ uw,f? tJ'D v_y&f mS ;r_rmS vnf;
a&$bkef;vlwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muf &J0HhpGmyg0ifcJh=uwm rarhEdkifwJhordkif;rSwfwdkifwckyg?
tJ'aD emufyikd ;f umvawGrmS vnf; axmifxrJ mS Edik if aH &;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ydrk jkd yif;xefvmw,f?
ppftpd;k &u tm%mrv$&J ifqw kd ahJ cgi;f pOfatmufrmS oabmxm;trsK;d rsK;d &S=d uwJt h wGuf 2 wdu
k f
rSm&SdwJh vl@abmifopfygwDOuUÏ udkatmifaZ,s eJ@ óud;orm;rsm;[m 1990 pufwifbm26
&uf reufrmS tusO;f om;vGwaf jrmufa&;/ tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&; awmif;qdck suf 2 csuef @J qENjyyGJ
pwifvyk cf sed f 2 wdu
k b f ufu aºuG;a=umfoaH wG=um;vm&+yD; odyrf =umcif trsK;d orD;taqmif
bufu ausmif;om;or*~ocD si;f oDqo kd aH wG =um;vm&w,f? r=umcif usaemfw@kd 5 wdu k v
f nf;
qENjyyGJxJ yg0ifcJhw,f?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ygap? 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf æ pwJh aºuG;a=umf

oHawGukd udak tmif'ifu a&SŒuwdik af y;+yD; usaemfw@kd u aemufu vdu
k q
f ckd =hJ uw,f? r=umcif
axmiftm%m&SifawGbufu axmifAl;0bufuae ydkrdkus,favmifwJh oDcsif;oHrsm; wdk;csJŒzGifh
xm;+yD; axmifwGif;qlyloHudk axmiftjyifbufu r=um;&atmifvkyf+yD; axmifwGif;qENjyyGJ
udk pwifòzdcGJcJh=uw,f?
axmif0g'gawG eHygwfwkwfawGeJ@ wdkuf0if;xJ0ifvm+yD; tcef;wHcg;awGzGifhum qENjyol

awGukd tcef;xJu qGx J wk /f 0if±u
dk v
f yk =f uw,f? ae@v,f2 em&DavmufrmS tcef;xJu vlawG
udk yHkpHxdkifcdkif;w,f? +yD;wmeJ@ tusOf;OD;pD;Xme 'k-!$efrª;csKyf aoewfcg;=um;xdk;+yD; 5 wdkufudk
a&mufvmw,f?
wcef;0ifwcef;xGufoGm;&if; ol@cg;rSm&SdwJh aoewfudkykwfjy&if; “tjyifrSm 'geJ@tkyfcsKyf

wm/ 'Drdkua&pDawmhr&bl; æ 'gyJ&r,f” qdk+yD; vrf;av#muf&if; ol@abmif;bDudk c|wfjyygao;
w,f? a&$bkef;vlwdk@aewJh tcef; 22 a&SŒudka&mufawmh (tm%m&Sif vufwdkifwkwf) 'k!$efcsKyf
u a&$bkef;udk “rif;owWd&dSvm;vdk@” ar;awmh “&Sdw,f” vdk@ ajzvdkufw,f?
“aºuG;a=umfoHatmfao;vm;” vdk@ xyfar;awmh “atmfw,f” vdk@ olu jyefajymw,f?

“rif;eJ@igeJ@ csrvm;”vdk@ 'k!$efcsKyfuar;awmh ol@udk apmfum;wJhtoHyJvdk@ a&$bkef;u rcHr&yf
Edkifjzpf+yD; “csr,fuGm æ ” vdk@ &J&J0Hh0Hh jyefajymvdkufw,f?
tJ'Daemuf tm%m&Sif vufyg;apawG xyfa&mufvm+yD; tcef; 22 u 3 a,mufvHk;udk

tjyifqxJG w
k +f yD; yHpk x
H ikd cf ikd ;f w,f? ppfzed yfawGe@J uefw,f? ajcaxmufawG vufawGukd wufeif;
=uw,f? a&$bek ;f &JŒrsuEf mS udk 'k!e$ cf sKyfu, kd w
f ikd f ppfzed yfe@J uefwm olŒrsuv
f ;kH xJ aoG;ajcOoGm;wJh
txd cHpm;cJh&w,f?
ÐÐÐ
udka&$bkef;a& æ cifAsm;eJŒ w'*Fc% axmifxJ ñuHqHkcJh& æ? cifAsm;&JŒ tm%m&Sifudk

awmfvSefwJh &J&ifhwJhpdwf"mwfudk awGŒchJ& æ? cifAsm;&JŒpdwf"mwf[m ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ
vufyg;apawGukd wu,f wkev f y_ af pcJw
h ,f? ausmif;om;rsK;d qufawGukd &J&ifw
h phJ w
d af wG tarG
ay;EdkifcJhw,fqdkwm usaemfudk,fwdkif awG@cJh&ovdk æ cifAsm;&JŒ tcef; 22 xJ jyefa&mufawmh
vnf; “ig.OD;acgif;wGif aoG;csif;csif;wdk@ eD&Jaevifhupm; igum; OD;r!$wf”vdk@ aºuG;a=umfchJ
ao;w,f r[kwfvm;?
tck cifAsm;uG,fvGefwJh 2 ESpfjynfhrSm wm&mrif;a0 (a&$bkef;vl) trSwfw& cifAsm;&JŒ

tif;pdefaxmifwGif;u qENjyyGJordkif;udk rSwfwdkifwcktjzpf urŠnf;xdk;vdkufygw,fAsm æ? ?
(2009 Zlvdkif 14)


=u,faºuwyGihf æ æ
arjidr;f
usrwdk@aumif;uifrSm vif;vufawmufyaeqJ=u,fawG tcsdefrwefbJ aºuG aºuGuscJh&

wm æ rsm;vS+yD? armifacsmEG,fuawmh aºuGwmudku yGifhjcif;yJ æ wJh æ? [kwfrSm =u,f
taºuGawG wzswfzswfawmufyaeqJ&Sdwmudk usrwdk@ jrifae&wmyJav æ?
'gayr,fh quf+yD; tvif; topf topfawG arG;zGm;awmufywmrsKd;awmh r[kwfawmh

+yD? olw@kd &ŒJ avmifu|r;f awmufyzl;cJw
h hJ tvif;a[mif;awGom æ waiGŒaiGŒ æ? tJ't D cg raºuG
cJhbl;qdk&if æ olwdk@&JŒtvif;opfawGudk avmuu pm;oHk;cGifh&OD;rSmvdk@awmh ESarsmwojzpf
&wmawGawmh cHpm;&wmaygah v? odoo d mom rSwrf wS &f & =u,faºuaG wG æ òrŒd r+ird ;f æ azmfa0;
æ rZPsdrvd_if; udkarmifarmif æ zdk;csKd æ pdk;vGifvGif æ 'dk;vHk; æ t,fvfjzL æ xl;tdrfoif æ
armifacsmEG,f æ v$rf;rdk; æ wm&mrif;a0 æ olwdk@[m topfzefwD;&Sif =u,fyGifhawGcsnf; æ?
ckawmh ylylaEG;vufv$wfcJh&wJh =u,fwyGifh wm&mrif;a0awmifrS aºuGcJhwm æ 2 ESpf&SdcJh+yD æ?
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ol@ta=umif; wckcak &;zd@k pOf;pm;awmh usrtwGuf tcufawG@&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh pOf;pm;
=unfhawmh tJ'DtcufuyJ a&;p&maumif;aecJhawmhwm?
&efukefwuUodkvfavmu tusOf;av;xJrSm ausmif;olb0a&m q&mrb0yg aygif;&if

ESpf tpdwfausmf usifvnfcJhwJh usru usrxuf wESpfavmufyJi,fwJh wm&mrif;a0eJ@ wcgrS
rqHb k ;l cJyh g? &efuek w
f uUov kd (f vdi_ ef ,fajrrSm q&mr jzpfawmhvnf; usru ausmif;wGi;f uAsm
pmtkyfawGrSm 0if0ifa&;wwfwJh q&mrrdk@ ausmif;om;avmueJ@ awmfawmf eD;pyfwmyg?
rqDrqdik f pufrw _ uUov kd w
f @kd aq;wuUov kd w
f @kd u ausmif;om;awGxw
k w
f hJ uAsmpmtkyx
f rJ mS
awmif uAsma&;zl;wmyg? 'ga=umifh wm&mrif;a0&JŒtudk}uD; RIT u ‘'wˆ’eJ@awmif uAsm
pmtkyfwtkyfxJrSm qHkzl;ygao;w,f? tJ'Dtcg ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u ol@ae&meJ@ol
emrnf&SdaecJhwJh a&$bkef;vl (wm&mrif;a0) eJ@ wcgom;rS rqHkcJhzl;wm æ rodu|rf; r&if;ESD;cJhzl;
wm[m usrtwGufawmh trSwfw&ygyJ? (+yD;awmh ol@oli,fcsif;qdkolawGuvnf; usreJ@
odu|r;f cifrifoal wGyg)?
aemufawmh 1994 avmufrSm wm&mrif;a0qdkwJhemrnfeJ@ 0wˆKwdkawGudk usr p+yD;

owdxm;rdvmygw,f? usrpdwfxif æ [efopf r*~Zif;rSmyg? aemufawmh o&zl? Modern
vdk@ vlawGowfrSwfwJh ol@0wˆKawGudk pum;vHk;toHk;tE_ef;topf æ a&;[eftopfeJ@ tawG;
tac:opfawGa=umifh usr rSwfrSwf&&&Sdwmyg? aemufawmh vHk;csif;0wˆKopf a=umfjimwmrSm
0wWKacgi;f pOfup usrudk pdw0f ifpm;atmifqaJG qmifcw hJ m rSwrf yd gw,f? ‘yef;acwfu vrif; æ’ wJ?h
‘acwf’qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk ‘yef;’qdkwmeJ@ wGJoHk;wm[m wu,fhudk topfyg? t"duuawmh
pum;vHk;awG&JŒ uAsmqefr_ æ? pxGufwJh vHk;csif;xJrSmudkyJ ‘tcef;xJrSm waiG@aiG@ wdwfqdwf
vmonf æ’qdw k mrsK;d / ‘vrf;av;u woGio f iG pf ;D aeonf æ’ ‘jrLaºuGusoaH wGukd em;xJrmS
wzGm;zGm; =um;ae&w,f æ’qdkwmrsKd;/ t"dy`m,fydkay:vGifapwJh æ topf æ? pum;vHk;
avmfvDr_rygwJh topf æ? tJ'D yxrqHk; vHk;csif;0wˆK[m vli,fawG=um;xJrSm pDpDnHnH
jrnfoGm;cJhw,f? yef;acwf&JŒ vrif;[m pmayacwfwacwfrSm wm&mrif;a0udk =u,fwyGifh
vwpif; jzpfomG ;apcJyh gw,f? &efuek wf uUov kd f awmifial qmifa&SŒu awmifyEd yJM ifawGatmuf
u uifw;D xdik cf akH wGrmS at;wdat;puf æ rðyH;r&,fe@J vmxdik zf ;l wJh ±kyo f ef@oef@ vli,fav;udk
tcsif;csif; vufwdk@jy+yD; “tJ'g æ wm&mrif;a0”vdk@ pdwf0ifwpm;=unfholawG&SdvmwJhtcsdef
æ usr ol@udk aoaocsmcsmjrifzl;csdefrSmawmh olu wm&mrif;a0&,f vdk@ udk,fydkiftvif;eJ@
[kef;[kef;awmufaecJh+yD? ol@atmifjrifr_u jrefrmpmay yifv,fjyifxJrSmawmh vd_if;vHk;}uD;
wvHk;vdk w0kef;0kef;±dkufcwfvmwm jiif;r&? wm&mrif;a0acwf&,fvkd@ &SdcJh+yD?
aemufawmh &efukef pmaytodkif;t0dkif;usOf;usOf;av;xJ æ usrrSm oli,fcsif; rdwfaqG

awGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ avxefukef; xdkif æ? ol@udkawmh avxefukef;rSmxdkifaewm wcgrSrawG@zl;
ygbl;? avxefukef;a&SŒujzwfav#muf+yD; wcsKdŒudkE_wfqufvnf; olu usefwJholawGudk vSnfh
ywf=unfhavhr&Sdawmh oleJ@ usru wcgrS rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf ðyH;jy&wmrsKd;awmif r&SdcJhwm æ/
usrtwGufawmh tJ'gu qef;ygw,f? bmvdk@qdk usru odyf rdwfaqGaygwmudk;? ol r_efukyf
ukyf cyfwnfwnfaewwfawmh trSet f wdik ;f ajym&&if tifrwef rdwaf qGjzpfv, G w f hJ usrawmif

