PALEONTOLOGY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF
CARBONIFEROUS-PERMIAN SINGA
FORMATION OF PULAU LANGKAWI
Muhammad Firdaus Abd Rahman
Bachelor of Technology (Hons)
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan
Email: firdausaar96@gmail.com
Abstract— The geology of Singa Formation is confusing due to
made up of two different plate tectonic that collided each other.
Many researches about Singa Formation has been made it still
remain ambiguous. Singa Formation is also lacking of systematic
studies of ichno-fossils and their bearing towards paleo-
environment. Hence, the objective of the study is to provide the
interpretation on the lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the
Singa Formation focus on the Junction Road 156 – 160, Kuah
district in Langkawi including body fossils as well as trace fossils.
Only one outcrop was examined in detail in lithostratigraphy and
biostratigraphy. Sedimentary log of the outcrop study was
recorded and used for interpreting the depositional environment.
There are 5 facies can be recognized throughout the sedimentary
log. Facies 1 consists of massive mudstone, Facies 2 consists of
mudstone with bioclastic sandstone, Facies 3 consists of mudstone
with thin sandstone, Facies 4 consists of interbedded of mudstone
and sandstone, and Facies 5 consists of massive sandstone. Several
samples were collected for detail study of fossils and petrography.
Ichnogenus of Planolites montanus and Torrowangea rosei
together with fossils cast of Rugosa and Crinoidea found in
mudstone layer. Two episodic of storm event could be traced
which formed fossiliferous layer. The possible depositional
environments of the outcrops were described depending on
lithology, sedimentary structures, bedding geometry and fossils.
The suitable paleoenvironment of the study area is from proximal
to distal shelf.
Keywords- Singa Formation, paleontology, lithostratigraphy, ichno-
fossils.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
During the Lower Palaeozoic, tectonically the entire Malay
Peninsular is part of the SE Asian continental core of
Sundaland. All principle continental blocks that are part of
Sundaland were detached from Gondwana during three
episodes of rifting, separation and northward drifting during the
successive opening and closing of three ocean basin. Numerous
studies and geological expeditions have been carried out, since
the past decades, aiming to unravel the geology and proposed a
general stratigraphy for this region, Langkawi. In [2], review
the stratigraphy based on the biostratigraphy of northwest
Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand (Sibumaru
Terranes). A classical paper by [17] compiled the stratigraphy
of the Cambrian-Ordovician Machinchang Formation at
Langkawi, Malaysia and the Tarutao Formation located at the
Tarutao Island, Thailand were described separately because of
the difference in geographic boundaries between two countries.
This research is generally to study the paleontology and
lithostratigraphy of Singa Formation in Kuah area. According
to [1,12,16] the Singa Formation paleoenvironment can be
described by shallow water setting. The regional
lithostratigraphy is mainly characterized by the solely
alternation of shallow marine to paralic sandstone with some
channel deposits and mudstone deposits stacked into small to
large parasequence [16]. The presence of pebbly mudstone
facies is due to glacial sedimentary deposits which probably
dropstone transported into very shallow environment.
Previous studies show the discoveries of severalfossil
group. Bryozoan [8] , Brachiopod [4,12,18] trilobite, bivalves
and ammonoid [4]. Shallow marine ichno-fossils are also found
such as Thalassinoides , Rhizocorallium and other shallow-
water Cruziana ichno-fossil [17]. Through various studies of
the Singa Formation, little have touch and studied the ichno-
fossils in Singa Formation. Therefore, this will also include
trace fossils in biostratigraphy as well as to predict
paleoenvironment.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Many discoveries have been made but the Singa Formation
remain ambiguous. New outcrop of Singa Formation has been
reported exposed in Kuah area due to housing process. This
study can give additional information of Singa Formation.
There are also lacking of systematic study on the ichno-fossils
of Singa Formation and their bearing towards the
paleoenvironment. Thus, this study to investigate the
ichnofossils together with body fossils through detailed
sedimentological logging and will further delve into facies
analysis and reconstruction of the paleoenvironment. This
integrated study will produce a high- resolution stratigraphic
interpretation by characterizing the facies with paleontological
signatures. Furthermore, some of the researchers misinterpret
the paleoenvironment just by looking from the colour of rocks.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this research is to investigate the
paleontology and lithostratigraphy of Singa Formation in Kuah
area. The idea is to document sedimentary profile in the area
including sedimentary structures and check them for fossils and
trace fossils. Then, discuss them in terms of taxonomy,
paleoenvironment and stratigraphy.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The research will be focusing in western of Kuah area in
Pulau Langkawi. In this research, road and river traversing will
be conducted to produce a detailed geological map. Rock
samples were taken for thin section and petrography analysis.
