Kasaysayan 1 Questions 27/11/18 1:13 PM

Ganito kami noon, Paano kayo ngayon:

• What were the definitions of “Filipino” at the end of the 19th
century? Why did different definitions exist?
o 2 Main Definitions
§ Spanish people born in the PH
§ Revolutionaries:
ú Basis of legitimacy
ú To be a Filipino, have a civic duty: obligation to
work for the betterment of the country
Malolos Republic:
• What was the Malolos Republic?
o Generally:
§ What is it
§ Achievements
ú Ratified declaration of independence at Kawit,
Cavite on June 12, 1898
ú Passage of a law to borrow 20 million from banks
for government expenses
ú Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de
Filipinas and other schools
ú Drafting of PH Constitution
• Representative form of government
• Detailed Bill of Rights
• Separation of Church and State
• Dominance of a single-chamber legislative
branch over the executive and judiciary
ú Declaring war on US on June 12, 1899
o Specifically:
§ Similarities with our current government
1. Separation of Church and State
2. Powers were not vested in one individual (in any
branch)
§ Differences (all referring to before)
1. Superiority of Legislative Branch
i. Before
1. Assembly of Representatives elected
 a. President
b. Chief Justice
2. Cabinet answered to Assembly, not
President
ii. Now: 3 Branches are equal
2. Unicameral Legislature
i. Before: Unicameral
1. Assembly of reps
2. One house performing legislative
tasks
ii. Now: Bicameral
1. Senate (upper chamber)
2. House of Representatives (lower
chamber)
3. In terms of Cabinet
i. Before
1. Secretaries
2. Interior
3. Foreign Affairs
4. Finance
5. Justice
6. Welfare
ii. After: Many (agrarian reform, agriculture,
budget and management, education, finance,
finance, foreign affairs, health information
and communications technology, justice,
labor and employment)
• What were its aims?
1. To anchor the country in democracy through promulgation of a
constitution rooted in democratic principles (a nation by and for
the Filipinos)
2. To recognize the country as a sovereign nation and reject the
legitimacy of any colonial authorities of the Spanish empire,
and eventually the American colonizers
3. To serve the interest of the Filipinos, while subsequently
promoting and maintaining peace and order
 4. To establish a Filipino state with a government that is “popular,
representative, and responsible”
5. To continue the struggle for true independence and
international recognition as a country that processes so
• Do you think the Republic succeeded in its goals? Why or why not?
FAILED
1. Even if it presented itself as a legitimate government, didn’t
succeed because of American intervention.
2. Betrayal of the “haves” or the elite (State and Society) - aka
national disunity
§ Who:
ú Intellectuals
ú Wealthy Filipinos and Spanish mestizos
§ Examples:
ú Death of Antonio Luna
ú Lack of funds and military training of
revolutionaries
ú Patronage, favoritism Aguinaldo showed for
Caviteños
ú The “haves” only joined those who revolted after
the defeat of Spanish armada in May 1, 1898 (and
became/went FOR revolutionaries)
3. Aguinaldo’s tolerance of and innocent faith in military men
§ Afraid that punishment = rebellion
§ Example: No documents: punishment towards death /
killing of Antonio Luna

Millenarian Movements during the American Period:

• What were the examples of so-called “millenarian movements”
during the American colonial period?
1. The Brotherhood of the Great Sodality of the Glorious Lord
Saint Joseph and the Virgin of the Rosary of Apolinario dela
Cruz
§ Came to be when dela Cruz was rejected to be a priest.
2. Santa Iglesia of Felipe Salvador
§ Militant religious cult centered in Mount Arayat
 § Formed when Felipe Salvador (Apo Ipe) fled to the
mountains when the army surrendered to the
Americans
3. Tagalog Republic of Macario Sakay
§ One of the leaders of the Katipunan that was jailed
early in the Philippine-American war but was later
release in an amnesty.
§ Formed when Sakay went to the mountains along with
other Katipuneros
§ Effort by veterans to form a radical wing of the Partido
nacionalista
• Why did such social phenomena arise?
o International context: Great Depression (1930’s)
o Local context
§ Local politics in PH brought about by AM sponsorship
ú National politics brought by AM
ú First time local officials met in the PH Assembly
ú Formal platform of politics (like a boxing ring)
§ Underneath: another kind of politics
ú Gauged own futures respective of what’s
happening around them (e.g. socially)
ú Marginalized countered the formal platform of
politics à they could still chart their own
“afterlife”
§ Beginning: only sphere of politics where Filipinos can do
politics
§ Later: Legislative, Executive, Judiciary process of
Filipinization
• What were their aims?
o Partido Nacionalista
§ Sakay: This was to be a legal running political party
whose primary goal and aim being Kalayaan
[independence]
o Sakay: Defend the First Republic even after the capture of
Pres. Aguinaldo in 1901
• Extra: how were the radical impulses neutralized?
 o Early elections
§ Channel nationalist sentiment away from embattled
Katipunan to a state-sponsored electoral process
§ ALSO: served the colonial state-Filipino elite alliance
o Public school system
§ Satisfied popular demand felt by lower classes
§ ALSO:
ú electoral process was dominated by Nacionalistas
ú mass education would inculcate the merits of
“benevolent assimilation”