ol@udk E_wfqufzdk@ wGef@cJhygw,f? usru eDukd&Jwdk@ æ rif;cdkufpdk;pefwdk@eJ@ armifESrt&if;awGvdk
&,farm ajymifaemufaewwfayr,fh udak &$bek ;f eJ@awmh wcgrS rsuEf mS csi;f rqdik cf zhJ ;l ygb;l ? 'gayr,fh
ol@tEkynmeJ@ pmayt,ltq aqmif;yg;awGudkawmh usr rjywfzwfqJ æ? b0xJ vufyrf;
usaewJh touf 30 ausmf rdef;rwa,muftaeeJ@ ol@&JŒwcsKdŒvHk;csif;0wˆKawGudk &ifrckefwwf
awmhayr,fh ol@tEkynmudkawmh todtrSwfrðybJ raeEdkifygbl;? ol@&JŒ tifwmAsL;wckxJrSm
æ jzpfEdkif&if ckcsdefrSm udk,fhudk,fudk aveJ@r_wf+yD; +id‡rf;ypfcsifw,fvdk@ajymwmav;udkawmif
oabmusvGef;vdk@ iSm;ajymjzpfwwfygao;w,f? wu,fyJ taiG@av;vdk aysmufysufoGm;rSm
b,favmufaumif;vdkufovJaygh? aemufawmh usru òrd@jytodkuft0dkif;uaexGufajy;+yD;
e,fòrdŒav;wòrdŒrSm awm&dycf ?kd tJ'u D mvawG pma&;wmawGawmif cyfusu J sJ æ? wm&mrif;a0
uawmh w&Sdef&Sdef awmufyqJ æ? aemufawmh oleJ@twl vSywJh emrnfav;wck ,SOfwGJ æ?
raemf[&D æ wJ?h ewforD;av;wyg;&JŒ emrnf? tJ'D emrnfav;u vdi_ w f uUov kd &f ŒJ aemufq;kH
tcsed af wGrmS uwnf;u usrodc&hJ wJh uAsmewforD;av;aygh æ? tJ'eD mrnfEpS cf &k ŒJ tEkynmawG
vnf; ,SOfwGJ zl;yGifhawmufywJh umvwck? 'g[m =u,fESpfpif; tòydifxGef;vif;wJh aumif;uif
wck? aemufawmh =u,fESpfpif;&JŒtvif;awG pkpnf; æ aewpif; topfxGef;vif;owJh?
‘acwfae’ æ?
ÐÐÐ
ud,
k wf ikd f 'Dvakd vmu"Hukd &ifqikd cf zhJ ;l wmrd@k ‘wm&mrif;a0’vd@k awG;vdu
k &f if æ ‘acwfae’
qdkwmu yJhwifxyf+yD; vdkufvmw,f? aewpif;vdk xGef;yr,fh acwfwacwfrSm =u,fwpif;vdk
at;jrwJh tvif;ay;r,fh taz qdkwmu wu,fawmh pdwftiftm;wck æ?
tJvdkeJ@ ðAef;qdk æ umv,E W,m;}uD;u wGef;wGef;wdkufwdkuf vnfywf æ? bmrSef;rS

rodvdkuf&cif æ 2007 qdkwm}uD;u usrqD jrefjref}uD;a&mufvmw,fvdk@ cHpm;&qJ æ? 19
ESpfjynfh 8 av;vHk;ta&;awmfyHktwGuf txdrf;trSwfpmawG a&;r,fjyifqJ æ? 8 av;vHk;&JŒ
aoG;aomuf&Jabmfwa,mufjzpfwJh wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh =u,fwyGifh aºuG+yDwJh? vGefcJhwJh 19
ESpf&JŒ 8 av;vHk;rSm aºuGcJhwJh=u,fawGta=umif; a&;zdk@jyifaewJhusr vwfwavm aºuGoGm;&
wJh 8 av;vH;k &JŒ=u,fwyGiv hf nf;jzpfwhJ ol@aºuGjcif;udo
k m t&ifa&;vdu
k &f awmhw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f
u usr bavmhrmS a&;jzpfcw hJ hJ 0rf;enf;pmav;rSm usr&JŒ ESarsmwor_ukd ckvakd &; jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
jrefrmjynf&ŒJ &opmayavmuxJ v_yv f y_ &f mS ;&Sm;jzpfomG ;wJh tcsed w f csed u

f kd wm&mrif;a0
u zefw;D Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? vli,fawG&ŒJ cHpm;csuaf wG &ifcek o f aH wG ayguu f rJG a_ wG tm;vH;k udk olu
ud,
k pf m;ðyEdik cf w hJ ,f? wenf;tm;jzifah wmh acwfut kd rDu,kd pf m;ðyEdik w
f hJ tEkynmawG todawG
ol ay;EdkifcJhw,f? ol@pmawGu vli,fawG vlvwfawGudk trsm;qHk; v$rf;rdk;cJhw,f? jrefrmjynf
&opmay a&pD;a=umif;xJrSm tEkynmtaeeJ@ tm;aumif;ovdk aps;uGuft&yg tm;aumif;
xdyw
f ef;a&mufEikd w
f ,fqwkd m tvGeef nf;yg;wmyg? tEkynm tm;aumif;ayr,fh aps;uGurf mS
ratmifjrifoal wG æ? aps;uGut f & atmifjrifayr,fh tEkynmrSm wef;r0ifoal wGom rsm;wm?
wm&mrif;a0uawmh 0wˆKwdk æ vHk;csif;0wˆK æ +yD;awmh uAsm? ae&mwdkif;rSm AdkvfpGJEdkifcJhol?
ol@uAsmawG tawG;awGudk a&$bkef;vl qdkwJh uAsma&;olb0uwnf;u oabmuscJhwmyg?
olu tifwmAsL; ajzwmrSmawmif tEkynmeJ@ tawG;tac:ygol?

acwftay: wm0efausol? tJ'Dtjyif EdkifiHa&;rSmvnf; wm0efausol?
bmtwGufeJ@rS tm%m&SifawGudk 'l;raxmufcJhol?
ck ol@owif;ud=k um;awmh ol tifwmAsL;wckrmS ajymzl;wJh pum;wckukd owd&oGm;ygw,f?
tJ'DrSm olajymcJhwm æ
udk,fhudk,fudk aveJ@r_wf+yD; +id‡rf;vdkufcsifw,f æ wJh?
wm&mrif;a0 (a&$bkef;vl)
touf (40) ESpf
5/ 8/ 07 (we*FaEGae@) ae@v,f 12;40 wGif uG,fvGef?
ckawmh ²² ol ajymcJhovdk +idrf;cJh+yDaygh?

'g[m acwfopfpmayavmurSmvnf; qDrD;wwdkif +idrf;oGm;wmygyJ?
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif æ
trSwf&p&m =o*kwfvrSm atmufarhzG,f rSwfwdkifwwdkif wdk;jyefaygh?
'Dae&mrSm xl;tdrfoif trSwfw&taeeJ@ uAsmq&m apma0 a&;cJhzl;wmav; owd&

w,f?
“aorif;u taumif;óudufvGef;vdk@ tvGrf;udk &GufukefzGifhxm;&w,f æ ” wJh?
ar+idr;f
(=o*kwf 6/ 07)
ÐÐÐ
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif Armjynf&JŒ =o*kwfvrSm 88 aoG;pGef;ae@awG &SdcJhw,f? xl;tdrfoifeJ@

q&mrif;ok0%f &ufqifh qH;k cJw h ,f? aemufawmh wm&mrif;a0 æ? usruawmh apmaºuGomG ;
=uwJh=u,fawG&JŒ awmufyEdkifao;wJh tvif;awGudkyJ ESarsmwo vGrf;qGwfwmyg? +yD;awmh
tJ'D=u,fawGu &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; tm;&SdwJhtvif;a&mifeJ@ vif;ywJh=u,fawG æ? wcgwcgawmh
tJ'D=u,fawGu olwdk@udkolwdk@ ac|csypfae=uwmyJvdk@vnf; cHpm;rdygw,f? bma=umifh tJvdk
awGjzpfae=u&wmvJvdk@ ta=umif;&if;udkqef;ppfrdwJhtcg pdwfxJ wqpfqpf emusifudkufcJ

&ygw,f? 'Dawmhvnf; wm&mrif;a0&JŒ psmyeae@ =o*kwf 7 &ufae@ (wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif 8
av;vHk;tóudae@)rSm usr bavmhrSmyJ aemufxyf 0rf;enf;pmwydk'f a&;jzpfcJhygw,f?
wu,fawmh t*F gae@qdkwm ol@&JŒarG;ae@?

'gayr,fh ol@rdbawGcrsm olwdk@ om;uav;udk arG;xkwfcJh&wJhae@rsKd;rSmyJ
olwdk@ arG;cJh&wJh tJ'D om;av;&JŒ ±kyfcE<mudk ed*Hk;csKyfay;&awmhr,f?
'gayr,fh æ tJ'Dom;av;[m
avmu}uD;xJuae vltaeeJ@om aysmufuG,foGm;ayr,fh
emrnfeJ@ ordkif;a=umif;wckawmh usef&pfEdkifcJholrdk@
rdbawGtzdk@awmh emusifa=uuGJ&ayr,fh *k%f,lp&mvdk@ qdk&rSmyg?
æ ESarsmp&m aumif;vSygw,f?
odyfawmfwJh pma&;q&mwa,muf æ
odyfarSmfatmifwJh uAsmorm;wa,muf æ
odyfc|efwJh pmayorm;wa,muf æ
usrwdk@ qHk;±_H;&jyef+yD?
wu,fawmh olvkyfcsifwmawG
olvkyfEdkifpGrf;wmawG trsm;}uD; usefaeOD;rSm?
usrwdk@ wm&mrif;a0 udk qHk;±_H;&wm[m
pmaytEkynmavmu}uD;wckvHk;&JŒ qHk;±H_;r_wckvnf; jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D 0rf;enf;pm 2 ESpfjynfhcJhyg+yD?

'gayr,fh æ usrwdk@&JŒ ESarsmwor_ qHk;±H_;r_awGuawmh vwfqwfqJ æ? +yD;awmh æ
acwfaeav;twGufvnf; wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh =u,fwyGifh vif;vufcJhwJh aumif;uifu
awmufyqJ æ? ?
(15 Zlvdkif/ 2009)


udak &$bek ;f vl ESihf wavSwnf;pD;

rif;Zif
(tydik ;f 1)
trsm;tusKd; aqmif&GufcGifh&jcif;onf b0ukd t"dy`m,f jynfh0&ifhusufaponf[k xifyg

onf? cspfjrwfEkd;jcif;/ tepfemcHjcif;/ wm0ef,lwwfjcif;/ apmifhxdef;wwfjcif;/ onf;cHem;vnf
jcif;/ av;pm;jcif;/ cGifhv$wfjcif; pwJh t&nftaoG; aumif;wkd@onf trsm;eJ@qufpyfrS trsm;eJ@
qkid w
f hJ tvkyuf v
dk yk rf o
S m jznfq h nf;cGi&hf onfh tavhtxrsm; jzpfygonf? trsm;aumif;usK;d
aqmif=unfzh ;l rSom cHpm;csuef @J v/l &nfreS ;f csuef @J vl pwJh vlxu
J vlawGuo
dk mru ,k=H unfcsuf
eJ@vlqkdwJh vlpm;rsKd;ukdyg &if;ESD;av;pm;cGifh&wwfwm jzpfygonf?
ukda&$bkef;ESifh wavSwnf;pD;cJh&jcif;ukd jyefpOf;pm;rdwkdif; 'DvkdtawG;rsKd;awG ykdckdifrmvm

wwfygonf?
(tykdif; 2)
“'DuAsmu rif;wkd@twGuf a&;xm;wm? a[mh'DrSm æ”
ajymajymqkqd edk @J yJ ukad &$bek ;f u tjzLtpdr;f 2 a&miftzk;H eJ@csKyfxm;wJh pmtkyyf g;av;awGudk

txyfvkduf usaemfhvufxJ xnfhay;onf?
‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ æ wJh?
1989 ckESpf ZGefvxJrSm[k rSwfrdaeygonf? usaemfu 15 ESpf0ef;usif txufwef;

ausmif;om;? t-u-o vkd@twkdaumuf vlodrsm;wJh tajccHynmausmif;om;or*~ukd
vkyfazmfukdifzufawGeJ@twl &efukefwkdif;rSmzGJ@pnf;+yD;vkd@ wjynfvkH;tESH@ zGJ@pnf;Ekdifzkd@ óud;pm;ae
=uwJhtcsdef? Auo (ArmEkdifiH vkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf)rSmvnf; t-u-o
ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfeJ@ usaemfu wm0ef,l&onf?
1988 ckESpf aESmif;ykdif;vawGxJupvkd@ Auotpnf;ta0;awGrSmyJ ukda&$bkef;eJ@ qkHjzpfcJh

onf? ukad &$bek ;f oGijf yifu cyfyed yf ed /f rsuEf mS 0kid ;f 0kid ;f ? ab;cGq J yH if ajzmifph if;pif;u ol@nmbuf
rsuvf ;Hk ukd r=umc% zk;H zk;H oGm;wwfonf? rsuv f ;Hk awGu cyfnKd ŒndKŒESihf taqG;&dyo f ef;aewwf
ovkd *spu f efuefe@J rr_wwfwt hJ =unfu h v
dk nf; ol@rsuv f ;Hk rSm awG@&onf? 'gayr,fh ukad &$bek ;f
&,f&ifawmh odoo d momyJ rsuv f ;Hk eJ@ p&,fwwfonf? +y;D rS uGr;f aoG;eJ@e&D aJ ewwfwhJ E_wcf rf;ukd
axmifrh S pauG;+yD; ðyH;&,f &,favh&o dS nf? ukad &$bek ;f u pyk@d &yS ef @J &Syt f usv ô ufwdk cyfErG ;f EGr;f ukyd J
oyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfwwfonf? tJ'h u D mvu acwfpm;aeovkd ykq;dk ukd cyfww dk rdk 0wfbJ cyf&n S f
&SnfeJ@ ykHusus 0wfonf?
usaemf tygt0if txufwef;ausmif;om; ta&;awmfyo Hk rm;awGuawmh ukad &$bek ;f eJ@

tzG@J uswm rsm;onf? pum;ukd wk;d wk;d eJ@ cyfjznf;jznf;ajymwwfwhJ ukad &$bek ;f u usaemfw@dk udk
tcsdefay;onf? 88/ 89 umvwav#muf usaemfeJ@ vufyGef;wwD; taersm;olawGukd
trSwfw&ajym&&if ukday: (ukdrif;ukdEkdif)/ ukd*sifrDESifh ukda&$bkef;wkd@ukdom owd&wwfonf?
usef Auo acgif;aqmifawGu ol@tvkyfeJ@ol±_yfaewm rsm;onf? ukdrkd;oD;ZGefu vl@abmif
opfygwD c&D;pOfawG/ tpnf;a0;awGeJ@ rtm;vyfwwf? auusK(ukdukd}uD;)eJ@u tpnf;ta0;
tjyifcsdefqkdvkd@ ol ykef;a&SmifaewwfwJh uefawmfav;tdrfoGm;rSom awG@&wwfonf? qHyif
*kyfw0ufaxmuft&SnfeJ@ ukdatmif'ifuawmh cyfwnfwnfaewm rsm;onf? ukdndKxGef; u
awmh ol@tpktzGJ@av;eJ@ ol? 'DtxJrSmyJ ukda&$bkef;ukdawmh awmfvSefa&;eJ@ tEkynmwGJaeol
rkd@ usaemfwkd@acwf&JŒ ukdA[def;yJ jzpfavrvm;vkd@ av;pm;rdonf?
ppfwyfu tm%modr;f +y;D aemuf a&$*w

