Well Performance Analysis

Adam Muhammad approved by Mr. Akhmad Sofyan, M.T.

Day – 4 (Part 2) eq Day - 5

 Reference
1. Brown, Kermit E., Beggs, D. H. 1977.“The Technology of Artificial Lift
Methods”. Vol 1. Tulsa, Oklahoma. PennWell Publishing Company.
Outline – Day 4 (Part 2) Eq Day 5

❖ Limited Correlations

❖Development and Utilization of The Best Correlations

in Predicting Pressure Loss

 1

Limited Correlations
 Poettmann and Carpenter Method
• Assumptions :

1. The correlations is applicable to the pipe sizes used in field study (2, 2 ½ and 3 in.) and
extension of the correlation to other size should be done with caution.

2. The total output flow rate was used to calculate the density at any one pressure point

3. Flow pattern were ignored

4. The effect of viscosity were assumed to be negligible

5. The acceleration term of the general energy equation was considered to be negligible.
This will be true for most cases but the term is significant at very high velocities and was
included in the friction factor

6. Although the energy loss factor is assumed to be an average value over the length of
vertical tube it was actually found to vary from the bottom to the top of the tubing string
 Poettmann and Carpenter Method Cont’d

• The Poettmann and Carpenter correlation is still used quite extensively in the field.
It can be used with confidence for the following conditions :

1. Tubing sizes 2 in., 2 ½ in., 3 in.

2. For viscosities less than 5 cp

3. For GLR less than 1500 SCF/Bbl

4. For rates greater than 400 Bbl/d

• Extension of Poettmann and Carpenter Method is Fancher and Brown

Method and Hagedorn and Brown Method to Account for Viscous Effects
 Poettmann and Carpenter Method Cont’d

• Poettmann and Carpenter started with the general energy eq :

𝑝 𝑔 𝑣2
‫𝑉 𝑝׬‬ ∆𝑝 +
𝑔𝑐
∆ℎ + ∆
2 𝑔𝑐
+ W + Iw = 0
1

Assume :

W = 0 and kinetic energy to be negligible and that 𝑔Τ𝑔𝑐 = 1, then:

𝑝2
‫𝑉 𝑝׬‬ ∆𝑝 + ∆ℎ+ Iw = 0
 Poettmann and Carpenter Method Cont’d

Assume :

Total losses du to irreversibilities can be correlated by the Fanning Eq :

4 𝑓 ∆ℎ 𝑣 2
Iw = ; where : f = correlating energy loss factor, then :
2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑

𝑝2 4 𝑓 ∆ℎ 𝑣 2
‫𝑉 𝑝׬‬ ∆𝑝 + ∆ℎ+
2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑
=0
1

𝑝
− ‫ 𝑝׬‬2 𝑉 ∆𝑝 𝑉𝑚 𝑞 𝑉𝑚
1
∆ℎ = 4 𝑓 𝑣2
;V= ,v= ; rewrite the abbove eq as follows :
1+ 2 𝑔 𝑑 𝑚 𝐴
𝑐
 Poettmann and Carpenter Method Cont’d

1 𝑝
‫ 𝑝׬‬1 𝑉𝑚 ∆𝑝
∆ℎ = 𝑚 2
4 𝑓 𝑞2 𝑉𝑚 2
; A = ¼ 𝜋 𝑑 2 and converting to field units
1+
2 𝐴2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑

1 𝑝1 1 𝑝1
‫𝑝∆ 𝑉 ׬‬
𝑚 𝑝2 𝑚 𝑚 ‫𝑝∆ 𝑉 ׬‬
𝑚 𝑝2 𝑚
∆ℎ = 𝑓 𝑞2 𝑉𝑚 2
; 𝑉𝑚 = ; Then , ∆ℎ = 𝑚2
1+ 𝜌 𝑓 𝑞2
7.413 1010 𝑑2 𝜌
1+
7.413 1010 𝑑2

Where : w = qm = mass flow rate, or :