Economic Policies of the Post-War Philippines:

• What were the Bell Trade Act and the Laurel-Langley Agreement?
o Bell Trade Act
§ Tydings-McDuffie Law is signed on March 24, 1934.
Tydings-McDuffie Law provides for the establishment of
the Commonwealth Government for a period of ten
years (March 24, 1944) in preparation for
independence.
ú The Philippines was already independent after
World War 2.
ú USA offered to help fix the damages from the war
by offering the Bell Trade Act, or Philippine Trade
Act of 1946.
ú US will give the Philippines $620 million for
rehabilitation funds from WW2
ú $420 million - compensation for property damage
ú $120 million - reconstruction of roads and
highways for transportation
ú $100 million - additional budget for the military
§ Several conditions of the Bell Trade Act:
ú Parity rights - granting US citizens and
corporations rights to Philippine natural resources
equal to those of Filipino citizen (against 1935
Philippine Constitution, prompting them to
amend the constitution)
 ú Military Bases Agreement - signed on January 21,
1948, set for 99 years and later amended to 25
years, dictates that USA has a lease (rent) on
Philippine military and naval bases and that the
two are obligated to help each other in case of a
foreign military attack
ú Exchange rate is 2:1 US dollar to Philippine Peso
ú Free trade
• Dictionary: international trade without
tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions
• Set for 8 years (1946-1954)
• Example of products: sugar from sugar
canes and cordages like ropes, strings and
yarns
• Not equal (US enjoys free trade, Philippines
does not)
• “... the total amount of all Philippine sugars
which, in any calendar year, may be
entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, in
the United States for consumption, shall
not exceed 952,000 short tons...”
• Products of the Philippines with quota are
sugar, cordage, rice, cigar, tobacco,
coconut oil and buttons of pearl or shell
§ Manuel L. Roxas proposed the agreement and it was
sponsored by Senator Milland Tydings. The House of
Ways and Means Committee of the United States said
that Tydings is not a supporter of Philippine
Independence. Though the current Philippine
government was aware of this, they decided to move
along with what America proposed. This was because of
the possible advantages of gaining American political
and military support which would possibly help the
Philippines get back on its feet after the devastating
effects of the war.
 § Conclusion - Philippines may be free but the economy is
still in the grasp of US
o Laurel-Langley
§ An amendment to the Bell Trade Act
§ Signed in 1955 and expired in 1974
§ Said to be designed to make the economic relations of
US and Philippines better
§ Changes
ú Fixed exchange rate was dropped
ú Prohibition of the Philippines from making export
tariffs was dropped
ú Philippine investors can now also invest in
American businesses (In the Philippine economy,
Americans are treated as equal to the Filipinos)
• Why were they important in the history of postwar Philippines?
• To what extent did they improve the overall Philippine economic
conditions?
o The overall effect of the two laws is that they helped the
Philippine economy short-term but not long-term.
o The Bell Trade Act and the Laurel-Langley Agreement helped
the economy of the Philippines by ensuring a stable market
for Philippine exports on a short-term basis.
§ The improvement on the Philippine manufacturing
sector that the country had
o undergone by then was due to internal policies of the
government.
§ The help these two laws provided extends only to the
recovery efforts after the war.
§ It was not the whole Filipino people who benefitted from
these two laws, but the filipino investors who had the
means to invest in US businesses.
§ The people who benefited the most to these
agreements were the Americans and Filipino investors,
since the agreement gave the citizens of either
countries to engage in business activities of the other
country on a reciprocal level.
 § Started to weaken locally-owned companies as there is
a surplus of American goods making it cheaper than
local goods.
o Sir:
§ Neocolonialism (the use of economic, political, cultural,
or other pressures to control or influence other
countries, especially former dependencies)
§ Despite formal PH independence, politically, AM
controlled economically
§ Good short run, bad long run
ú PH second to Japan
ú could purchase American products BUT could not
export for long-run benefit)
• Sugar, tobacco, coffee à enter US, not
desired in world market
ú BAD: Could not diversity trade and could not stray
from primary products