Hk idk u
f zqyvjc/H ajcmufxyf}u;D eJ@ vSn;f wef; Auo
tpnf;ta0;awGrSm qkHjzpf=uonf? Auov_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm tvkyfcGJa0 wm0ef,lcJh=uonf?
vufzuf&nfqidk rf mS 'l;csi;f cwf/ wawmifcsi;f wku

d x
f idk +f y;D pum;awG trsm;}u;D ajymjzpf=uonf?
ppftpk;d &u ausmif;awGjyefziG rhf ,fv@dk a=unmawmhvnf; usaemfw@dk acgi;f csi;f qkid f jzpf=uonf?
“ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;awmf}uD;t=um;
ck aoG;yifv,f}uD; jcm;aeyg+yD
‘ausmif;zGifh+yD’ qkdwJh tm%m&SifawG[m
aoG;yifv,f}uD;ukd ausmfeif;
xkH;wHwm;}uD;ukd ausmcif;ay;w,f?
wcsKdŒawGu ausmif;wufvm=uvdrfhr,f”
‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ uAsmxJu tykd'fwykd'f?
1989 arv tv,fykdif; rE Wav;rSm ausmif;om;nDvmcH vkyfonf? usaemfeJ@ tuo

vkyfazmfukdifzufwcsKdŒ oGm;wufcJhonf? t"du aqG;aEG;&wJhudpPwcku ppftpkd;&u ausmif;
jyefzGifhwmukd ausmif;om;or*~awGtaeeJ@ oydwf arSmufoifh/ rarSmufoifh jzpfonf? usaemf
u ausmif;zGifhwmukd oydwfrarSmufoifh/ ausmif;om; ausmif;wuf+yD; ausmif;xJrSmyJ
ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awG qufvyk o f ifo
h nf[k ,lqonf? ausmif;zGiw hf mukd oydwaf rSmuf&if
ausmif;om;trsm;pk vkdufygEkdifrSmr[kwfvkd@ ausmif;om;or*~[m ausmif;om;eJ@ uif;uGm
oGm;vdrfhrnf[k aqG;aEG;onf? 'g[m tuo twGif;rSm trsm;oabmwl qkH;jzwfxm;wJh
rlvnf; jzpfonf? rE Wav; rpkd;&drfausmif;wkdufrSmvkyfwJh nDvmcH tóudtpnf;ta0;awGrSm
nvk;H ayguf jiif;ckecf =hJ u&onf? jiif;&if;eJ@yJ =urf;jyifay:rSm tdyaf ysmo
f mG ;cJw
h mukd rSwrf ad eonf?
'Dvkd ausmif;wufa&;/ rwufa&; aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefaewJhumvawGrSm ukda&$bkef;u ol@&JŒ

‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ uAsmpmtkyfawGukd usaemfhvufxJ vmxnfhwmjzpfonf? pmtkyftzkH;ukd
tpdrf;a&mifeJ@ ykHESdyfxm;ukdu tjzLtpdrf;0wf txufwef; ausmif;om;av;awG&JŒ pGef@v$wfr_
ukd *k%ðf ycsivf @dk vk@d ukad &$bek ;f u &Si;f jyonf? uAsm&JŒ tEkynmcGet
f m;uvnf; }u;D rm;vSonf?
tuo tpnf;a0;awG/ tcrf;tem;awGeJ@ qENjyyGJawGrSmygrusef ukda&$bkef;&JŒ ausmif;zGifhcsdef
uAsmxJu tykd'fawGukd &Gwf=uonf? &Gwfola&m/ emolyg rsuf&nf0J a=uuGJ&onf? tm;jyef
arG;zkd@ vufcsif;qkyfukdif rmefwif; jzpf=uonf?
'gayr,fh ol@uAsm&JŒrufaqhcsfu jyif;xefonf? atmifyGJeJ@om ausmif;awmfqD jyefoGm;

a&; jzpfonf? ppftpk;d &zGiw hf hJ ausmif;ukd jyefrwufa&;qkw d ohJ abmbuf ,dr;f onf? usaemfw@dk
tuoawG tm;vk;H bmvky&f rSe;f rod? tuo&JŒrle@J qef@usiaf ewJh 'DuAsmpmtkyu f dk tuo
òrdŒe,fe@J ausmif;ud, k pf m;vS,af wG tm;vk;H qD jzef@ay;&rvm;/ rjzef@bx J m;&rvm; ±kww f &uf
rqk;H jzwfEidk ?f aemufq;Hk awmh tuo acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd eJ@widk yf if+yD; pmtkyu f dk jzef@ay;zk@d usaemf
qkH;jzwfcJhonf? t,ltqpGJ jyif;xefvSwJh EkdifiHa&; aoG;Ekom;Ekt&G,frSm t,ltqrwlwJh
uAsm&Snw f yk'u f dk jzef@ay;zk@d q;Hk jzwfcw
hJ mukd th=H oaerdonf? 'g[m ukad &$bek ;f &JŒtEkynma=umifh
vm;/ ukda&$bkef;qkdwJh yk*~dKvfa&;oHa,mZOfa=umifhvm;/ ESpfckpvkH;a=umifhvm;/ bma=umifhvJ
tckcsdefxd ra0cGJwwf?
“ausmif;om;eJ@ ausmif;
wae@awmh aygif;&rSmyJ
igwdk@awG aoG;yifv,fukd jzwful;+yD;
ausmif;}uD;qD ta&mufoGm;=ur,f”
'DuAsmykd'fav;ukdawmh 'Dae@xd pGJaerdonf?
(tykdif; 3)
1989 ckEpS f Zlvidk v

f a&mufawmh usaemf pwdr;f a&Smif&onf? 1990 rSm ukad &$bek ;f tzrf;cH
&wJh owif;=um;&onf? aemuf ukad &$bek ;f eJ@ ukad tmif'if nDtpfudk ESpaf ,mufpvk;H ukd o&uf
axmifajymif;vku d wf m =um;&onf? ouf0if;atmif/ pk;d rk;d / eef;EG,/f zk;d nD pwJh usaemfh vkyaf zmf
ukdifzufawGu ukda&$bkef;wkd@tdrf t0iftxGuf &Sdonf? owif;ar;onf/ pGrf;or# ukd,ftm;
E_wftm;wkd@jzifh ulnDonf? rdbawG pm;0wfaea&; usyfwnf;wm/ ukda&$bkef;wkd@ nDtpfukd ukd
axmif0ifpm ta0;}uD;vkdufawG@&wJh tazeJ@ tar&JŒ 'kuQawGukd =um;&onf?
1992/ 1993/ 1994 ckEpS af wG[m Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG a&csed t

f edrq
hf ;Hk vk@d qk&d rnfxifonf?
pD;yGm;a&;tay: tm±kHpkdufr_awG ykdrsm;vmonf? typf&yf +idrf;tzGJ@wcsKdŒu ukr`%DawG axmif
onf? aiGrnf;awG aiGjzLjzpfvmonf? avòydifyGJ/ rm&oGefòydifyGJ/ pawhcsf±d_;/ avxD;ckefolckefeJ@
aysmaf ysmaf rmfarmf òrdŒjyvlwef;pm;w&yf ay:vma&mhovm;vk@d awG;rdonf? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;vkyv
f @dk
usq;Hk cJo
h /l tepfemcHae&olawGudk vlawGu arhrsm;arhae+yDvm;[k usaemf cHpm;rdonf? pmawG
ukd oJorJ rJ J zwfjzpfonf? a'gph wkd ,ufpuD;/ uyfzum/ url;/ eDa&S;pwJh ewW0d g'qefqef/ jzpfwnf
r_t"du tawG;tac:qefqefawGu usaemfwkd@ukd v$rf;rkd;aewJhumv jzpfonf?
wcgawmh ouf0if;atmifu aq;ayghvdyf zifpDcH pm&Guftykdif;tpawGrSm vufa&;ao;

ao;eJ@a&;xm;wJh uAsmykd'fwcsKdŒukd usaemfhqD ,lvmjyonf?
“'g æ ukda&$bkef; axmifxJuae a&;ay;vkdufwm”
rSifa&mif cyfrSdefrdSef uAsmtykdif;tpawGukd tm;pkdufzwf=unfh&onf?

“a=umufrufzG,f&m vlawG&JŒ
r[mbkwf aA'ifrSmrS
iguvnf; ‘t"dywdbGm;’ jzpfcsifcJhwmukd;?
tdrftjyef nrsm;pGmrSm æ
b,folrS rajymcsifwJh pum;awG ayGŒykduf

ukd,fhukd,fukd,f ‘vlrkduf’ vkd@ jyefac:cJh&w,f?”
“xdyfxm;a& æ
uacsonfwkd@&JŒ aw;awGeJ@
+idrf;at;aysmf&$if xm0pOf csrf;ajrŒapom; æ
aumif;aom rkd;aomufcsdefYvnf;
+idrfoufwnf=unfap æ
ig æ qkawmif;ay;aer,f æ
yef;cl;&if;
oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ ae&if; æ
pum;ajym&if; æ
oDcsif;av;awGqkd&if; æ
rif; æ ighukd arhoGm;rSmyg æ?”
usaemfwkd@ cHpm;ae&wJh typfy,fcH cHpm;r_rsKd;ukd tusOf;axmifwGif;u ukda&$bkef;vnf;

cHpm;&[efwol nf?
wcgwavusawmhvnf; trsm;tusKd;aqmifolawG&J@b0[m opfjrpfawGeJ@ wlrsm; wl

ovm;vdk@ awG;=unfhzl;onf? opfyifwyif &Sifoef}uD;xGm;+yD; tukdif;tvuf tcuf tyGifh
toD;awG a0jzmzk@d / aea&mifjcnf&&dS mukd wk;d jr‡iahf EG;axG;apzk@d / opfjrpfawG[m [k;d teuf±i_d ;f qk;H /
tarSmifrJqkH;xJukd xkd;azmufcJG ykef;v#Kd; ukwfwG,fay;xm;&onf? tJh'Dumvu ukda&$bkef;&JŒ
,kH=unfcsuftjrpfawG oefrmtm;aumif;vSygonf?
(tykid ;f 4)
95/ 96 ckESpfawG[m
usaemfhb0&JŒ tcuftcJqkH;umvawGyg/
ukda&$bkef;u ‘wm&mrif;a0’ &,fvkd@ p atmifjrifaecsdef
usaemfwkd@eJ@ ausmcsif;uyf
“pdwf"mwfruseJ@ nDav;a& æ” vkd@
tm;ay;cJhwm tjrJtrSwf&rdygw,f?
'*kHòrd@opf&JŒ arSmifarSmifrJrJ/ rkd;xJ a&xJ
nDtpfukdawG jzwfoef;cJh&ykHyg”
ukda&$bkef; qkH;+yD qkdawmh 'Dpmwkdav;ukd aumufjcpfrdonf?

1994 ckEpS f ukad &$bek ;f axmifu jyefvw
G v
f mwJt
h csed rf mS usaemfw@dk tuo awGu Auo
wm0efawGukd tifjynfhtm;jynfh wm0efquf,lae=ucsdefjzpfonf? ukda&$bkef;u wm&mrif;a0
uavmiftrnfeJ@ tEkynmavmuukd ajcvSrf;usJusJeJ@ jyef0ifonf? usaemfodoavmuf
'Duavmifemrnfu ukdatmif'ifh&JŒ uavmifemrnfwck jzpfonf? ukda&$bkef;u nDav;rGef
trnfeJ@ pmtenf;i,fa&;+yD;rS ukdatmif'ifqDu uavmifemrnfukd qufcH,ljcif; jzpfonf?
ukad tmif'ifuawmh axmifujyefvw G w
f mawmif ppftpk;d &&JŒ taESmift
h ,Sut
f rsK;d rsK;d ukd ñuH&
+yD; jynfwGif;rSm vkyfukdifpm;aomuf r&avmufatmifjzpfcJhonf? aemufawmh ukdatmif'if
pifumylxGuf+yD; tvkyfvkyfonf[k =um;&onf?
1994 ckEpS rf mS usaemf wdr;f a&Smifae&mukd ykrH eS 0f ifxu G af ewJh ausmif;om;wcsKŒd tzrf;cH&
onf? usaemfvnf; ajratmuf Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk c%t&Sed af v#mu h m pma&;wJt h vkyu f dk
tvSnfhay;jzpfonf? wm&m+idrf;csrf; uavmiftrnfjzifh 1994 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvxkwf &eH@opf
r*~Zif;rSm aqmif;yg;wyk'f p a&;jzpfonf? 'Dhaemuf pmay*sme,f/ tawG;tjrif pwJhr*~Zif;
awGrmS yg Ekid if aH &;'\eqkid &f m aqmif;yg;awG a&;onf? t"duuawmh tJ'h u D mvu acwfpm;
aewJh ‘pdwaf umif;&Sw d hJ tm%m&Sipf epf’ tawG;tac:eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; vGwv f yfciG o
hf may;+y;D Ekid if aH &;
vGwvf yfciG u hf dk xde;f csKyfxm;oifo
h nfqw dk hJ tm&Swefz;dk t,ltqawGudk ±laxmifah ygi;f pkH a0zef
a&;om;cJw h mjzpfonf?
usaemf wm&m+idr;f csr;f uavmiftrnfeJ pmawGa&;ae+yDqw dk muko d ad wmh ukad tmif'ifu

