Malaysia Information Paper

st
The 21 ASEAN Cocoa Club (ACC) Meeting
25-26 April 2018
Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

AGENDA 14.1.1: PROGRESS REPORT ON THE TRIALS ON SELECTED COCOA

PROGENY IN SELECTED ASEAN REGION

YIELD PERFORMANCE, BEAN QUALITY TRAITS AND VSD DISEASE

TOLERANCE OF CACAO PROGENIES IN MALAYSIA

HAYA RAMBA, Nuraziawati, M.Y., Aizat, J. And Albert, L.

Malaysian Cocoa Board, Wisma SEDCO, Lorong Plaza Wawasan, Off Coastal Highway
88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The trial was established in April 2006 under the ASEAN Cocoa Club Joint Project. Two
institutions involved in this project are the Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB), Malaysia and
Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Indonesia. The objective of the
trial is to produce hybrids population which possesses good yield, flavor and acceptable
bean characteristics. In Malaysia, the progenies were planted in random complete block
(RCBD) design with 4 replications of 20 trees per plot by the spacing of 3m x 3m at the
Cocoa Research and Development Center (CRDC) Madai, Sabah. Ten (10) progenies were
obtained from ICCRI Indonesia, which included ICS60 X KW162, TSH858 X KW162, KW162
X KW163, ICS60 X KEE2, ICS60 X KW163, TSH858 X KEE2, TSH858 X KW163, TSH858 X
KW165, KW162 X KW165 and KW162 X KEE2 were evaluated against control progeny
(UIT1 x NA33).

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2.0 PROGRESS AND RESULTS OF THE HYBRIDS EVALUATION

2.1 Yield

a. Pod Yield Per Tree

Throughout 10 years of trial (2008 to 2017), top six progenies that produced higher pod
yield per tree are KW162 X KW163, KW162 X KEE2, ICS60 X KW162, KW162 X KW165,
UIT1 X NA33 (C) and TSH858 X KW162. KW162 X KW163 produced the highest average
pod yield per tree (7.16) followed by the KW162 X KEE2 (6.85), ICS60 X KW162 (6.46),
KW162 X KW165 (5.76), UIT1 X NA33 (5.64) and TSH858 X KW162 (4.49). Figure 1 showed
the trend of top six progenies with higher pod yield per tree from 2008 to 2017.

Figure 1: Six progenies with higher average pod yield per tree from 2008 to 2017

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 The ANOVA analysis on pod yield per tree showed the interaction between progeny and
year is not significant at 5% level which meant the progenies performances are consistent
throughout the years (Table 1). Comparison among progenies for pods yield per tree
showed progenies KW162 X KW163, KW162 X KEE2, ICS60 X KW162, KW162 X KW165
and TSH858 X KW162 and UIT1 X NA33 are significantly higher pod yield per tree
compared to ICS60 X KEE2, TSH858 X KEE2, TSH858 X KW165, ICS60 X KW163 and TSH858
X KW163 at confidence level of 95% (Table 2).

Table 1: ANOVA test on pod yield per tree of 11 progenies from year 2008 to 2017.
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr > F
Progeny 10 35.79 3.58 7.96 <.0001
Year 9 172.56 19.17 42.64 <.0001
Progeny*Year 90 50.21 0.56 1.24 0.0904
Error 330 148.40 0.45
Note: d.f. – Degree of freedom

Table 2: Average pods yields per tree of 11 progenies from year 2008 to 2017.
Progenies Mean ± Standard error*
KW162 X KW163 7.16 ± 1.01a
KW162 X KEE2 6.85 ± 0.75a
ICS60 X KW162 6.46 ± 1.01ab
KW162 X KW165 5.76 ± 0.84abc
UIT1 X NA33 (C) 5.64 ± 0.70abc
TSH858 X KW162 4.49 ± 0.55bcd
ICS60 X KEE2 4.26 ± 0.86de
TSH858 X KEE2 4.14 ± 0.77de
TSH858 X KW165 4.06 ± 0.49cde
ICS60 X KW163 3.54 ± 0.55de
TSH858 X KW163 3.15 ± 0.60e
* Prior to the analysis of variance, the pod yield per tree (PYT) is transformed using SQRT(X+0.5) to
normalize the variance. Mean in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the
5% level with Duncan’s Multiple Range test (DMRT).