Opposition to the Philippine Gov’t:

• What were the aims of the “Huk rebellion”, the Partido Komunista
ng Pilipinas (PKP) and the Communist Party of the Philippines
(CPP)? What were their respective ideologies? – see reviewer
• To what extent were they successful in carrying out their
objectives?
o SUCCESSFUL: longest insurgency in the world
o UNSUCCESSFUL: did not get hold of the government
§ PKP failed
1. Overestimated its own strength and commitment
• Though JPN occupation+ gov’t and landlord
assaults made people loyal à NO
• Peasants
o Different notions of “socialism”
o Their “economistic” perspective vs
“proletarian” perspective
o Didn’t believe in armed struggle
 2. Failed to refine military coordination between
armed struggle in the countryside + labor
movement in cities
3. AFP improved
• Under American assistance
• Better equipment, military aid boosted
morale, improved training
• Captured the top members of PKP Politburo
à AFP changed for the better
4. Importance of migration
• More complex political networks
• Included Huk-influenced areas à pacified
and eased pressure on politically explosive
areas
5. EDCOR (Economic Development Corporation
Project) – Ex. Huks could be relocated to Lanao
del Sur and Cotabato
• Alternative to rebellion
• Chance to own land
• Way out of poverty

Movements vs. Marcos Regime:

• How did various sectors of society resist the Marcos regime?
o Activists
§ Activism
§ Mobilization and organization / protests and street
actions →"underground
§ activism" / "tibak"
o Students
§ Underground Organizations
§ ○ Ex. student organizations that they called
“pangmasang organisasyon,” or “organizations for the
masses.”
• Give concrete examples of resistance carried out in the cities and
rural areas. How did the Marcos regime counter such resistance?
1. First Quarter Storm
 § January 26, 1970
ú during State of the Nation address
ú 20 000 to 50 000 students staged a
ú protest in front of the building of Congress
ú Led by Edgar Jopson, president of the National
Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP)
ú Goal: demand a “nonpartisan Constitutional
Convention in 1971”
ú One of the major events marking the beginning of
the First Quarter Storm
§ February 12 and 18, 1970
ú Rally at Plaza Miranda (Feb 12), followed by
march to the Embassy (Feb 18)
§ March 30, 1970
ú People's March (walked for about six hours to the
US embassy)
2. The Fight of the New People’s Army
§ Communist guerilla army founded in 1969
§ Led by Bernabe Buscayano “Commander Dante”
§ Goal: to have a working class lead the country and
eradicate western imperialist interventions
§ started guerrilla warfare against the regime of the late
President Ferdinand Marcos, slaying government
officials and ambuscading army troop
§ President Marcos used the NPA as a front for declaring
Martial Law in order to crush political opponents, as well
as armed movements such as the NPA
3. Contributions of the Catholic Church and Religious Movement
§ an advocate of non-violence Catholic Church released
letters addressed to the government—
§ February 1983: "A Dialogue for Peace"
ú accusing the government of “widespread
violations of civil liberties and economic
mismanagement compounded by massive
corruption”
§ November 1983: "Reconciliation Today"
 ú how Christian love has the power to reform the
corrupt political system and that reconciliation
was essential in order to gain real social change
§ Radio Veritas
ú Roman Catholic radio station
ú regarded as the communication nexus of the
rebellion but it was not considered that powerful
a tool because it favored reconciliation with the
government
§ Aksyon Para sa Kapayapaan at Katarungan
ú promote non-violence through seminars
§ The Catholic Church had “hand-picked the opposition
candidates, fielded a half-million people to oversee the
elections, set up an anti-Marcos radio station and
weekly journal, castigated the government from the
pulpit, ardently prayed for its downfall, and sheltered its
enemies.”
4. MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front)
§ Students and politicians
§ Instantly mobilized when Martial Law was declared
§ A vanguard movement to create a Bangsa Moro Re-
publik (Moro National Republic) consisting of
ú Mindanao,
ú the Sulu archipelago, and
ú Palawan Island
§ War
ú The MNLF war (1973–1977) caused the death of
more than thirteen thousand people and forced
more than a million to flee their homes.
ú At the war’s height, the dictatorship spent about
$1 million a day containing the rebellion
§ Disunity
ú Military leaders
• lacked combat experience and
• suffered major battlefield losses,
 • split along ethnic lines (Tausug versus
Maguindanao) over tactical issues
ú Politician allies
• Began to defect
• Making separate peace pacts with Marcos
• Presenting themselves as a “moderate
alternative” to the revolutionary Moro
nationalists
5. CPP
§ Increased in strength as Marcos declined
§ Ordered its cadres to create autonomous, regional, self-
sustaining organizations across the archipelago (not
just one mountain unlike before à mistake)
§ Organized
ú Regional bodies à training grounds for successor
leaders(some were imprisoned like Sison)
§ Fastest growth in areas where the military’s presence
led to human rights violations
§ Members
ú Students, labor organizers, and peasants detained
without due process and tortured, whose houses
were burned, who were brutalized, whose family
members were killed on suspicion of being NPA
supporters—all these found their way into “the
movement.”
6. The People Power Revolution
§ February 7, 1986: Snap Elections
ú Marcos declared himself victor
ú prove to the Americans that there is still a
democratic system in the society wherein he was
deemed worthy to govern the people
§ This caused major doubt and confusion among Filipinos
to the point that there was an increase in protest and
rallies
ú Reformed Armed Forces Movement, decided to
hold a coup against the regime
 ú Marcos found out, thereby forcing Enrile and
Ramos to go into hiding in Camp Crame.
§ call to action by Cardinal Sin
ú ■ Crowds gathered in EDSA, but unharmed
(military against Marcos too)
§ Marcos fled to the United States