“'Daumifa&;wm [kw&f ifawmh aumif;wmayg”h vk@d omqkad =umif; ukad tmif'ife@J qcHk w hJ hJ ouf0if;
atmifu usaemfu h dk jyefajymjyonf? usaemfu odyf b0ifrus? ud, k af v;pm;cJwh hJ acgi;f aqmif
awGqu D 'Dx h ufyw dk hJ todtrSwðf yr_rsK;d ukd usaemf ar#mv
f ifch [
hJ efwol nf? 'gayr,fh ukad &$bek ;f
odawmh 0rf;omonf[k qko d nf? ouf0if;atmifuwqifh usaemfe@J awG@z@dk pDpOfcidk ;f onf? 'Dvedk @J yJ
'*kòH rdŒopfu tdrw f tdrrf mS usaemfw@dk yxrqk;H t}udrf jyefawG@jzpf=uonf? ±kyef nf;enf;&ifo h mG ;
wmuvGJvkd@ ukda&$bkef;u odyfrajymif;vJ? t&ifuvkdyJ [uf[ufyufyuf &Sdonf? E_wfcrf;
axmifu h dk pauG;+yD; ðyH;&,fwwfwmuvnf; t&ifvydk if? “a[ha&mif (aumif) rif; pGypf yG f rvkyef @J
OD;” vkd@ t&ifuvkdyJ usaemfhukd owday;wkef;yif?
usaemf wdrf;a&Smifae&wJh tajctaeawGeJ@ Auovkyfief;awGta=umif; ar;onf? tJh'D

umvu Auotrnfe@J v_y&f mS ;aewJh t"du tpktzGŒJ ESpcf k &So d nf? usaemf tygt0if tuo
vla[mif;awGqufcHwJh AuoeJ@ tjcm;wpku Auo pnf;±kH;a&;aumfrwD trnfcHonf?
ukad &$bek ;f tygt0if tjyifrmS &So d nfh Auo vla[mif;tawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh usaemfe@J vl&if;
jzpfwma&m/ Ekid if aH &;t,ltq eD;pyfwmawGa&ma=umifh usaemfu h dk yhyH ;dk uln=D uonf? ukad &$bek ;f
u axmifwiG ;f ñuHc&hJ wmawGudk jyefajymjyonf? tJ'h u D mvu wcsKŒd u ukad tmif'ife@J ukad &$bek ;f
wkd@ axmifwGif;wkdufyGJawGukd a&Smifonf/ a=umufonf[k pGyfpGJwm usaemfwkd@ =um;&zl;onf?
ukad &$bek ;f u axmifwiG ;f umv olw@dk nt D pfuadk wG wku d yf 0JG ifoifw h idk ;f jywfjywfom;om; wku d yf JG
0ifcyhJ eHk @J uGejf rLepf tpGo J efoal wGe@J t,ltq rwku d q f idk cf w
hJ t
hJ wGuf tckvdk oGm;ykwaf vvGihf
pGypf cJG cH &hJ ykaH wGukd &Si;f jyonf? ukad &$bek ;f &Si;f jyaeyku
H cyfat;at;? ol@u, dk o
f l ckcu
H muG,af eykH
wpufr#raygu?f vdyjf ymoef@veG ;f wmvm;/ ol@rsuv

f ;Hk awGrmS awG@&wwfonf@ *±krpku
d b
f ;l qkw
d hJ
oabmxm;rsKd;vm; usaemfu t"dy`m,f&Smaerdonf?
EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; uGefjrLepftpGJoefwJhwcsKd@a=umifh rvkdtyfbJ tm;ukef tifukef

awG jzpf&wm/ pdwf0rf;uGJ rnDr!Gwfjzpf&wmawGvnf; rsm;vSonf? wu,fawmh ukda&$bkef;
taza&m/ usaemft h azyg vuf0EJ idk if aH &;eJ@ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ tokid ;f t0ef;xJu jzpfonf?
tazhoil ,fcsi;f awG/ tJ'h D tepfemcHwhJ vuf0o J rm;awG&ŒJ vufay:rSmyJ usaemfw@dk }uD;jyif;cJ=h u
wmjzpfonf? usaemfw@dk tjrifrmS awmh olw@dk [m wu,f wkid ;f cspjf ynfcspf yk*K~ v d af wGyjJ zpfonf?
olwkd@ukd av;pm;=unfndKonf/ wefzkd;vnf;xm;onf? usaemf uavmifemrnf,lwmukdu
q&m'*kefwm&mukd jrwfEkd;vGef;vkd@ wm&m+idrf;csrf;vkd@ ,lcJhonf? ukdatmif'ifeJ@ ukda&$bkef;wkd@
vnf; xk@d twlyif? pmzwfEpHS yfow l idk ;f q&mwm&m&JŒ orkid ;f tpOftvmeJ@ &yfwnfcsuu f dk od=u
onfcsn;f om?
'gayr,fh usaemfeJ@ ukda&$bkef;t=um;rSm wlnDwmwck&Sdonf? tJh'gu trSDtckduif;csif

wm/ vGwv f yfcsiw
f myJ jzpfonf? t*Fvyd pf um;rSm Independent jzpfw,f qkw d m&So d nf? usaemf
ody, f =Hk unfonf? b,fEidk if aH &; avmif;&dyrf S rrdcsi/f ygwv
D idk ;f vrf;pOfwckcak tmufrmS Ek@d oufcH
rpk@d csiwf myJ jzpfonf? Ekid if aH &;q&marG; wynfah rG; tpOftvmukd r,k=H unfawmh? uk, d ,
f w
Hk m
uk,
d v f yk rf nf? ausmif;om;or*~qw dk m vGwv f yf&rnf? uk, d rf mS ;&if uk,
d w f m0ef,rl nf? usaemhf
aqmif;yg;awGrmS vGwv f yfwhJ vlrt_ zG@J tpnf; Civil Society &JŒ ta&;ygyu Hk dk tJ'h w
D ek ;f uwnf;u
p a&;om;zl;cJo h nf? Civil Society t,ltqukd a[*,f Hegel upvk@d usaemf rdwq f ufay;cJh
onf? tawG;tjrif pmapmifrSm[k xifonf? ukda&$bkef;u v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ axmufcHonf?
tJ'h D yxqk;H awG@wahJ e@rmS yJ usaemfpmawGa&;wJt h a=umif; ajymjzpf=uonf? ukad &$bek ;f u

0Dbm Max Weber pmawGzwfjzpfovm;vkd@ usaemfhukdar;wm rSwfrdaeonf? +yD;awmh &o
qkid &f m aqmif;yg;awGa&;zk@d wku d wf eG ;f onf? 'ge@J yJ ‘ay:OD;ouf/ c±kad &S;ESihf &owefz;dk rsm;’ qkw
d hJ
aqmif;yg;ukd [efopfr*~Zif;rSm usaemfa&;jzpfco hJ nf? ay:OD;ouf&ŒJ tEkynmtjrifudk tDwvD
awG;ac:&Sif c±kda&S; Benedetto Croce &JŒ &oaA'oabmw&m;eJ@ qufpyfa&;cJhjcif; jzpfonf?
'Daqmif;yg; yg+yD;aemuf [efopfr*~Zif;u ‘tawG;[efopf’qkdwJhu¾ zGifhay;onf? usaemf
wyk'fvm;yJ xyfa&;jzpfonf? aemuf ra&;jzpfawmh?
ukda&$bkef;eJ@awmh r=umc% awG@jzpfonf? usaemfykef;aewJhae&mtxd olu vkdufvm

awG@wwfonf? wcgwavawmhvnf; ol@ '*kt H rd ef m;u vufzuf&nfqidk rf mS xkid +f yD; pum;awG
tr#irf jywf ajymjzpfonf? wcgwavawmh t&ufcu G cf si;f wku
d +f yD; rsu&f nfawG wGiw
f iG u
f sc=hJ u
zl;onf? pum;awGuawmh qufajymjrJ? ‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;’vnf; ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk
=unf eJ@ usaemfwkd@ qufoG,faqG;aEG;r_awG ta=umif;vnf; ygonf? [efwifwef Samuel
Huntington eJ@ ZifA'
kb
< momta=umif;vnf; ygonf? armifa,m&JŒ‘òydijf rif;wk@d &ŒJ cGmoH’vnf;
ygonf? Auo/ ruo eJ@ atmufArmjynf AuoawG ta=umif;vnf; ygonf? *gpD,m
rm;uGwpf f Garcia Marquez eJ@ rDvefueG 'f &m Milan Kundera vnf;ygonf? trsK;d om;nDvmcH
vnf;ygonf? aemufq;Hk awmh tJ'h w D ek ;f u olóuu
d af eonfh ,Ofaus;r_wuUov dk u
f aumifrav;
ta=umif;eJ@yJ tqk;H owfomG ;wwfwm rsm;onf? pmtkyt f iSm;qkid f zGix
hf m;wJh tJ'h aD umifrav;
ta=umif; ðyH;+zD;+zD;eJ@ ajymaewwfonf?
wcgwavawmh usaemfu ukda&$bkef;ukd ‘p’onf?

“vufzuf&nfqidk x f idk v
f u
dk /f òrdŒxJxu
G f r*~Zif;wku
d af wGomG ;vku d /f wcgwav usaemfw@dk
eJ@ t&uf0idk ;f zG@J vu
dk /f aumifrav; jyefvmwJv h rf;rSm apmifah evku
d ef @J ukad &$bek ;f pmzwfcsed af &m
&S&d ŒJ vm;”
tJ't
D cgrsK;d us&ifawmh ukad &$bek ;f qDu pum;jyefr&? cyfwnfwnfe@J rodcsiaf ,mifaqmif
aewwfonf? aemufusawmh ol@udk yg&rD&iS w f a,muftjzpf usaemfyjdk rifvmrdonf? ol@bmom
ol tEkynmrSm arSmfatmif+yD;olyif jzpfonf?
wcgwavusawmhvnf; ukda&$bkef;ukd=unf@&wm wckck v#KdŒ0Sufxm;olwa,mufvkd

usaemf cHpm;&onf? 'gayr,fh usaemfwkd@ tay:rSmawmh tjrJaEG;axG;onfom? w&ufawmh
usaemfwkd@eJ@twl xrif;pm;/ waeukefeD;yg;twlae+yD; nbuf t&ufaomuf&if; usaemfeJ@
ouf0if;atmif *pfwmwD;wmukd cyfawGawGeJ@ em;axmifaeonf? '*kHòrdŒopftdrf&JŒ opfom;
jyLwif;ayguu f ae tqD;twm;r&Sd jzmqif;vif;usaewJh va&mifomom/ yk&pfawG wpDpjD rnf
aewJn
h rSm usaemfyh ck ;Hk uku
d idk +f yD; “pdw"f mwfruse@J nDav;a&”vk@d ukad &$bek ;f u tm;ay;cJo
h nf?
(tykdif; 5)
1995/ 1996 ckESpfawGtwGif; Auov_yf&Sm;r_ukd ,l*sDac: ajratmuftoGifomru

ajray:v_y&f mS ;r_wcsK@d tjzpf pm=unfwh udk zf iG w
hf m/ pmaya[majymyGaJ wGudk pDpOfwm/ wuUov dk f
twGif; uAsmpmtkyfeJ@ pmapmifawGxkwfwm vkyfcJh=uonf? ‘pkpnf;r_’/ ‘&mpkopfjrpfusOf;’
pwJh pmtkyaf wGu oufaojzpfco hJ nf? tJ'h uD mvrSmyJ ukad &$bek ;f u aq;wuUov dk f ausmif;om;
armf'ef pma&;q&m vli,fwa,mufe@J qufo, G zf @dk wku
d w
f eG ;f onf? usaemfw@dk oD;jcm; csed ;f qkd
awG@jzpfonf? ajratmufEkdifiHa&;udpPawGtjyif ynma&;e,fy,frSm vGwfvyfwJh Civil Soci-
ety oif;zGJ@v_yf&Sm;r_awGvkyfa&; aqG;aEG;jzpf=uonf? tvGwfpmoifwef;awGeJ@ oif±kd;ðypka&;
awGtwGuf b,fou l b,fwm0ef,rl nf/ b,fq&morm;awGudk xyfcsO;f uyf=urnf pojzifh
ajymjzpf qkjd zpf=uonf?
1996 ESpv f ,favmufa&mufawmh rE aW v;eJ@ &efuek u f Auov_y&f mS ;olwcsK@d tzrf;cH&

onf? aq;ausmif;om; armf'ef pma&;q&mav;&JŒtdru f v
dk nf; axmufvrS ;f a&;u 0if&mS onf?
olu tdrrf mS r&S/d aemufrS &Jpcef;uko
d mG ;+yD; tzrf;cHum axmufvrS ;f a&;eJ@ awG@onf[k qkod nf?
tjcm; zrf;qD;cH&wJh ausmif;om;trsm;pk&ŒJ tajymt&awmh axmufvrS ;f a&; ppfaq;a&;umv
twGi;f xkqd &mav;&JŒxGucf suo f nf ajzmifch suof zG,f tukeaf zmfonf[k qko d nf? usaemfw@dk
twGuf txdemcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdefuawmh rao? ausmif;awGqufzGifh

aewmeJ@ a':pk&ŒJ pae/ we*FaEG w&m;yGaJ wGu Ekid if aH &;todudk Ek;d =um;aponf? &efuek w
f uUov dk /f
'*kw
H uUov dk u
f pvk@d e,fòrŒd ausmif;awGtxd tcsw d t f qufrad eonf? txufwef;ausmif;om;
awG=um;rSmvnf; pma0/ pmjzef@vy_ &f mS ;r_awG awG@&onf? tpktzG@J tm;vk;H uk, d ef nf;ud,
k [
hf efe@J
v_yf&Sm;=u/ tcsif;csif; qufpyfv_yf&Sm;=uonfhtwGuf aemufqkH; awmh 1996 'DZifbm
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:vmcJhonfrSm txift&Sm;yif?
tJh'Dumv0ef;usifwkef;u ukda&$bkef;eJ@jyefawG@awmh aq;ausmif;om; armf'efq&mav;