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 b. Dry Bean Yield

Top six progenies that produced higher average dry bean yield are KW162 X KW163,
KW162 X KEE2, ICS60 X KW162, UIT1 X NA33 (C), TSH858 X KW165 and KW162 X KW165.
KW162 X KW163 produced the highest average dry bean yield (221.77kg/ha) followed by
the KW162 X KEE2 (216.04kg/ha), ICS60 X KW162 (179.41kg/ha), UIT1 X NA33
(169.75kg/ha), TSH858 X KW165 (167.19kg/ha), KW162 X KW165 (158.84kg/ha). Figure 2
showed the trend of top six progenies with higher dry bean yield from 2008 to 2017.

Figure 2: Six progenies with higher average dry bean yield from 2008 to 2017

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 The ANOVA analysis on dry bean yield showed the interaction between progeny and year
is not significant at 5% level which meant the progenies performance are consistent
throughout the years (Table 3). Comparison among progenies for dry bean yield showed
progenies KW162 X KW163, KW162 X KEE2, ICS60 X KW162 and UIT1 X NA33 are
significantly higher dry bean yield compared to TSH858 X KW165, KW162 X KW165,
TSH858 X KW162, TSH858 X KEE2, ICS60 X KEE2, ICS60 X KW163 and TSH858 X KW163 at
confidence level of 95% (Table 4).

Table 3: ANOVA test on dry bean yield of 11 progenies from year 2008 to 2017.
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr > F
Progeny 10 35.79 3.58 7.96 <.0001
Year 9 172.56 19.17 42.64 <.0001
Progeny*Year 90 50.21 0.56 1.24 0.0904
Error 330 148.40 0.45
Note: d.f. – Degree of freedom

Table 4: Dry bean yield of 11 progenies from year 2008 to 2017.

Progenies Mean ± Standard error*
KW162 X KW163 221.77 ± 32.92a
KW162 X KEE2 216.04 ± 22.44a
ICS60 X KW162 179.41 ± 27.35ab
UIT1 X NA33 169.75 ± 19.31ab
TSH858 X KW165 167.19 ± 19.73cde
KW162 X KW165 158.84 ± 20.33cde
TSH858 X KW162 148.67 ± 17.88cde
TSH858 X KEE2 138.96 ± 22.83de
ICS60 X KEE2 131.06 ± 25.13de
ICS60 X KW163 112.03 ± 16.02de
TSH858 X KW163 91.13 ± 14.28e
* Prior to the analysis of variance, the dry bean yield (DBY) is transformed using SQRT(X+0.5) to normalize
the variance. Mean in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level
with Duncan’s Multiple Range test (DMRT).

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 c. Pod and bean characteristics

The pod and bean characteristics analysis on 11 progenies showed that all of the
progenies indicated pod value more than 25 pods to produce 1kg of dry cocoa beans
(Table 5). Progeny TSH858 X KW165 has the least PV compared to others with 27 pods.
The high PV might be reflected by small bean size from most of the progenies. Only
TSH858 X KW162 possesses bean size above 1.0g. The progeny of KW162 X KW165 shows
the highest bean number per pod (55 beans) followed by ICS60 X KW163 (54 pods)
compared to others. Progeny KW162 X KW165 has the highest percentage of shell
content with 21.80% followed by TSH858 X KW163 (19.33%) and ICS60 X KW162 with
18.95%. KW162 X KW163 indicated the highest BCR with 36.59% followed by TSH858 X
KW162 (34%).

Table 5: The pod and bean characteristics of 11 progenies observed in 2017.