EDSA People Power 1986:

• What precipitated the EDSA revolution?
• Why is it a major turning point in Philippine history?
• To what extent did it succeed or failed in its objectives?
o SUCCEEDED
§ Freedom and Democracy
ú “Full Democratic Restoration”
• Passage of Republic Act 7160 – Local Gov’t
Code 1991 – to reinvigorate local
governance
o FAILED
§ Poverty and income disparity
ú 40% of income laid in richest 10%
§ Structural and political remnants
ú Traditional politicians (trapos)
• Forged alliances with (non-governmental
orgs) NGOs and (people’s orgs) POs à
tactical aliances
§ Economy-wise
ú Had to pay for lots of debt
ú Could not address social welfare problems,
infrastructure needs, rehabilitation
ú 1991 – economy entered a recession from which
it did not emerge until 1994
• If not for $4billion remitted by OFWs + rise
in foreign and domestic investment à
balance of payments and trade deficit may
have destabilized Aquino’s gov’t
Documentary + others:
• Why was Martial Law detrimental to PH economy?
1. Agrarian land reform
o Highlighted the socioeconomic, legal and coercive power of
the landlord class
§ Non-rice lands were exempt from the reform à
landlords ordered tenants to change crops
§ Land worked by wage labor was exempt à many
tenants were fired to be replaced by hired workers à
more landless peasants
§ Poor land title records + corruption à allowed the
backdated division of legal ownership to bring holdings
below the 7-hectare cutoff
§ Less tenant participation !!!
ú intimidation +
ú cutting off access to irrigation
o Lasting economic benefits – X
§ Tenants
ú Participating tenants only received a 15 year
leasehold (mortgage > real ownership / land
deed)
ú Terms of household not better than those of
tenancy
§ Class differentiation within peasantry
ú Wealthy peasants – had stronger ownership now
• Even if buying and selling of Certs of Land
Transfer wasn’t allowed
ú Aim to create more security for farmers –
backfired – side effects increased number of
landless laborers à most vulnerable of rural
poor
2. Construction boom
o Total construction expenditures rose from 21% to 40% to
43%
o Many gov’t buildings were overdesigned by Asia’s standards
 o Many projects were to showcase the achievements of the New
Society
§ San Juanico bridge – connected Imelda Marcos’ home of
Leyte to neighboring Samar Island
§ PH Heart Center diverted funds from badly needed
primary health care
3. Ability to borrow money to spur development
§ World Bank and International Monetary Fund
ú Aided by --- we only have a modest economic
growth)
ú Encouraged commercial leaders and private
investors to put faith in the stability and
investment-friendly environment of the country
since Sept 1972
§ Kept borrowing
ú Even when oil-induced recession in the
industrialized world lowered demand for PH
exports à dollar reserves and balance of
payments to fall
§ Public debt accumulated
ú $2.6 billion à $10.5 billion à $25 billion – one of
top 10 most indebted countries in developing
world
ú International lending agencies kept credit lines
open à scared economy would collapse
ú Private credit institutions à attracted by high
interest rates they could impose on gov’t
§ Way money was spent on
ú Bankrupt gov’t entities
ú Structures not income generating
• Monuments
• Gov’t buildings
• Bridges of love
ú Oversized - Bataan export processing zone and
nuclear power plant which never functioned
 ú Sugar mills, hotels à merely enlarged industries
that catered to a volatile market