ta=umif; pum;pyfr=d uonf? ukad &$bek ;f u odypf w d qf ;dk [ef rjy? pmayorm;csi;f uk,
d cf si;f pm
vkd@yJvm;/ 'grsKd;awGjzpfwwfw,fqkdwm owdxm;aewwfolrkd@vm; rajymwwf? 'gayr,fh
EkdifiHa&;rSm ukd,fhtxGm ukd,fodzkd@/ rEkdifwJhudpPrvkyfzkd@ vkdwJhta=umif;ukdawmh oHa0*ozG,f
oifcef;pmxkwf ajymjyaeonf?
'Dah emufyidk ;f awmh usaemfw@dk xyfrawG@jzpf? vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufawGuwqifh owif;ar;wm/

qufo, G w
f mawmh &Sad eonf? usaemfvnf; vkðH cHa&;t& yk+d yD; usyo f xufusyv f monf? a&$Œ&
a&Smif& ykdrsm;/ ykdcufvmonf? usaemf/ ouf0if;atmifeJ@ vkyfazmfukdifzufwcsKdŒ &efukefuae
typftcwf&yf wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J wzG@J &ŒJ a'oqD a&$Œajymif;wdr;f a&Smifz@dk q;Hk jzwfawmh ukad &$bek ;f
ukd ta=umif;=um;onf? ukda&$bkef;u *±kpkdufzkd@rSmonf? +yD;awmh ol r*Fvmaqmifawmhrnfh
ta=umif; ðyH;+zD;+zD;eJ@ajymjyonf[k qkdonf? ,Ofaus;r_wuUokdvfu aumifrav;awmh [kwf
[ef rwl? ukda&$bkef;u wm&mrif;a0 tjzpfeJ@ atmifjrifoxuf atmifjrifae+yD?
(tykdif; 6)
usaemf xkid ;f a&muf+yD; ESpt

f enf;i,f=umawmh ukad tmif'ife@J jyefqo
Hk nf? tvGef aysmzf @dk
aumif;onf? pum;awG trsm;}uD; ajym/ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG ar;jref;/ wcsK@d w0uf odxm;
wmawGu jyefqkHajymvkduf em;axmifvkdufrS ±kyfykHum;csyfwck jzpfvmonf? ouf0if;atmif
jynfwGif;jyef0if+yD; tzrf;cH&onfhta=umif;eJ@ ukda&$bkef;ta=umif;awGvnf; ajymjzpfonf?
rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&; vkH;yrf;ae&vkd@ umvwcktwGif; EkdifiHa&;wm0efawG vpf[if;cJhwmukd
usaemfwkd@&JŒacgif;aqmifwa,muftaeeJ@ pdwfraumif;wJh t&dyfta,mifukd ukdatmif'if
rsuEf mS rSm awG@&onf? usaemfw@dk tay:vnf; ykd tm;uk;d vmonf? 'gayr,fh ol@pw d t
f cef@ roifh
&ifawmh t&ifwkef;uvkd rsufESmxm;wnfwnfeJ@ qlwkef;yif?
aemufykdif; usaemf 0g&Sifwef'DpDajymif;+yD; a&'D,kdtvkyfvkyfjzpfawmh ukdatmif'ifeJ@twl

wtdrfwnf; tcef;azmftjzpfaeonf? 4 ESpfeD;yg; =umcJhonf? usaemfwkd@ pum;qkHwkdif;
ukda&$bkef;ta=umif;u r=umr=um ygjrJ? 2004 ckESpftwGif; ukday:/ auusKeJ@ 88 rsKd;qufawG
axmifujyefvGwf+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_awGjyefvkyfvmawmhvnf; olwkd@eJ@ pum;pjrnfajymjzpf&if
ukad &$bek ;f ta=umif; wcgwav ygvmjrJ? usaemfw@dk tm;vk;H ol@udk cspo f nf? ol@yg&rDudk tvGef
av;pm;wefzkd;xm;onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ ol@qDu 'Dhxufykd+yD; ar#mfvifhaewmawG&Sdonf?
1988 ckEpS u
f pvk@d wavSwnf;pD;cJw
h hJ or*~nt D pfuadk wG wcsKŒd yso
H ef;qJ/ wcsKŒd avSmifcsKid hf
xJ/ ouf0if;atmifwa,mufawmh tqkH;pGefxd ay;qyfoGm;cJhonf? tJh'DumvawGwkef;u
usaemfuh ,
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aumif;&m ok*wdvm;ygap? ?
July 16, 2009

wm&mrif;a0 (odr@k [kw)f jrm;xufjrifah tmif ysHwihJ u

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om;a&mufvm+yD; owif;ar;wJhta=umif;eJ@ awG@cGifh&wmeJ@oGm;awG@zdk@ aiGvmay;oGm;w,f
qdkwJhta=umif;awG tdrfu ajymjyygw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ ESpfawG=umvmygw,f? ajcmuf ESpfcGJumvtwGif;rSm ol@owif;awG &Hzef&Hcg
=um;&ygw,f? txJrSm r*~Zif;awG zwfjzpfwJhtcgawGrSmvnf; ol@0wˆKwdkawG pmaya&;&m
aqmif;yg;awGudkawG@wdkif; rSwfrSwf&& zwfjzpfygw,f? ajcmufESpfcGJumvudk jzwfoef;+yD;vdk@
usaemftjyifxu G v
f mwJt
h cgrmS awmh usaemfb
h 0uvnf; awmfawmf}uD; ajymif;vJomG ;ygw,f?
axmifuvGwfayr,fh tdrfrjyefEdkifbJ w&m;&dyfomrSm aomifwif+yD; csnfwdkifaysmufaecsdefrSm
xHk;pHtwkdif; udkol&u owif;&oGm;wmrdk@ udkol&qDrSm c%aezdk@a&mufoGm;rS ol@ta=umif;
udkvnf; awmfawmfodvm&ygw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh olaecJhwJh raemf[&Dwdk@tdrfem;u oli,fcsif;wa,muf&JŒ vlraewJh

tdrfav;wvHk;rSm c%aeaeygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSmawmh raemf[&DeJ@awG@+yD; ol@usef;rma&;
tajctae/ tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae awmfawmfrsm;rsm; od&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh raemf[&D
qDuae vdypf mawmif;+yD;awmh olaeaewJh v_id o f m,m u (FMI)tdr, f mudk vdu k of mG ;ygw,f?
ol usaemfa&mufvmvdrfhr,fqdkwm óudodxm;ykH&ygw,f? raemfu ol@qDrSm vdyfpmawmif;
oGm;w,fvdk@ zkef;xJrSmajymoGm;w,fvkd@ ol ajymygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfh tdrfaxmifa&;
jy\emudk ol aoaocsmcsm ar;ygw,f? +yD;awmh “[m æ 'Dvv kd yk v
f @kd b,fjzpfrvJ igu, kd wf idk f
reufjzef oGm;ajymr,f”vd@k twif;vkyaf ewmrd@k tajctaeawGu odyrf xl;awmhwt hJ a=umif;
awmfawmf azsmif;zs&ygw,f? 'gudkyJ olrauseyfEdkifao;bJ wAspfawmufawmufeJ@ vkyfaeyg
ao;w,f? usaemfuyJ “wjcm;udpaP wG ajym&atmifAsm”vd@k awmif;yef&ygw,f? +yD;awmh ole@J
raemf=um;u jy\emudk tusOf;ajymjyygw,f? raemfudk zkef;quf+yD;awmhvnf; usaemf
a&mufvmwJhta=umif; ol ajymygw,f? c%aeawmh ol@udkðypkaewJh ol@wynfhav;udk ol
aomufzdk@ aq;awmif;ygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfudk xrif;au|;zdk@ jyifqifcdkif;ygw,f? usaemfh
udv k nf; ole@J twlvmaevd@k &wJth a=umif; ajymygw,f? usaemfuawmh use;f rma&;udk *±kpu kd f
zdk@yJ owday;jzpfygw,f? ol@ajcckHawGu awmfawmfav; trf;aewmrdk@yg? usaemfwdk@ xrif;pm;
+yD;awmh usaemfu usaemfwdk@&GmrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmf trSwfw&
pm=unfw h udk tf wGuf olw@kd t&ifziG chf w
hJ hJ ‘yef;acwfu vrif;’ pmtkyt f iSm;qdik uf pmtkyaf wG
tvSLcHawmh csufcsif;yJ olu óudufwJhtcsdefrSmoGm;,lqdk+yD; vSLwJhtjyif ol pkaqmif;xm;wJh
pmtkyfawGxJuygvm,lzdk@ ajymygw,f? pmtkyfu enf;enf;aemaem r[kwfygbl;? umv
aygufaps;eJ@wGuf&ifudk 8 odef;ausmfzkd; &Sdygw,f? &Gmu Adkvfatmifausmfpm=unfhwdkufrSm ck
yef;acwfu vrif; pmay&JŒaumif;r_ukd urŠn;f xd;k Edik cf yhJ gw,f? ol@tvSLpmtkyaf wGa=umifv h nf;
usaemfhrSm &Gmtjyef rsufESmyef;vScJh&ygw,f?
ole@J usaemfw@kd ajymcJwh ahJ =umif;t&mawGuvnf; rsK;d pHak ecJw

h mrd@k aemufyikd ;f awG@whJ tcsed f
awGrSmawmh pum;awG odyfrajym=uawmhygbl;? t=um}uD; pum;rajymbJ xdkifae&wmudk
usaemfw@kd EpS af ,mufpvH;k ydt k &omawG@vm=uygw,f? wcgawmh ol b,forl S toH;k rðyao;wJh
tEkynmyHkpHopfwck wifqufzdk@ vkyfaew,fvdk@ ajymvmygw,f? usaemfuawmh usef;rma&;
udyk J t&ifq;kH *±kpu
kd yf gAsm vd@k xyf xyf rSmae&ygw,f? ol b,favmuf acgi;f rmw,f/ ayw,f
qdkwmudkodwmrdk@ ol@udkðypkaewJhvli,fav;udkvnf; zkef;eHywfay;xm;+yD; ol@udk *±kpdkufzdk@eJ@
ta&;&Sd zkef;qufzdk@ rSm&ygw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ usaemf 2005 rSm Recycle qdkwJh wukd,fawmf yef;csDjyyGJudk avmuewf yef;csD
jycef;rSm vkyjf zpfcyhJ gw,f? &efuek òf rdŒxJukd b,fawmhrS rvmawmhb;l vd@k ajym=uwJh ol@ukd jycef;
xJ0ifvmawG@awmh wjcm;vlawGu awmfawmf tHh=oae=uygw,f? usaemfudk,fwdkifvnf;
awmfawmf tHh=oaerdygw,f? ola&mufvmvdk@ 0rf;omayr,fh ol aeraumif;rSef;odwmrdk@
“bmvd@k vm&wmvJ udak &$bek ;f &,f” vdŒk ajymrdygw,f? olu bmrSrwk@H jyefbJ “csmwdwaf wGe@J
vmwmyg? olwdk@uvnf; oGm;csifaevdk@”vdkŒ ajymygw,f? oleJ@ygvmwJh ol@udk &ifckefaeqJ
csmwdwaf wGu um;awG wum;csi;f vdu k =f unfah e=uayr,fh oluawmh cef;rtv,fu ukvm;
xdik af y:uae xdik af e&if;uyJ wum;csi;f udk rsupf ad &$Œ+yD; vdu
k =f unfEh ikd yf gw,f? ol tm;&awmhrS
usaemfhudk aoaocsmcsm=unfh+yD; “awmfawmf ajymif;vJoGm;w,f” vdk@ wcGef;ajymygw,f?
tJ'g oleJ@usaemfwdk@ aemufqHk;awG@qHkr_ygyJ? usaemfvnf; ar#mfvifhrxm;bJeJ@ aemufxyf

tdrfaxmifðyjzpfoGm;+yD; EkdifiHtjyifbufudk a&mufvm&ygw,f? tdrfaxmifbuf&JŒtvkyfu
avmavmq,f vef'efrSmrdk@ awmfawmfeJ@ tdrfrjyefEkdifjzpfaewkef;rSmyJ olxGufcGmoGm;awmh
wmygyJ?
usaemf axmifuvGwf+yD; udkol&u ±kyf&Sif±dkufuGif;udk vmcJhygac:wma=umifh oGm;awmh

awmfawmft=hH o&ygw,f? ±ky&f iS t f jzpfzefw;D zd@k rvG,v f w
S hJ ol@&ŒJ Zmwf!e$ ;f ‘jrif;pD;xGuaf om
tdyrf ufrsm;’udk ±duk af evd@k ygy?J udo
k &l tdrrf mS vGecf w
hJ hJ q,fEpS af usmaf vmufuzwf+y;D oabmus
cJhwJh Zmwf!$ef;yg? “rif;udk 0rf;om&atmif wrifac:wm? uJ æ Zmwf0ifcef;wckckrSmawmh
0ifxdkifoGm;uGm? trSwfw& aygh æ a&$bkef;uawmh rvmEdkifbl;”qdkwmeJ@ 0ifxdkifjzpfcJhygao;
w,f? jrefrmEkid if u
H rxGucf ifav;rSm wnf;jzwf+yD;wmrd@k udo k &l tdrrf mS =unfch &hJ ygw,f? udo
k &l
uvnf; rJjymykqdk;awGeJ@yJ+yD;aewJh AD'D,dkavmurSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;um;av; wifqufcGifh&vkd@
aysmaf ecJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh r=umcifrmS yJ udak &$qifqmtzGŒJ u ydwv f u
kd wf t
hJ a=umif;vnf; odchJ
&ygw,f? usaemft*Fvefa&muf+yD;aemufrSm tJ'D AD'D,dk udk DVB uae v$ifhxkwfvmwmrdk@
awmfawmfudk tm;&0rf;om&jzpfcJhygw,f? udka&$bkef;udk,fwkdifvnf; aemufqHk;=unfhcGifh&cJhwJh
ol@&JŒvuf&m AD'D,dk Zmwfum;wxkwf jzpfcJhygvdrfhr,f?
‘jrif;pD;xGuaf om tdyrf ufrsm;’ Zmwfum; DVB uvm+y;D r=umcifrmS yJ olvnf; avmu