1 𝑝1 1 𝑝1
‫𝑝∆ 𝑉 ׬‬
𝑚 𝑝2 𝑚 𝑓𝑤2 ‫𝑉 ׬‬
𝑚 𝑝2 𝑚
∆𝑝
∆ℎ = 𝑓 𝑤2
; Ass : = K ; Then, ∆ℎ =
1+ 7.413 1010 𝜌−2 𝑑 2 1+𝐾
7.413 1010 𝜌−2 𝑑2
 Poettmann and Carpenter Method Cont’d

Dividing the above eq into ∆𝑝 :

∆𝑝 ∆𝑝
=
∆ℎ 1 𝑝1
𝑉 ∆𝑝
𝑚 ‫𝑝׬‬2 𝑚
1+𝐾

∆𝑝 ∆𝑝 (1 + 𝐾)
=
∆ℎ 1 𝑝1
𝑉 ∆𝑝
𝑚 ‫𝑝׬‬2 𝑚

1 𝑝1
∆𝑝 (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝐾 ‫𝑉 ׬‬
𝑚 𝑝2 𝑚
∆𝑝
= 1 𝑝1 + 1 𝑝1 ; It is noted that : 𝑣𝑚 =
∆ℎ ‫𝑉 ׬‬
𝑚 𝑝2 𝑚
∆𝑝 ‫𝑉 ׬‬
𝑚 𝑝2 𝑚
∆𝑝 (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
 Poettmann and Carpenter Method Cont’d
Then,

∆𝑝 𝑚 𝑚𝐾 𝑚
= + ; It is know that 𝜌 =
∆ℎ 𝑣𝑚 𝑣𝑚 𝑉𝑚

∆𝑝 𝑓 𝑤2
=𝜌+
∆ℎ 7.413 1010 𝜌 𝑑 2

Poettmann and Carpenter developed their energy loss factor correlation by

∆𝑝
knowing in psi/ft and solving the above eq for the energy loss factor as
∆ℎ

follows :

∆𝑝
7.413 1010 𝜌 𝑑 2 144∆ℎ −𝜌
𝑓=
𝑤2
 Example Problem Worked By the Poettman and
Carpenter Method
Given :

d = 1.995 in ID

P1 = 500 psig

P2 = 1000 psig

T1 = 120 oF

T2 = 150 oF

SGg = 0.65

SGw = 1.07
 Example Problem Worked By the Poettman and
Carpenter Method Cont’d
Given :

Density oil = 22 OAPI

qo = 400 STB/d

qw = 600 STB/d

Viscosity Gas = 0.018 cp

SFTo = 30 dynes/cm

SFTw = 70 dynes/cm

GLR = 500 SCF/STB

 Solution

1. SGo = 0.9218241042

2. qg = 500,000 SCF/d

3. GOR = 1250 cu ft/Bbl

4. m (massa per STB oil) = 350 (Sgo) + 0.0764 (GOR) (SGg) + 350 (Sgw)
(WOR) = 946,4634365 lbm/STB oil

5. Total mass flow rate/d = qo x m = 378585,3746 lbm/day

 Solution Cont’d

7. P = 500 psig

1. Rs = 56,50240974

Where : Frick utilizes the following formula for calculating Rs for a particular set of conditions :
1Τ
0.83
𝑝 100.0125 𝐴𝑃𝐼
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑆𝐺𝑔 𝑥
18 100.00091 𝑡

2. Bo = 1,045192931

Where : Frick has used the following for calculated Bo :

0.5 1.175
𝑆𝐺𝑔
𝐵𝑜 = 0.972 + 0.000147 𝑅𝑠 + 1.25 𝑇
𝑆𝐺𝑜
 Solution Cont’d

14.7 𝑇 𝑧
3. Vm = 5.61 Bo + 5.61 (WOR) + vol free gas ( )( )( )
𝑝 520 1

Vm = 49.82700728 cu ft

4. 𝜌𝑚= 19,00575715 lbm cu ft

5. Flowing pressure gradient @ 500 psig = 0.176 psi/ft (From Fig 2.37)

8. P = 1000 psig

Bo = 1.083, Rs = 120 SCF/Bbl, z = 0.9, Vm = 31.8 cu ft, 𝜌𝑚 = 29.8 lbm/cu ft,

flowing pressure gradient = 0.236 psi/ft → Kermit E Brown Vol 1 Page 317
 Solution Cont’d

