Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Effective Pain
Management and
Improvements in Patients’
Outcomes and Satisfaction
Diane Glowacki, RN, MSN, CNS, CNRN-CMC
Adequate pain management is a compelling and universal requirement in health care. Despite considerable
advancements, the adverse physiological and psychological implications of unmanaged pain remain
substantially unresolved. Ineffective pain management can lead to a marked decrease in desirable clinical
and psychological outcomes and patients’ overall quality of life. Effective management of acute pain results
in improved patient outcomes and increased patient satisfaction. Although research and advanced treat-
ments in improved practice protocols have documented progressive improvements in management of
acute and postoperative pain, little awareness of the effectiveness of best practices persists. Improved
interventions can enhance patients’ attitudes to and perceptions of pain. What a patient believes and
understands about pain is critical in influencing the patient’s reaction to the pain therapy provided. Use
of interdisciplinary pain teams can lead to improvements in patients’ pain management, pain education,
outcomes, and satisfaction. (Critical Care Nurse. 2015;35[3]:33-43)
E
ffective pain management is a national and global challenge. Lack of integration of current
knowledge and practice of effective pain management by health care professionals into day-to-day
care adversely affects patients, resulting in unnecessary physical, psychological, and emotional
manifestations.1 Implementation of research findings on pain management has slowly evolved and led
to improvements in patient care.2 The Joint Commission and the World Health Organization, along
with many national professional organizations and agencies, have recognized that pain management is
an essential aspect of patient care.2
CE Continuing Education
This article has been designated for CE credit. A closed-book, multiple-choice examination follows this article,
which tests your knowledge of the following objectives:
Signal reaches dorsal root ganglion, which has synapses in Local anesthetics
the dorsal horn of the spinal cord Opioids
Signal travels along the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus _-Agonists
and cortex Cyclooxygenase-2–specific inhibitors
leads to
Centrally acting analgesics
Pain
a
Based on information from Gottschalk and Smith.13
40 42.9μ
41.2μ
Pain round initiative
implemented hospital-
20 wide
0
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μ
= Warning: n < 30!
Figure 1 Patients’ satisfaction scores (percentage of positive responses) overall to the survey (HCAHPS) question “Did everything
to help your pain.” Running chart depicts onset of National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators pain study with implementation
of interdisciplinary daily patient pain rounds. Administration of the prestudy pain satisfaction survey started in March 2011. Daily
pain rounds were implemented on 1 patient care unit in October 2011. Daily pain rounds were implemented on all patient care units
(except maternal child and critical care units) in May 2012.
Abbreviations: HCAHPS, Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems; MHB, Mercy Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; NRC, National
Resource Corporation.
Source: NRC Picker eReports.36
consisted of the clinical nurse specialist, a nurse man- management methods, and improved patient
ager, a pharmacist, and the primary registered nurse satisfaction. Increased engagement of physicians with
in partnership with the physician, nurse practitioners, pharmacists and nurses also resulted in a sustained
and physician assistants. The initiatives were imple- team approach in providing effective pain management
mented January 2012 through May 2012. The ini- for the patients.
tiative of daily pain rounds included assessing each
patient’s pain and providing pain education to the Conclusion
patient and staff. Patient experience scores related Disparities in treating pain continue. A major
to pain management of the National Resource Cor- challenge in providing patients the most effective
poration37 were used to analyze the hospital’s data. treatments for pain lies in the difficulty of translat-
The results strongly linked the team’s initiatives with ing research to practice. Examples of barriers include
improved pain management and a continuance of developing new analgesics, applying evidence-based
increased improvement in patient satisfaction scores approaches in practice, and the integration of interdis-
after the completion of the study in May 2012 (Fig- ciplinary team approaches. Research38 indicates a per-
ures 1 and 2). Both nursing and pharmacy practices sistent gap between an understanding of the pathology
have changed as a result of the NDNQI study on evi- of pain and recommended treatment of pain.
dence-based practice. Daily pain rounds led to sig- Pain relief has been acknowledged as a basic
nificantly improved patient outcomes, improved pain human right by the World Health Organization38: “The
68.2μ
64.7μ
65.0 μ 65.8 64.7 64.5 65.7
63.8 64.1
μ
60.0 62.1 63.0 61.0
61.8
60 58.1 55.9 62.2
58.3μ 55.0μ 50.0μ 52.0μ 60.9μ 61.1μ 60.7μ 61.1μ 59.7 60.8 60.9
57.8 59.0 56.5 57.6
58.4
50.0 μ 50.0μ μ
43.5 42.9μ
48.1μ
40 43.8μ
34.8μ 35.3μ
30.8μ
20 Pain round initiative
implemented hospital-
wide
0
Jan 2010
Feb 2010
Mar 2010
Apr 2010
Sep 2010
Oct 2010
Nov 2010
Dec 2010
Jan 2011
Feb 2011
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May 2011
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May 2012
Jul 2012
Jun 2012
Aug 2012
May 2013
Jun 2013
Jul 2012
Aug 2013
μ
= Warning: n < 30!
Figure 2 Patients’ satisfaction scores (percentage of positive responses) overall to the survey (HCAHPS) question “Pain well con-
trolled during stay.” Running chart depicts onset of National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators pain study with implementation
of interdisciplinary daily patient pain rounds. Administration of the prestudy pain satisfaction survey started in March 2011. Daily
pain rounds were implemented on 1 patient care unit in October 2011. Daily pain rounds were implemented on all patient care units
(except maternal child and critical care units) in May 2012.
Abbreviations: HCAHPS, Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems; MHB, Mercy Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; NRC, National
Resource Corporation.
Source: NRC Picker eReports.36
tion agents with fewer adverse side effects and aggressive References
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Financial Disclosures and Man-Environment Interactions. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Students’
None reported. Store; 1968.
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Now that you’ve read the article, create or contribute to an online discussion about 6. Wells N, Pasero C, McCaffery M. Improving the quality of care through
this topic using eLetters. Just visit www.ccnonline.org and select the article you want pain assessment and management. In: Hughes RG, ed. Patient Safety
to comment on. In the full-text or PDF view of the article, click “Responses” in the and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville, MD: US
middle column and then “Submit a response.” Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2008:469-497.
Glowacki D. Effective pain management and improvements in patients’ outcomes and satisfaction. Critical Care Nurse. 2015;35(3):33-43.