xJu xGucf mG oGm;+yDv@kd usaemfw@kd odc&hJ wmygy?J ‘vli,fwa,muf&ŒJ ausmufxiG ;f &mZ0if’rSm
oleJ@ 'DacwfxJ ckefcscGifh ul;cwfcGifh&wJhtwGuf 'Dae@xd*k%f,lae&qJyg? wm&mrif;a0 &JŒ
‘òydijf rif;wd@k &ŒJ cGmoH’ acwfay: tEkynmqdik &f m aqmif;yg;awG[m twkid ;f wmwckxd usaemf&h ŒJ
yef;csq D &maygupf b0rSm aus;Zl;&Scd yhJ gw,f? wm&mrif;a0 a&;cJo h r#xuJ ‘yef;acwfu vrif;’/
‘"m;oGm;ay:u qyfuyf’/ ‘ta&SŒòrdŒ±dk;u rdk;a&pufrsm;’wdk@[m usaemfh&JŒ &ifxJrSm 'Dae@xd
v_ycf wfaeqJygy?J aemufq;kH tcsed x f ad &;oGm;wJh tdik 'f ,
D m r*~Zif;u 0wˆKwdak wGe@J wm&mrif;a0
&JŒ ESvHk;om;pGrf;tm;udk jyoGm;w,fvdk@ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f?
a&$bek ;f vl&ŒJ Edik if aH &;jzwfoef;r_rmS vnf; ol@,=kH unfcsuu
f kd aemufq;kH tcsed x
f d qkwu
f ikd f
oGm;cJhjcif;twGuf *k%f,lcJh&ygw,f?
ol@&JŒ aemufqHk;tcsdefawGrSm udk,fu tem;rSmr&SdcJh&vdk@ udk,fhudkudk,f tjypf&Sdaeovkd

tjrJcHpm;aecJhcsdefrSm ck 2 ESpfjynfh trSwfw& pmpkav; a&;cGifh&vdk@ awmfao;&JŒvdk@ ESvHk;oGif;+yD;
yef;acwfu vrif; odk@ vGrf;csif; pmpDcJhrdygw,f?
avmu avtqefrSm udk,fhudkudk,f tefxkwf

igwdk@tm;vHk; rdk;rcsKyfrD tdrf udk jyef =u rnf? ?
(wm&mrif;a0 &JŒ wdrfjzLwdk@ESifhtwl æ uAsm rS)

nDav;rGef tvnfvmwke;f u
rif;vGif
rd;k awGuvnf; wae@v;kH &Gmvdu k w f m? csi;f rdik rf ;kd uawmh t&ifEpS af wGxufawmif yd&k mG w,f
vd@k xifao;w,f? ajrmufbufu vdKG ifqx l pfawmifrmS awmh rd;k pufawG=um; xD;xD;}uD;? nu
tdyfr&wmeJ@ tcef;tjyifxGufxdkifr,fvdk@ pdwful;wmeJ h tjyifudk xGufcJhw,f? tjyifudkxGuf
xdik vf nf; rd;k uvnf; rpJbJ &Gmaew,f? tòid;w}uD;eJ@y?J rd;k &Gmaewke;f tdraf &SŒrSm vlwa,muf
tdrfxJudk0ifvmaeovdkyHkpHeJ@ vlwa,muf0ifvmw,fvdk@ xifw,f? 'geJ@ tdrfa&SŒudkxGufvm
vdu k wf ,f? wud, k v
f ;kH vnf; rd;k awGp&kd aJ$ ewm tay:u *si;f tus0ô wfxm;wmawmif rvHb k eJ @J
twGif;xd cE<mudk,fxdawmif pdkaewm? wvrf;vHk; rdk;rdvmwJhyHkrsKd;yJ? idkufpdkuf idkufpdkuf tdrfxJ
udk 0ifvmw,f? ol0ifvmwJh tdraf &SŒbufukd rD;rxGe;f xm;awmh csucf si;f b,forl eS ;f cGrJ &bl;?
rD;tvif;a&mifbuf 0ifvmwmawmif udk,fu b,folrSef;cGJr&bl;? OD;aESmufudk tjrefqHk;
pOf;pm;w,f? oluawmh idkufpdkuf idkufpdkuf {nfhcef;xJxd 0ifvmw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfhudk
armh=unfh+yD; E_wfqufw,f?
“a[h aumifav; æ rif;bmvkyaf ewmvJ? igrh mS awmh renf; rif;qDa&mufatmif vmcJ&h

w,f? rd;k uvnf; &Gmvdu
k w
f m/ at;aewm” ajymvnf;+yD; wqufwnf; ol@acgi;f udk armhvu
kd f
w,f?
“[m æ udka&$bkef;” usaemf tJ'DtoHyJ ajymEdkifw,f? usaemf wu,fudk t&rf;tH=o
oGm;w,f? usaemf wtHw=o)eJ@ ol@udk =unfhw,f? &ifbwfwckvHk; usm;acgif;tjynfhyHkygwJh
tjzLa&mif wD&yS u
f 0kd wfxm;w,f? yg;pyfrmS vnf; t&iftwdik ;f uGr;f 0g;xm;w,f? xl;jcm;wm
u ol@vnfyif;eJ@ vufaumuf0wfrSm owˆKwrsKd;udk yHkazmf+yD; 0wfxm;w,f?
“cifAsm; b,fvdkvkyf a&mufvmwmvJAsm? cifAsm; 0 vmw,fAsm? usaemfwdk@ rawG@&

wmawmif q,fpkESpfwpk &Sd+yDaemf? usaemf xifw,f/ aemufqHk;tacgufu udk0if;udk r*Fvm
aqmifrmS r[kwvf m;” usaemf tqufrjywf ajymcsvu kd w
f ,f? oluawmh ol@ZmwfaumifawG
xJuvdyk J rxdwxd?
“aumifav;&m æ rif;wdk@udk &Sm&wm vG,fygw,f? tck igvmwm rif;udk awG@csifvdkyg”
usaemf udka&$bkef;udkpawG@zl;wm oCFefu|ef;òrdŒe,fu 16 &yfuGufu tdrfuav;rSmyg?

udka&$bkef;u tJ'Dtdrfuav;udk vmwwfw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u udka&$bkef; tdk;a0 r*~Zif;&JŒ
t,f'w D mvd@k xifw,f? rdwq f ufay;wmu qH;k oGm;wJh udjk rwfarmf? olu udrk ;kd oD;wd@k &yfuuG f
rSm aew,f? udkrif;udkEdkifwdk@eJ@vnf; oli,fcsif;aygh? aemufodyfr=umbl;/ udka&$bkef; tzrf;cH&
w,f? tjyifrSmawmh ol@ta=umif; trsm;}uD;ajym=uwm =um;aew,f? udkjrwfarmfvnf;
89 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f avmufrmS tzrf;cH&w,f? axmifxrJ mS udak &$bek ;f eJ@twlae&w,f? udjk rwfarmf
u udka&$bkef;&JŒtvkyftay: pnf;urf;&Sdr_ &Jabmf&Jbuftay: umuG,fEdkifr_awG ajymwwf
w,f? jy\emwckay:&if rnnf;rnL vkyfay;wwfwm/ tJ'Dwkef;u tepfemcJhp&m&Sdvnf;
tepfemcHwwfwJh &Jabmf&Jbufpdwf? udkjrwfarmf&JŒajympum;t& udka&$bkef; uHqdk;w,fyJ
ajym&rvm;? ol@udk zrf;rdoGm;wJhtcsdef ol@'dkif,m&Dav;udk axmufvSrf;a&;u odrf;EdkifcJhw,f?
tJ'geJ@uGif;pyfvkduf+yD; rHk&Gmu ol@&Jabmfwa,muf tzrf;cH&w,f? olawmifhcHxm;ayr,fh
'dik ,
f m&Dpmtkyaf =umifjh zpfayr,fh oltawmfav;udk pdwrf aumif;bl;? oljyefvw G vf mcsi;f yJ tJ'D
&Jabmfudk rHk&Gmxdawmif oGm;awG@w,f? 19 ESpfeD;yg;u tjzpftysufawG?
usaemf tawG;awGudk jzwfvdkufw,f? ol@udk pum;jyefajymw,f?
“udka&$bkef; bmpm;+yD;+yDvJ? bmpm;csifvJ”vdk@ usaemfu ar;w,f?
“tpm;uawmh rpm;csifawmhygbl;? vufzuf&nfcsKdcsKdwcGuf aomufcsifw,f”vdk@ajym

awmh usaemf tdrfaemufaz; rD;zdk;bufxGuf+yD; udka&$bkef;twGuf vufzuf&nfwcGuf oGm;
azsmaf y;w,f? jyefxu G v
f mawmh udak &$bek ;f u vuf&rf;ygwhJ ESpaf ,mufxikd cf rkH mS xdik af ew,f?
t&iftwdkif; ol wckckudk pOf;pm;aew,f? uAsmawGyJ pdwful;xJrSm zGJ@aevm;rodbl;? rdk;puf
rdk;r_efawG=um;rSm udka&$bkef;pdwfawG tHk@jymaervm;?
ÐÐÐ
'Dae hyGJ[m
±_H;±H_; EkdifEdkif
,SOfòydifjcif;om t"du qkdwhJ yGJr[kwfbl;
olao udk,fao tòydifE$J
0d^mOfcsif; ±dkufcGJwJh yGJ jzpfw,f?
“a[h æ óud;pif”
ig &ifaumh+yD; vmcJhr,f?
(O'ge;f )
aemufqHk;rSm æ
a'gif;tvHudk æ ajymif;qefatmif v$ifhxl&if;
trSew f &m;wckxH
igwdk@ opPmt"dÏmefðy
tdk æ ol&Jaumif;wdkŒ
tkd æ usqHk;cJhavaom
'Drdkua&pD wkdufyJG0if
oli,fcsif;a[mif; æ
ol&aJ umif;wd@k
xm0pOf rysufjy,fEkdifavmufatmif
jrifhjrwfpGm usqHk;cJhaom æ
oifwdk@.0d^mOfwefcdk;awmfrsm;onf
igwdk@. a&SŒaemuf0J,m æ
xufatmuf0ef;usiYf
ysŒH ES@H wnf&=dS uukeaf wmh.?
(ausmif;zGifhcsdef)
udka&$bkef; axmifxJa&mufoGm;ayr,fh ol@uAsmawGuawmh ausmif;om;vli,ft=um;

ysHŒae+yD? O'gef; eJ@ ausmif;zGifhcsdef? tJ'DuAsmawGxGufvmvdk@ udka&$bkef; taz ‘bb’udk ac:ppf
cH&w,f? bb uawmh axmufvSrf;a&;ar;or#udk rajzwJhtjyif pum;wvHk;rS rajymbl;?
axmufvSrf;a&;u bbyg;pyfudk olwdk@vufawGeJ@ twif;[cdkif;w,f? vHk;0 r[bl;? aemuf
qHk;awmh axmufvSrf;a&; t¶_H;ay;&awmhwmygyJ? bbudk tdrfjyefydk@ay;&awmhwmaygh?
udak &$bek ;f uAsmawGu ausmif;om;vli,fawGtay: b,favmufxad wmif =oZmv$r;f rd;k ovJ
qdk&if aemufydkif;rSm udkrif;cdkufpdk;pH uawmif ajymzl;w,f? ol udka&$bkef;uAsmawGzwf+yD; ol
uAsma&;cJh&wmyg wJh? udka&$bkef;uAsmawG ol@tay: v$rf;rdk;ygw,f wJh?
ol@eJ@ydk+yD;eD;pyfwmu olvGwf+yD; r=umbl;? usaemfwdk@wawG &efukefòrd@jyifudk c&D;wdk

wacguo f mG ;w,f? oGm;wmuawmh ausmufwef;òrdŒrSm&Sw d hJ a&v,fb&k m;? 'Daemuf oefvsif
usKdufacguf yg? ygwJhvlu udka&$bkef;eJ@ usaemfhtjyif rEœav;axmifrSm usoGm;wJh udkouf0if;
atmif/ udek ef;EG,ef @J &Sr;f jynfu {nfo
h nfEpS af ,mufygw,f? wae@wm c&D;qdak wmh pum;awG
trsm;}uD; ajymjzpfw,f? axmifxJtawG@tñuHuawmh vwfvwf}uD;vGwfvmwJhol@twGuf
ajymp&mtopfawGyaJ yg?h olu 3 axmif ajymif;cJzh ;l w,fv@kd xifw,f? axmifuxGu+f yD;r=um
bl;/ uAsmwyk'pf +yD; r*~Zif;rSm pygw,f? ‘nDav;rGe’f emrnfe@J ? 'Daemufyikd ;f ‘nDav;rGe’f uae
‘wm&mrif;a0’ jzpfomG ;w,f? udak &$bek ;f udk wm&mrif;a0 emrnfe@J jrefrmpmaye,frmS 0wˆKwdk
e,fy,frSm atmifjrifw,f? ‘armifa,m’qdk+yD; a0zefa&;awG p a&;w,f?
“udak &$bek ;f udk usaemf ar;csiw

f ,f? t&ifuvnf; usaemf ar;zl;w,f? udak &$bek ;f bmvd@k
armifa,m eJ@ uAsmq&m =unfatmifwdk@udk a0zefwmvJ? olwdk@bmom olwdk@aeaewm
taumif;om; r[kwfvm;? tJ'Dvdk a0zefvdk@vJ armifndKrd_if;wdk@uvnf; ‘a&$bkef;vl’taeeJ@
qufqaH &; rysucf siaf yr,fv h nf; ‘armifa,m’udak wmh tawmfemwmvnf; cifAsm;odom;eJ@”
vd@k ajymw,f?
csufcsif;tajzray;bJ vufzuf&nfcsKdcsKdudk ol tukefaomufvdkufw,f? vufzuf&nf