9. Average pressure gradient = 0.206 psi/ft

10. The distance between 500 and 1000 psig = 2427,184466 ft

11. d v 𝜌 = 33.55917392 ; f = 0.008

∆𝑝 1 𝑓 𝑤2
12. @ 500 = 𝜌+ = 0.177 psi/ft
∆ℎ 144 7.413 1010 𝜌 𝑑 2

∆𝑝 1 𝑓 𝑤2
@ 1000 = 𝜌+ = 0.235 psi/ft
∆ℎ 144 7.413 1010 𝜌 𝑑 2

13. The average gradient is 0.206 psi/ft → giving a distance of 2427, 18 ft between
500 and 1000 psig
 2

Development and Utilization

of The Best Correlations in
Predicting Pressure Loss
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown

• An effort was made by Hagedorn and Brown to determine a generalized

which would include all practical ranges of flow rates, a wide range of
GLR, all ordinarilly used tubing sizes and the effects of fluid
properties.

• Starting with the basic flow equation in symbolic differential form based on
one pound mass of flowing fluid :

𝑔𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
144 𝑉 𝑑𝑝 + 𝑑ℎ + + 𝑑𝑊𝑓 + 𝑑𝑊𝑒 = 0
𝑔 𝑔
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

• Assumes steady state flow and its units are in ft.

• Hagedorn and Brown chose to treat the mixture of gas and liquid as a
homogeneous mixture of combined properties.

• Assuming that no work is done by the flowing fluid, the equation becomes :

𝑔𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑣𝑚
144 𝑉 𝑑𝑝 + 𝑑ℎ + + 𝑑𝑤𝑓 = 0
𝑔 𝑔

• Assuming that the frictional loss can be defined by the Darcy Weisbach Eq :

𝑓 𝑑ℎ 𝒗𝒎 𝟐
𝑑𝑊𝑓 =
2𝑑𝑔
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

• The following eq for the mixture results :

𝑔𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑣𝑚 𝑓 𝑑ℎ 𝒗𝒎 𝟐
144 𝑉 𝑑𝑝 + 𝑑ℎ + + =0
𝑔 𝑔 2𝑑𝑔
Where ∶ vm is an average of the mixture

• Writing this eq in integral form to solve:

𝑃2 ℎ2 𝑣𝑚2 ℎ2
𝑔𝑐 𝑣𝑑𝑣𝑚 𝑓 𝑑ℎ 𝒗𝒎 𝟐
144 න 𝑉 𝑑𝑝 + න 𝑑ℎ + න + න =0
𝑔 𝑔 2𝑑𝑔
𝑃1 ℎ1 𝑣𝑚1 ℎ1
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

• Evaluating three of terms :

𝑃2
𝑔𝑐 𝑣𝑚2 2 − 𝑣𝑚 2 𝑓 (ℎ2 − ℎ1) 𝒗𝒎 2
144 න 𝑉 𝑑𝑝 + ℎ2 − ℎ1 + + =0
𝑔 2𝑔 2 𝑑𝑔
𝑃1

• Solving h2 – h1, we have :

𝑔𝑐 𝑃1 𝑣𝑚2 2 − 𝑣𝑚 2
144 ‫𝑃׬‬2 𝑉 𝑑𝑝 −
𝑔 2𝑔
ℎ2 − ℎ1 =
𝑓 𝒗𝒎 𝟐
1+
𝑑2𝑔
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

• Similar to the method of Poettmann and Carpenter,

𝑃1
‫𝑃׬‬2 𝑉 𝑑𝑝
𝑉𝑚 =
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑃1
• Substiuting Vm (P1 – P2) for ‫𝑃׬‬2 𝑉 𝑑𝑝, then :

𝑔𝑐 𝑣𝑚 2
144 𝑔 Vm ∆𝑝 −∆ 2𝑔
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑓 𝒗𝒎 𝟐
; vm = vsl + vsg
1+ 𝑑2𝑔
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