PROGENIES PV ABW BNP SC BCR

ICS60 X KW162 40.83 0.57 43.00 17.30 27.21
TSH858 X KW162 31.80 1.12 37.30 16.70 34.00
KW162 X KW163 40.40 0.85 31.45 15.63 36.59
ICS60 X KEE2 34.52 0.87 39.40 16.23 30.61
ICS60 X KW163 39.82 0.90 53.65 17.32 25.71
TSH858 X KEE2 33.94 0.87 45.99 15.49 30.75
TSH858 X KW163 41.77 0.93 34.97 19.33 30.17
TSH858 X KW165 26.56 0.91 41.25 15.47 28.15
KW162 X KW165 50.90 0.56 55.00 21.80 26.50
KW162 X KEE2 38.00 0.83 42.41 17.31 29.66
UIT1 X NA33 39.48 0.74 42.06 17.81 26.94
Note: PV- Pod Value, ADW - Average dry bean weight (g); BNP - Bean number per pod; SC
- Shell content (%);BCR - Bean conversion ratio (%)

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2.2 Vascular Streak Dieback Disease (VSD) Assessment

The VSD assessment was conducted in April 2014, April 2015, October 2015, April 2016,
August 2016, April 2017 and September 2017. The statistical analysis on VSD scoring
showed consistent in their performance against VSD throughout five assessments with no
interaction observed between progenies and assessment meanwhile there are significant
differences at 5% level among the progenies in terms of level of tolerant towards VSD in
seven assessments done (Table 6).

Comparison among progenies for VSD assessment showed progenies KW162 X KW163
and KW162 X KEE2 are significantly tolerant towards VSD compared to KW162 X KW165,
TSH858 X KEE2, UIT1 X NA33, TSH858 X KW165, TSH858 X KW162, ICS60 X KW162, ICS60
X KW163, TSH858 X KW163 and ICS60 X KEE2 at confidence level of 95% (Table 7).

Table 6: Results of ANOVA on progenies assessment against VSD.

Source DF Sum of square Mean square F value Pr > F

Progeny 10 0.33 0.033 3.17 0.0008
Assessment 6 1.646 0.274 26.38 <.0001
Progeny*Assessment 60 0.456 0.008 0.73 0.924
Error 231 2.402 0.01
Note: d.f. – Degree of freedom

Table 7: Assessment of VSD of 11 progenies from year 2008 to 2017.

Progenies Mean ± Standard error*

KW162 X KW163 2.258 ± 0.06b
KW162 X KEE2 2.279 ± 0.079b
KW162 X KW165 2.443 ± 0.053a
TSH858 X KEE2 2.443 ± 0.077a
UIT1 X NA33 2.483 ± 0.069a
TSH858 X KW165 2.486 ± 0.072a

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 TSH858 X KW162 2.496 ± 0.059a
ICS60 X KW162 2.498 ± 0.087a
ICS60 X KW163 2.528 ± 0.067a
TSH858 X KW163 2.545 ± 0.089a
ICS60 X KEE2 2.612 ± 0.067a
* Prior to the analysis of variance, assessment VSD is transformed using SQRT(X) to normalize the variance.
Mean in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level with Duncan’s
Multiple Range test (DMRT)..

First assessment on 11 progenies gave the range between 2.62 to 3.09, second
assessment has the range between 2.13 to 2.64 while third assessment has the range
between 2.25 to 2.75, fourth assessment has the range between 2.37 to 2.84, fifth
assessment has the range between 1.76 to 2.34, sixth assessment has the range between
2.25 to 2.72 and seventh assessment has the range between 2.08 to 2.61 (Figure 3) which
were categorized as moderate tolerant. Overall assessment from 2014 to 2017, three
progenies with the lowest VSD scores are TSH858 X KW162 (2.26) followed by KW162 X
KEE2 (2.28) and KW162 X KW165 (2.44).

Figure 3: Comparison of VSD scoring for 11 progenies in three assessments done

in year 2014 to 2017.

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3.0 Conclusion

The progenies KW162 X KW163 and KW162 X KEE2 were the most productive among
those tested in this trial. These progenies also possessed the lowest VSD scores towards
the VSD disease compared to other progenies.

The next step of this breeding programme is to select an individual tree focusing on high
yield potential, good flavour, and acceptable bean characteristics and tolerant to VSD
disease.

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