yk*HvHk;udk toHrjrnfatmifcsvdkuf+yD;rSm usaemf ar;wmudk ajzw,f?
“topfxGifzdk@twGuf 'DvlawGu ydwfaewmuG” 'gyJajym+yD; udka&$zkef;qufrajymawmh

bl;?
aemufyikd ;f awmh armifa,memrnfe@J usaemf rawG@&awmhyg? usaemf c&D;oGm;ae&vd@k rawG@

jzpf/ rzwfjzpfwmvnf; jzpfEdkifw,f?
“aemufydkif; udka&$bkef; t,ltqawG ajymif;vmw,faemf” usaemf ar;awmh æ
“aumifav;&m æ rif; igh0wˆKawG tukefvkH;eD;yg; zwfbl;vdk@vm;uGm? igu ajymif;wmrS

r[kwb f ;l ? igph w
d x
f &J w
dS mudk a&;wm? o±kyrf eS w
f @kd armf'efw@kd rcGb
J ;l ? od;k aqmif; pum;vdak yguh mG ?
av;onfawmfwa,muf ausm=f um;wmu oljrm;a=umifh r[kw?f ol&ŒJ csed o f m;udu
k rf a_ =umifyh J
vdk@ ajymw,fav? igu ightEkynm csdefom;udkufatmif v$wfEdkifzdk@yJ r[kwfvm;”
udak &$bek ;f wm&mrif;a0eJ@ atmifjrifaewJt

h csed rf mS yJ udrk if;Zife@J usaemfw@kd tajccHynm
ausmif;om;rsm;or*~u &JabmfawG ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyfuae+yD;
EdkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;r_pmwrf;udk tdk;a0 uae+yD; trSwfpOfvdkuf xkwfw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif; udka&$
bkef;tdrfudk usaemfwdk@ r=umr=um a&mufw,f? txl;ojzifh udkrif;ZifeJ@ usaemf? udkrif;Zif
rygvnf; usaemfu ydka&mufjzpfw,f?
ÐÐÐ
Auo &JŒ 94-96 v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk txl;ojzifh usaemfeJ@ ydk+yD;pum;ajymjzpfw,f? udka&$

bke;f udv
k nf; today;wJoh abmayg?h udak &$bek ;f eJ@ pum;awGtrsm;}uD; ajymjzpfw,f? Edik if aH &;/
ausmif;om;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDynma&;/ ppftm%m&SifcsKyf+idrf;a&;?
“wu,fawmhumG aumifav;&? yg0g (Power) udk upm;wJth cgrmS tcif;tusi;f (Space)

eJ@ acgif;aqmifae&m,lr_ (Position) vdkw,fuG? wcgwav yGef; uae+yD; bk&if udk csufvdk@
&w,fav”
udka&$bkef;&JŒ q,fpkESpfausmfwkef;u EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;u tckxd&Sdaewkef;vdk@ usaemf

ar;w,f?
ol rajzbl;? ta0;u rdk;pufawG=um;u vdGKifqlxpfawmifudk ai;aew,f? t&ifwkef;

uwnf;u axmfavmfuef@vef@jzpfwJhol@twGufu tckcsdefxd axmfavmfuef@vef@jzpfaewkef;
rSmygy?J udak &$bek ;f u e*du
k wnf;u bDv;l qdw
k m wu,f&rdS &Sd oHo, &Sad eolyaJ v? tEkynm
u udka&$bkef;&ifbwfxJrSm udef;0yfoGm;cJhav+yD?
“udak &$bek ;f cifAsm; ‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;&JŒwnaecif;’ udak &;wm bm&nf&,

G +f yD; a&;cJw
h m
vJAs”
usaemfu udak &$bek ;f &JŒ tatmifjrifq;kH 0wˆKwckukd ar;rdw,f? tJ'0D wˆKwdak v;u jrefrm
pmaye,frSm atmifjrifcJhwJhwckayghav? vGefcJhwJh 15 ESpfavmufwkef;u?
“ukd,fa&;cJhwkef;u t"duuawmh acwfudkvnf; xif[wfcsifw,f? vlawG ppfab;

ppf'%fñuHae&wmudk;? igu tJ'gudk t"du rD;armif;xdk;jycsifw,f”
wu,fawmh udak &$bek ;f [m awmifwiG ;f &Si+f idr;f r,f&ŒJ &mjynft

h ikd af wGukd óuduw
f ,f? q&m
aZmfaZmfatmif&JŒ ,kZe rcifysKdudkvnf; óudufw,f?
usaemfw@kd &ŒJ b0awGxJ npfax;=urf;wrf;atmif aq;a&mifq;dk rnfh wdrw f u

kd af wGa&muf
vmwJh 1996 ckESpfrwdkifcifxd udka&$bkef;eJ@ ydkawG@jzpfw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u udka&$bkef;&JŒ
vrif;av;u rE Wav;vrf;rSm omae+yDav?
cspo
f v
l rG ;f &if
ar#mfwdkif;jrifvGef;vdk@
vufnK‡d ;!$e&f m
oljzpfygapom;
t&Sifbk&m; æ
“udka&$bkef; cifAsm;rSwfrdvm;? cifAsm;ajymw,f tdrfaxmifa&;eJ@ywfowfwJh oabm
w&m;av? ESpfuawmh =umcJh+yDaemf” usaemfpum;pawmh udka&$bkef;u b,fbuf E_wfcrf;udk
yg;yg;av;wGef@+yD; ðyH;w,f?
“[m æ rSwrf w d maygh aumifav;&? rif;udk ud,k af jymzl;om;yJ? ud,

k rhf mS tdraf xmifa&;eJ@
ywfowfwJht,ltqu ESpfckyJ&Sdw,f? udk,fvufxyfjzpfcJh&if bmrSrodwJh omreftrsKd;orD;
jzpf&ifjzpf/ rjzpf&if wae&m&mrSm odyfawmfwJh trsKd;orD;rsKd; jzpf&r,f? tpGef;ESpfbufayghuGm?
bmrSrodwJhvleJ@ odyfodwJhvlaygh? [dkvdkvdk 'Dvdkvdkawmh enf;enf; odwJhvludkawmh vufrxyf
csifbl;”
udak &$bek ;f u ol@0wˆKxJu Zmwfaumifajymovdrk sK;d od;k aqmif;pum;eJ@ ajymw,f? “Little

knowledge is dangerous” wJh?
[dk;ta0;u udka&$bkef;&JŒ yGJawmfnu vif;jymvSyaeqJ? wzuf rdk;aumif;uifodk@

ar#mf=unfhvdkufaomtcg rE Wav;vrf;[m va&mifatmufrS wdrfcdk;awG arsmvGifhaewmudk
awG@r,f? tckawmh tJ'DyGJawmf&J h acgifrdk;rSm ESif;aiG@ESifh rD;ckd;aiGŒawG vl;vdrfhaew,ff?
udka&$bkef;u “ig jyefawmhr,f”ajymw,f? olajymwJhtcsdefu oef;acgifausmf+yDaygh?

usaemfu “aeygtHk; æ” vdk@ wm;ao;w,f?
“rif;u tvkyf&Sdw,f? reufjzef tvkyfudkoGm;&tHk;r,f? rjzpfygbl;” wJh?
usaemfu “[m æ jzpfygw,f? udka&$bkef;&,f at;at;aq;aq; w&uf aeoGm;ygtHk;?

usaemfrSm udka&$bkef;udk ajymp&mawG&Sdao;w,f? aeygtHk;Asm” ajymw,f?
r&bl;? udka&$bkef; jyefzdk@jyifw,f? ol@aemufqHk;tusef uGrf;,mudk yvpfpwpftdwfxJ

u xkwf+yD; 0g;w,f?
udak &$bek ;f rE aW v;vrf;bufukd jyefa&mufjzpfao;vm;vdk ah r;awmh jyefrajzbl;? ta0;udk

oDu&D ai;aew,f? t&ifvdkygyJ tawG;aygif;rsm;pGmeJ@ udka&$bkef; usaemfhtdrfuae jyefxGuf
oGm;cJh+yD?
udka&$bkef;u =o*wfpf&JŒ rdk;a&pufawG=um;rSm jyefxGufoGm;cJh+yD? cifAsm;u usaemfwdk@udk

ðypm;+yD; xm;cJhwmvm;Asm? rE Wav;vrf;u udka&$bkef;&JŒ&ifbwfwae&mwnf;rSm &SdaerSmyg?
'grrS [kwv f nf; t"dywdvrf;u udak &$bek ;f &ifbwfxrJ mS vm;? ewfq;kd wd@k vnf; aysmaf eavmuf
+yDxifyg&JŒ? tarSmifwacwfrSm yGifhv#ufajymifajrmuf udka&$bkef; u acwfwacwfudk axmifcJh
+yDav?
aoG;pawG pdkvl;
óud;pif&yd 0f ,f
usaemfwdk@ wdkufyGJ0ifaeygw,f?
ydwrf xm;&ao;wJh
a'gif;±kyfav;awG om;i,fqGJawmh
arar rsuf&nf0Ja&mhr,f?
&Spq
f ,f&h pS cf Ek pS &f ŒJ
vufeuf eJ@ vG,ftdwf wdkufyGJrsm;
r_e0f g;jyma0
urBmra=ubl;
bDvl; wacwf/ a'gif; wacwf?
wae@ae@av
raoao;&if jyefvmcsifw,f
&ifcGifrSm axG;vdk@óudyg arar&,f?
aoG;pawG pdkvl;
óud;pif&yd 0f ,f
usaemfwdkŒ wdkufyGJ0ifaeygw,f? ?
(a&$bkef;vl . æ ar#mf)


wm&mrif;a0eJ@ olŒarG;pm;taz ta=umif;

armifpr
G ;f 7nf
wm&mrif;a0udk usaemf yxrqk;H odyu

Hk uAsmq&mwifr;kd &JŒarG;pm;om;wa,muftjzpfe@J
yg? ‘wifrdk;&JŒ arG;pm;om;’wa,mufvdk@ ajym&wmu wifrdk;rSm arG;pm;om;awG trsm;}uD;
&Sad evd@k ygy?J
wifr;kd [m axmifxrJ mS ausmif;om;t&G,f vlrr,fuav;awG trsm;}uD;eJ@ awG@qaHk ygi;f

oif;cJ&h ygw,f? vli,fav;awGukd awG@&wJth cg uav;cspw f wf/ ausmif;om; cspw
f wfwhJ wifr;kd
u tvGeo f em;*±k%moufryd gw,f? ol@'u k o
Q al rh+yD; uav;awG&@J 'uk u
Q kd twwfEikd q
f ;Hk ulnD
ajz&Si;f ay;ygw,f? pm;a&; aomufa&; use;f rma&; vlrq _ ufqaH &; ynma&; ponfw@kd ukd tpGr;f
ukef ulnyD gw,f? uav;awGuvnf; ol@ukd rd&if;/ z&if; q&m&if;vdk atmufarh+y;D ol@twGuq f kd
taocH&rvm; qdkwmrsKd;txd cspfcif=uygw,f? olwdk@tcsif;csif; oHa,mZOfu axmiftjyif
txd ygvmcJhygw,f?
wifr;kd u pm;p&m&S&d if olrpm;bJ uav;awGukd au|;ovd/k uav;awGuvnf; aq;vdyv f kd

[mrsKd;u tp ol@udk tvGefpkHrufygvsuf olwkd@q&m}uD;twGuf odrf;qnf; ac|wm &Sm=uH+yD;
ay;=uygw,f? uav;awGrmS pmoifay;p&m&Sv d nf; oifay;ygw,f? qdq
k ;Hk rp&m&S&d ifvnf; qk;H r
ygw,f? uAsmpyfenf;vdk[mrsKd; oifay;ygqdkvnf; oifay;ygw,f?
ysif&d+iD;aiG@vm&if wifrdk;u ol@rdom;pkta=umif;/ ol@i,fb0rSm qif;qif;&J&J ynm&Sm
cJh&ykHta=umif;/ ol@oli,fcsif;rsm;ta=umif; ponfwdk@udk txyfxyftcgcg jyefvnf ajymjy
avh&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh uav;awGu armifomEdk;/ armifpGrf;&nf/ =unfatmif pwJh wifrdk;&JŒ
oli,fcsif;awGta=umif;udk ‘acs;cg; tlr rusef’qdkovdk od&Sd&if;ESD;ae=uygw,f? 'Dvdk od&Sdae
=uolawGxJrSm ‘wm&mrif;a0’ vnf; ygcJhygw,f?
wm&mrif;a0 axmifuvGwv f mawmh usaemfw@dk ukd pdr;f raeygb;l ? tvGe&f if;ES;D wJh OD;}uD;/
OD;av;awGvdk qufqHygw,f? ol axmifuvGwfvmawmh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;/ awmifil
aqmifa&SŒ/ awmifyEd yJM ifatmufu pmaypum;0dik ;f udk a&mufvmwwfygw,f? wifr;kd u ol@ukd
Aspaf wmuf Aspaf wmufe@J qq J &kd if; ol@ukd aygi;f ay:qGx
J ikd cf ikd ;f +yD; ayG@zufxm;ygw,f? wm&mrif;a0
&JŒykc;kH udk ar;eJ@ zdvu
kd /f udu
k vf u kd /f erf;vdu
k ef @J pum;awG ajymr0 jzpfaeygw,f? +yD;rS usaemfw@kd e@J
rdwq f ufay;ygw,f?
tu,fI wm&mrif;a0u ol@t&ifvGwfwmqdk&if usaemfhqD wm&mrif;a0 t&ifa&muf