In the second part, the facies analysis and fossils analysis of the
formation at Junction road 156-160 will be analysed to
understand the paleoenvironment of Singa Formation. This
project requires a high understanding on fossils and lithology
and their applications in the field, which is in Kuah, Langkawi
(Figure 1).
Figure 1:Geological map of Kuah, Langkawi
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
Peninsular Malaysia consist of two tectonic terranes which
both originated from the supercontinent Gondwana and
subsequently assembled in Late Triassic [14]. The Sibumasu
Terrane now representing west Malaysia, separated from
Gondwana in Early Permian (Sakmarian) times, during the
opening of the Meso-Tethys. The Sukhotai Arc, a volcanic arc
system that formed on the margin of the much larger Indo-
China Block, represents Central and Eastern Peninsular
Malaysia. The Indo-China Block separated from Gondwana in
Devonian times and Sibumasu was separated from Australian
Gondwana by Late Permian times. The volcanic-plutonic
Sukhotai (island) Arc formed during northward subduction of
the Paleo-Tethys Ocean beneath the Indo-China Block in
Permian times. The subduction of Paleo-Tethys Ocean was
followed by the collision of the two tectonic terranes and
subsequent initiation of orogenic deformation in Lower Triassic
times.
A geological division of the Malay Peninsular into three
separate north-south trending zones was initially proposed by
Scivenor (1928), and it was based solely upon the differences
in mineralisation styles. Geologically, Peninsular Malaysia is
now subdivided into the Western, Central and Eastern Belt. Yet,
in [19] argued that the western zone has further subdivided into
a northwest domain in recent years. Northwest domain consist
of Kedah, Perlis and Langkawi on the whole has a rather
different stratigraphic history compared to the other area in
Western Belt [10,19]. [6] correlated the NW region of Malaysia
with the western belt and indicated the presence of a regional
Tournaisian unconformity in between Devonian and
Carboniferous. In the paper, the authors suggested that this
occurrence represents the rift onset or the breakup
unconformity associated with tectonics from the previous
Sibumasu events from Australian Gondwana.
2.2 GEOLOGY OF SINGA FORMATION
Singa Formation exposed along the southwestern islands of
Langkawi and around the Gunung Raya which consists of
arenaceous argillaceous sequence, part of which has been
metamorphosed due to Gunung Raya granite intrusion. The
general geology of Langkawi was well mapped and defined by
[9]. The Singa Formation comprises black mudstone with
rounded pebbles which was interpreted to be glacial-marine
dropstones and interbedded lithic to quartzitic sandstone [12,
17]. In [12] mentioned that the sedimentary structures and
fossils indicate that the Singa Formation was deposited in a
shallow marine, shelf, which become deeper as a result of sea
level changes closely related with continental glaciation and
interglacial melting. Based on the sedimentological and faunal
evidences, it is very clear that the Langkawi islands were very
close to the Gondwana Supercontinent (Pangea), which had
undergone global climatic changes from a cold regime during
early Lower Permian to warmer conditions during late Lower
Permian.
The lower member of Singa Formation is the late Devonian
‘Basal Red Mudstone’. [4] renamed to ‘Langgun Red Beds’.
This abrupt change of colour into bright red mudstone can be
seen clearly in Pulau Langgun. These red beds were then
combined with the Wang Kelian Formation and Binjal
Formation into Chepor Member of the Kubang Pasu Formation
[11]. The good spots to observe the difference between the
Chepor and the upper member of this Singa Formation, as
reported in [9], are at the SW of Langkawi (e.g Pulau Rebak,
Pulau Kentut, Pulau Ular and Pulau Selang). While at the
Langkawi Main Island, the members could not be
differentiated. An unconformity was proposed between the
Setul and Singa/Kubang Pasu Formation, based on the angular
strike relations and the interpretation of the basal red pebbly
beds of the Singa/Kubang Pasu Formation as evidence of uplift
[9]. The statement of unconformity is also supported by the
study geology in Langkawi by [5] which mentioned that there
is a boundary between Devonian and Carboniferous rocks is
represented by a fault contact. However, this statement was not
universally accepted, especially since there was no definite
observable unconformity exposed.