• Why are the Americans so important?

o What was the context?
§ Aim: Limit communism – needed to support strong
leaders no matter what the ideology
§ Military: The PH had the biggest PH military bases –
Subic, Clark

Worksheet 3
• What were the key changes in national politics during this period?
o Sir
§ Americans: created national platform for FIL
participants to engage in politics
§ Spaniards: only local level
o National politics thrived during the American period
o Elite Democracy

• To what extent was Manuel Quezon crucial in the making of the

Philippine state during this period?
o Sir
§ Had American backing à as important as American
ambition
o American backing + personality/wit = successful politician

• Were the Americans supportive of a Filipino-led government?

o HISTORICIZE: Make a timeline: when did they support/ what
perod
o Republicans (always supported) or Democrats (pushed for PH
independence)
o Benevolent Assimilation

o Own
§ Democrats à wanted self-government sooner
ú Timeline:
• Woodrow Wilson (won as president)
• Harrison
o broadened Filipino power,
§ giving the Nacionalistas a free
hand in determining local and
provincial appointments
o raised no objection when the
Assembly claimed the right to compel
executive officials to testify and
submit documents.
o Nor did he oppose the Assembly’s
appropriation of the right to
determine budgetary allocations.
o implementing the transfer of authority
from the U.S. Army to civilian Filipino
officials à ended a decade of parallel
state building
o Effects:
§ “there were 2,623 Americans in
the insular ser- vice, with 147 of
them in major positions
(assistant bureau chief or
higher, judges, provincial
governors, or lieutenant
governors) . . . [while] there
were only 859 Filipinos in
insular service holding high
office, and 1,080 in classified
services.”
o U.S. Congress (1916)
§ Stamp of approval for
Filipinization through Philippine
Autonomy Act OR Jones Law
ú “placed in the hands of
the people of the
Philippines as large a
 control of their domestic
affairs as can be given
them.” à go to Warren
Harding
• Luke E. Wright (corporate lawyer, former
attorney general of Tennessee)
o Republicans à long duration
§ About:
ú Presidents: McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and
Taft
ú Administered the first decade of colonial rule
• Expected the process to be one of long
duration (at least 2 gens in the case of the
special provinces)
§ Timeline:
ú William Howard Taft (first gov-gen)
ú Warren Harding (elected president) -
Appointed Leonard Wood (former military
governor of the Moro province, as governor-
general)
• Tried to reassert exec. power by:
o Trimming bloated budgets
o Rejecting political appointees
o Vetoing (reject) legisla- tion blatantly
designed to benefit Filipino politicians
• Popular with the Muslims à tried to reverse
policies of the Harrison administration by
o Transferring jurisdiction of Muslim
areas to executive agencies still under
American control,
o appointing American provincial
officers to replace Filipinos, and
o assuring Muslims that Philippine
independence was still far in the
future
• In short:
 o Tried to strengthen the capacity of the
central state, inspired by Progressive
advances in empowering the U.S.
federal government against local
states and parties
o “anti-Filipino” American
• Last effort of officials to slow down
Filipinization
• Given the changes described above, what were the reaction from
the various sectors of Philippine society?
o Etc.
§ Philippines, as opposed to other asian countries, had no
revolutionary dividend post-war
§ Revolutionary Dividend:
§ Positive factors → country is created as a result of anti-
colonial revolution
§ Independence is a not a product of revolution; it was
given
§ Economy still tied with America
§ National elites closer to Americans than fellow Filipinos
§ Detachment of the elites from the people intensified
during American period