&ygr,f? usaemfhqDudk pmta=umif;/ ayta=umif; vmajymr,f? ol&JŒ i,faygif;oli,fcsif;vdk
usaemfhta=umif;awG jyefjyefajymr,f? wcsKd@uav;awGqdk&if usaemfh&nf;pm;pmwdk@/ usaemf
arhae+yDjzpfwJh usaemfhi,fvuf&m uAsmwdk@udkawmif &Gwfjywwfygw,f? wcsKdŒudk tzGJ@vdkuf
pmoifay;&ygw,f? udk,frEdkifwJh bmom&yfudk olrsm;qDudk vdkuftyfay;&ygw,f? twef;
ratmifao;&if ratmifrjcif; oifay;zdk@ rSmygw,f?
wm&mrif;a0u usaemhef mrnfurkd w l nf+yD; rE aW v;pmayorm;awGukd uvdwhJ aqmif;yg;

wapmifa&;vdkufw,fvdk@ =um;&ygw,f? wifrdk;u wm&mrif;a0 vmawmh“acG;aumifav; æ
rif;bmodv@kd v/J vl}uD;awGukd ruvde@J æ”vd@k q+kd yD; Adu
k q
f v
JG rd yf gw,f? wm&mrif;a0u wcG;D cG;D
eJ@ oabmusaeygw,f?
tJ'Dae@rSm usaemf wuUodkvfpum;0dkif;xJuapm+yD; tjyifxGufvmawmh jynfvrf;rjzwf

tul;rSm ordkif;q&m udkat;csrf;(&cdkif) eJ@ awG@ygw,f? (udkat;csrf;u cktcg *syefrSm ordkif;
ygarmuQ a'guw f mat;csr;f jzpfaeygw,f)? udak t;csr;f eJ@Ew
_ q
f uf&if; “cifAsm; wynfh a&muf
aew,f” vdk@ owif;ay;vdkufygw,f? “b,folvJ”vdk@ oluar;awmh “wm&mrif;a0” vdk@
ajymjyvdkufygw,f? axmifxJrSm q&mat;csrf;eJ@ wm&mrif;a0 wdk@ awG@qkH&if;ESD;cJh=uw,f vdk@
usaemf odxm;&vdk@ ajymjyvdkufwmyg?
“usaemfhudk uvdwJh aqmif;yg;a&;vdk@ wJh/ q&m*srf;(wifrdk;)u qkH;raew,f”vdk@vnf;

usaemfu ajymjyvdkufygw,f? q&mat;csrf;u “atmifr,f/ 'Dtaumif aeESifhtkH;/ qkH;r&
tkH;r,f ²²” qdk+yD; olwdk@ axmifaqGrsKd;awG qkHzdk@ 0rf;yef;womeJ@ ajy;ygw,f?
r=umcif wm&mrif;a0 pmawG trsm;}uD;a&;vmwmawG@&awmh usaemfwdk@ rDatmif&Sm

rzwfEdkifawmhygbl;? wae@awmh usaemf &,f/ wifrdk; &,f/ yef;csD,Ofrif;ydkuf &,f/ ±kyf&Sif

rif;om;}uD; OD;xGef;a0tdrfudk oGm;vnf=uw,f? c&pf,mefomoemydkifcsKyf tif'±l; jr[ef
(uAsmq&m armifaygufpnf/ ref;wuUodkvf)u um;eJ@vdkufydk@wmyg? tJ'DurS ODxGef;a0udkyg
ac:+yD; yef;csD udn k Kd 0if;tdru
f kd oGm;=uygw,f? ajrmuf'*kxH u
J kd oGm;wmyg? tJ'u D rS xGuv
f m+yD;
ajrmufOuUvmvrf;qkHu pm;aomufqdkifav; 0if&atmif/ opfyiftkyfuav;eJ@ om,mw,f
qd+k yD;0if=uawmh wm&mrif;a0eJ@ rde;f uav;wa,muf at;at;aq;aq; pm;aomufz@kd xdik af e
wm awG@vu kd yf gw,f? tJ'g ole@J &cgp ZeD;yg? wifr;kd u tvsipf vdk ajy;oGm;+yD; wm&mrif;a0udk
ayG@zufE_wfqufygw,f? olwdk@ ZeD;armifESHeJ@ usaemfwdk@wzGJ@vkH;eJ@ rdwfqufay;ygw,f?
wm&rif;a0&JŒZeD;u c&pf,mefruav; vdk@qdkawmh c&pf,mefomoemydkifcsKyf}uD;jzpfol

tif'±l;jr[efu qkrGefaumif;awGawmif;+yD; qkH;rygw,f?
“igwdk@ wynfhruav;udk aumif;aumif; aygif;oif;yg? ighwynfhruav; pdwftaESmuf

t,Sufjzpfatmif rvkyfygeJ@/ vkyf&if igeJ@awG@r,f æ” ponfjzifh &,farmaemufajymif qkH;r+yD;
q&mawmfuyJ 'umcHvdkufygw,f?
tJ'Dwkef;u q&mawmfu "mwfykH±dkufay;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@wzGJ@vkH;eJ@ wm&mrif;a0

ZeD;armifESHykH usaemfhtdrfu "mwfykHt,fvfbef pmtkyfxJrSm &Sd&pfygw,f?
wm&mrif;a0&JŒzcif[m zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;wOD;vdk@

od&wJt h cg wm&mrif;a0udk pdwx f u J yd&k if;ES;D oGm;rdygw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGq&kd if
udk,fhOD;}uD; OD;av;vdkyJ cifavh&Sdygw,f? udkatmif'ifeJ@vnf; nDtudkqdkwm odvm&awmh
'Drdkua&pDrdom;pktjzpf ydkrdkoHa,mZOf wG,f&ygw,f?
e,l;a,mufrSm ‘qkHqnf;&m’ pmtkyfqdkifqdkwm &Sdygw,f? e,l;a,mufudk a&muf&SdwJh

pmayorm;wdkif; tJ'Dpmtkyfqdkifudk 0if=uygw,f? wifrdk;eJ@ usaemf a&muf&ifvnf; tJ'DrSm
wcsdefvkH; pmxdkifzwf=uygw,f? wifrdk;u pmtkyfqdkifjywif;aygufem;rSm aq;vdyfaomuf&if;
pmzwfavh&Sdygw,f? wm&mrif;a0 topfawG@&if usaemfu ol@qDoGm;ay;ygw,f?
“a&mh cifAsm;om;&JŒpm” vdk@vnf; ajymavh&Sdygw,f? wcgwav av;/ ig; tkyf ykHay;

vdkufygw,f? wifrdk;u “'Daumifa&;wmawmh topftqef;awGcsnf;yJ? bmawGrSef;vnf;
rodbl;” vdk@ qdkavh&Sdygw,f? “awmfawmfa&;EdkifwJh aumif” vdk@vnf; tjrJ rSwfcsufcsygw,f?
rsm;vGe;f vd@k usaemfvnf; pkaH tmif rzwfEifkd yf g? ckawmh wm&mrif;a0vnf; uG,v f eG &f mS +yD?
ol@arG;pm;tazvnf; uG,v f eG cf &hJ mS yg+y?D axmifu tv#Kvd #Kxd u
G v f m=uwJh vli,fawG[m wcsKŒd
u pmayorm; r[kwf=uyg? wifrdk;eJ@awG@+yD; uAsmawG/ pmawG a&;csifpdwfay:vm+yD; ckqdk&if
axmifxu G pf ma&;q&mav;awG&ŒJ pmawGukd vdu k zf wfv@kd rqk;H Edik yf g? jynfwiG ;f rSm a&;cGihf r&Syd g?
pmtkyfxkwfcGifhvnf; r&Sdyg? jynfyrSm a&;=u/ xkwf=uvdk@ zwf&ygw,f?
wm&mrif;a0eJ@ wifrdk;wdk@&JŒ pmaytkyfpk[m axmifxJrSm b,fvdkaecJh=uygovJ? b,fvdk

pmayqnf;yl;=uygovJ? okawoe ðy=u&ygvrd rhf ,f? wm&mrif;a0&JŒpmawGuv kd nf; jyefvnf
pkpnf; zwf±_+yD; ol@pmayt,ltq/ ol@ta&;tom;udk avhvm+yD; pmwrf;a&;=u&ygvdrfhr,f?
ol@pmtrsK;d tpm;[m acwfwacwfjzpfcw hJ ,fv@kd xifygw,f? ol@pmtrsK;d tpm;rSm ol[m v$r;f rd;k
cJhw,fvdk@vnf; em;vnfxm;ygw,f? wae@awmh wuUodkvfu pmwrf;zwfygvdrfhr,f?
usaemf pdw0f ifpm;wmuawmh wm&mrif;a0 tygt0if axmifwiG ;f pmayvli,frsm;[m

olw@kd pmayb0udk b,fvðkd ypkysK;d axmifc=hJ uygovJ? wifr;kd wd@k v/kd OD;0if;wifw@kd vdk vl}uD;awGu
b,fvdktcef;u ygcJh=uygovJ?
tJ'D 2 csufudk pdwf0ifpm;ygw,f? ?
(Zlvdkif 17/ 2009)

88 xJu wa,muf
armif7pf
1988 ta&;awmfykHrSm tvGefi,f&G,f/ Eke,fwJh ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m ppfvufeuf

tjynfhtpkH/ &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_ urf;ukefwJh ppftm%m&SifawGudkzDqefvdk@ awmfvSefcJh=uyg
w,f? tJonf vufeufrJhawmfvSefa&;rSm rdbjynfolawG[m v_dif;vkH;rsm;ozG,f w0kef;0kef;eJ@
xºuGvmcJh=uw,f? ,cktcsdeftxd ppftm%m&Sifvufatmufu vGwfajrmufzdk@ pcJh=u&wJh
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ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m a&mufwahJ e&mu csucf si;f udk rwfrwfx&yfv@kd usaemfw@kd &JabmfawG
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vdkufygw,f? 2007 =o*wfpf 5/ ol uG,fvGefcsdefuwnf;u pDpOfzdk@qü&SdcJhayr,fh ta=umif;
trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh wm0efrauscJhyg? ckawmh xkwfa0jzpfyg+yD?
wm&mrif;a0 udk cspfwJhvlawG&Sd=uovdk rkef;wJhvlawGvnf; &Sd=urSmyg? ol@udk owd&

ae=uwJhvlawG&Sdovdk arhaysmufxm;csifwJhvlawGvnf; &Sd=urSmyg? ol[m vltm;vkH;twGuf
wm0efausEikd cf ohJ rl [kww
f m aocsmygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@a=umifh emusicf &hJ olawGawmh odwf
rsm;rsm; &Srd ,frxifyg? ol[m ol@udk rke;f wJv
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yg? ol@udk cspfwJhvlawGtwGuf 'Dpmtkyfuav;[m tvGrf;ajyp&m jzpfygvdrfhr,f? ol@a=umifh
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wifyg&ap? pmtkyfjzpfajrmufatmif zGJ@pnf;jyifqifay;wJh udkarmif&pf/ udkOD;/ roœm eJ@ rdk;rc
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rdk;v_difn/ udkòz; wdk@&J@ uAsmrsm;twGufvnf; cGifhðycsuf rawmif;EdkifcJhyg?
wm&mrif;a0&JŒ aemufqkH;tcsdefawGrSm teD;uyfapmifha&SmufcJh+yD; psmye tpDtpOf vSy

atmif 0dik ;f 0ef;cJ=h uwJh oli,fcsi;f rsm;tm;vk;H udv
k nf; txl;yJ aus;Zl;wif vGr;f qGwrf yd gw,f?
tawmfrsm;rsm;[m rw&m;ojzifh tusO;f cscaH e=u&wmrd@k olw@kd tusO;f axmifrsm;u tjrefq;Hk
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ol csex
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1? rdk;rc a&'D,dk = wifrdk;eJŒ 12 v&moD cHpm;r+rsm;/ toHoGif;tifwmAsL; pkpnf;r+rsm;/ 2004

2? rdk;rc a&'D,dk = 2004 ckESpf tywfpOf tpDtpOfrsm; toHzdkifaygif;csKyf/ 2005
3? Zm*em = oD;av;oD;eJŒ aq;a&mifpkHt_idrfh = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2006
4? rdk;rc rD'D,m = vpOfowif;v$mrsm; 2006 aygif;csKyf = yD'Dtufzf pD'D/ 2007
5? Zm*em = 1990 o}uFef oHcsyfrsm; = pD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2007
6? 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH "mwfykHrSwfwrf;rsm; = yD'Dtufzf pD'D/ 2007
7? 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH trSwfw& aw;oDcsif;/ uAsm rSwfwrf;rsm; = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2007
8? uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 1 v jynfh/ zvfrD;tdrfodkŒ tvGrf;pm pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2007
9? uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 6 v jynfh/ pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ txdrf;trSwf = pmtkyf/ 2007
10? rdk;rc rD'D,m = a-u;rkH OD;aomif; (atmifAv) uG,fvGefjcif;/ trSwfw& pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2008
11? oD;av;oD;eJŒ aq;a&mifpkH t_idrfh/ uefawmf}uD; ar#mfpifu|ef;yGJ 2007 = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2008
12? rdk;rc rD'D,m = a':atmifqef;pk-unf 63 ESpfajrmufarG;aeŒyGJ a':rmrmat; *k%fðytpDtpOf = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2008
13? rdk;rc rD'D,m = [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif ESifh pme,fZif;aqmif;yg;rsm; = pmtkyf/ 2008
14? rdk;rc rD'D,m = rmrmat; azmif;a';&Sif;&efyHkaiG = oDcsif;pD'D = 2008
(trsKd;om;a&;oDcsif;opfrsm; ESifh EdkifiHawmfoDcsif; jyefvnfxkwfazmfr+)
,ck
15? rdk;rc rD'D,m = wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2009
qufoG,f&ef = rdk;rc a&'D,dk eJŒ rD'D,m/ pmwkdufaowWmtrSwf 320=207

qefz&efppPudkòrdŒ/ u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;/ ,ltufpfat/ 94132=0207/
tifwmeufvdyfpm = rdk;rc a'ghuGef;

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