144
𝑔𝑐
Vm ∆𝑝 −∆ ( vsl + vsg)2
𝑔 2𝑔
∆ℎ = 𝑓( vsl + vsg)2
1+ 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑

• The average integrated density of the mixture is:

1
𝜌𝑚 =
𝑉𝑚

• Solving for the average pressure gradient :

∆𝑝 𝑔 𝑓𝝆𝒎 (𝒗𝒔𝒍 + 𝒗𝒔𝒈)𝟐 𝝆𝒎 ∆ (𝑣𝑠𝑙 + 𝑣𝑠𝑔)2

144 = 𝝆𝒎 + +
∆ℎ 𝑔𝑐 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑 ∆ℎ
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

• If g = gc and the conversion to units commonly used in the field is made:

• Based on 1 bbl of liquid, the mass is :

• Where, w = qm
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

• In this procedure we need to detemine the average integrated density.

It cannot be calculated directly because of the slippage or fallback of
the liquid phase.

• If Ve = volume of a section of pipe, then Hl Ve = (1-Hl) Ve, is that

portion occupied by gas
 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

• By substituting than :

• Hl → 1, vsl → 0, vsl → 0 (This eq will reduce to single phase liquid flow)

 Generalized correlation of Hagedorn and Brown
Cont’d

• Hl → 0, vsl → 0, vsl → 0 (This eq will reduce to single phase gas flow)

 Example Problem By Generalized Method of
Hagedorn and Brown
Given :

d = 1.995 in ID

P1 = 500 psig

P2 = 1000 psig

T1 = 120 oF

T2 = 150 oF

SGg = 0.65

SGw = 1.07
 Example Problem By Generalized Method of
Hagedorn and Brown Cont’d
Given :

Density oil = 22 OAPI

qo = 400 STB/d

qw = 600 STB/d

Viscosity Gas = 0.018 cp

SFTo = 30 dynes/cm

SFTw = 70 dynes/cm

GLR = 500 SCF/STB

Solution
Solution Cont’d
Solution Cont’d
Solution Cont’d
 Example Problem By Duns and Ros Method

Given :

d = 1.38 in ID

P1 = 500 psig

P2 = 1000 psig

T1 = 120 oF

T2 = 150 oF

SGg = 0.65

SGw = 1.07
 Example Problem By Duns and Ros Method Cont’d

Given :

Density oil = 22 OAPI

qo = 400 STB/d

qw = 600 STB/d

Viscosity Gas = 0.02 cp

SFTo = 30 dynes/cm

SFTw = 70 dynes/cm

GLR = 500 SCF/STB

Solution
Solution Cont’d
Solution Cont’d
Solution Cont’d
 Homework # 1 Calculate with Poettmann and
Carpenter Method and Hagedorn and Brown
Method
Given :

d = 1.380 in ID @ 1 ¼ in Tubing

P1 = 500 psig

P2 = 1000 psig

T1 = 120 oF

T2 = 150 oF

SGg = 0.65

SGw = 1.07
 Homework # 1 Calculate with Poettmann and
Carpenter Method and Hagedorn and Brown
Method Cont’d
Given :

Density oil = 22 OAPI

qo = 400 STB/d

qw = 600 STB/d

Viscosity Gas = 0.018 cp

SFTo = 30 dynes/cm

SFTw = 70 dynes/cm

GLR = 500 SCF/STB

 Homework # 2 Calculate with Duns and Ros Method

Given :

d = 1.995 in ID @ 2 in Tubing

P1 = 500 psig

P2 = 1000 psig

T1 = 120 oF

T2 = 150 oF

SGg = 0.65

SGw = 1.07
 Homework # 2 Calculate with Duns and Ros Method

Given :

Density oil = 22 OAPI

qo = 400 STB/d

qw = 600 STB/d

Viscosity Gas = 0.02 cp

SFTo = 30 dynes/cm

SFTw = 70 dynes/cm

GLR = 500 SCF/STB

Thank You

END OF SLIDES – FOR DAY 4 (PART 2) eq DAY 5