Coeval to this Singa Formation is the Kubang Pasu
Formation exposed mainly in Perlis, Kedah and north Perak.
Unlike the Singa Formation, the distribution of fossils is
reported to be generally rare in Kubang Pasu Formation [2,6].
Recent studies with contradicting results show the discoveries
of several fossils group. Trilobites (Peribole), brachiopods
(Posidonia, Malayanoplia, Chonetipustula and Tournquistia)
and even unidentified ammonoids are found in the Chepor
Member [4].
Figure 2: Summary of stratigraphy of NW region of
Peninsular Malaysia (Modified form [6]).
METHODOLOGY
Only one outcrop is identified across the road junction of
156-160, Kuah area. Throughout the area of study, field
observations, sedimentary logging, sample collection and
facies mapping are undertaken. All samples collected from the
field will further investigate in the laboratory for petrography
analysis and fossils extraction.
3.1 FIELD STUDY
Preliminary visits to the study area in Kuah were made to
understand the stratigraphic unit for each layer and as a whole
sequence. Before bed thickness are measured, dip, strike and
inclination angle are taken by using geological magnetic
compass. This is needed so that we will have high accuracy of
correct reading since the bed is not horizontal but tilting at an
angle. Measuring the thickness of each bed unit is very
important to give information about the thickness of different
type of rock layer. Since the bed is tilting, measuring must be
perpendicular to the bed depending on the dip and strike of the
bedding. For profiling measurement, Jacob staff method is used
by using stick of 2.00m length. The measurements are done up
until the very top of the hill.
3.2 CREATING SEDIMENTARY LOG
After measuring the dip direction, inclination angle and the
measurement of true thickness of each layer, we need to create
a log profile of the outcrops which were created by using
Canvas X and Adobe Photoshop. This software is used
worldwide by geologist to create and manipulated graphic log.
All parameters needed are inserted which is the true bed
thickness in cm, lithology of each bed layer, general size of the
grain according to its lithology and the presence of body and
trace fossil. The software will create a nice strata corresponding
to parameters given.
3.3 LABORATORY ANALYSIS
Samples collected from the outcrop will further identify in
laboratory. Lab works consist mainly to clean and polish the
samples for fossils study. Some samples contain fossils mold
will be extract by using latex to get the similar shape of the
fossils to determine the morphology of the fossils.
A Nikon polarizing petrographic microscope is used to
analyse 2D thin sections. These were studied in different
magnifications, depending on grain size. Methods and/or
properties used to identify minerals include: pleochroism,
relief, interference colours and birefringence. The reason for
doing a thin section analysis is mainly to establish information
about mineral assemblage, texture and cementation.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Lithostratigraphy
4.1.1 Outcrop Description
Figure 2: Photograph image of the outcrop
Soil Fracture
Figure 3:Sketch of the outcrop
This is a two- to three hours stop, mainly to climb the quarry
to access the first two layers. There is no marked path, and the
approaching area consist a lot of overgrown vegetation. The
visit of the quarry does not present special dangers, with the
exception of the top part, a vertical cliff at the left side of the
outcrop. Climbing in this part of the cliff requires special
precautions and should only be undertaken by experienced,
careful geologists, in good weather condition. Most of the
layers are brittle and difficult to collect sample. Generally, the
outcrop is moderately weathered as some parts of the outcrop
contain red staining especially on the sandstone which indicate
the weathering process.
4.1.2 Petrography analysis
Rocks of the Singa Formation are widely distributed in
Langkawi. The formation dominantly consists of mudstones
interbedded with siltstone and sandstone unit. Two samples of
sandstone and mudstone have been collected from the outcrop
study for further analysis. The mineral compositions of the all
samples were apprehended through thin section analysis. Every
thin sections were divided into several sections to get the best
result.
1) Sandstone
The quartz grains of sand and coarse silt size show a wide
range in roundness from extremely angular (particularly in the
finer sizes) to moderate well rounded. Most of the grains are
subangular, except for the scattered large grains in the upper
part of the section, which are almost invariably well rounded.
The surfaces of some grains are polished and have an orange
color. Some grains are slightly etched and are partly replaced
by clay minerals. Some of the large well-rounded grains have
frosted surfaces. Much of the frosted appearance seems to be
produced by small quartz overgrowths. Nearly all the quartz
grains throughout the section are of silt size or very fine-grained
sand size (less than 125 microns in diameter). The larger
rounded grains are approximately 0.2 to 1.0 mm in diameter
and are most abundant in the upper part of the section. Degree
of sorting is variable. In general the quartz (and feldspar) grains
themselves are rather well sorted but they are commonly
associated with clay minerals. The sorting of quartz in those
samples which contain the large rounded grains is seemingly
bimodal.
The feldspar grains are angular to rounded, and in general
are angular shape compared to quartz. Most of the feldspar is
plagioclase. Very few grains of microcline were observed; this
may be in part a function of the very fine particle size of the
grains, so that small grains might not include the twinning
boundaries. Most of the lithic fragments in thin section are clay
mineral as shown by the texture and characteristic of the
minerals itself.
Figure 4:Photomicrograph of sandstone
2) Mudstone
The thin section described is a rock sample from Facies
Association 1; massive mudstone. The rock consists of about
15 percent grains and 85 percent matrix. The grains are usually
quartz, and are predominantly angular to subangular. Their
sphericity is moderately low, and they show no preferred
orientation. The largest quartz grain observed in thin section is
nearly 60 microns in long diameter; most of the silt grains,
however, are much smaller (average 20 microns, or less).
Figure 5:Photomicrograph of mudstone
 4.1.3 Sedimentary log
Sediment log thickness of 19.8 meters was measured and
divided into only one sequence. Based on the sedimentary log,
the outcrop shows coarsening upward sequence. Fossils are
dominant in mudstone especially in mudstone with bioclastic
sandstone. From the observation, fossils found are mostly
crinoid, echinoid, and some other fossils which cannot
distinguished by naked eye. Further studies in laboratory
needed to be done to get more precise analysis. There are five
facies can be determined throughout the sedimentary log;
Facies 1 consists of massive mudstone, Facies 2 consists of
mudstone with bioclastic sandstone, Facies 3 consists of
mudstone with thin sandstone, Facies 4 consists of interbedded
of mudstone and sandstone, and Facies 5 consists of massive
sandstone.
Figure 6: Sedimentary log of the outcrop
Facies 1 Massive mudstone
This facies consist mainly brittle, dark colour mudstone.
This mudstone might be rich in organic matter. This facies has
6.8 meters thick. No trace fossils found in this facies.This thick
massive mudstone is usually associated by very calm
environment which typically in deep water environment.
Facies 2 Mudstone with bioclastic sandstone
This facies is mainly brittle, dark colour mudstone. Shell
bed can be seen along the bed. The mold fossils found in the
shell bed are mostly contain coarser sand grain. Crinoid and
echinoid presence at the shells bed. Some other fossils are
difficult to recognized as the morphology of the fossils cannot
be seen clearly.
Facies 3 Mudstone interbedded with thin sandstone
This facies is almost similar to the facies 4. Yet, this facies
consists lesser amount of sandstone compare to the facies 4.
Heterolithic facies can be sub-divided based on the sand
content. This facies is consider as lenticular bedding. Lenticular
bedding is a sedimentary bedding pattern displaying alternating
layers of mud and sand. Formed during periods of water, mud
suspended in the water is deposited on top of small formations
of sand once the waters velocity has reached zero. Lenticular
bedding is classified by its large quantities of mud relative to
sand, the sand formations within the bedding display a lens-like
shape, giving the pattern its respected name. They are
commonly found in environments such as the intertidal and
supratidal zones. Geologists use lenticular bedding to show
evidence of tidal rhythm, tidal currents and tidal slack, in a
particular environment
Facies 4 Heterolithic facies
This facies contain almost similar amount of sand and mud.
This facies is also known as heterolithic facies or flaser bedding
which is a sedimentary structure made up of interbedded
deposits of thin sand and mud. It is formed mainly in tidal flats
but can also be formed in glacial environment. The unit ranges
in thickness from 30 – 50 cm. Flaser beds are a sedimentary, bi-
directional, bedding pattern created when a sediment is exposed
to intermittent flows, leading to alternating sand and mud
layers.
Facies 5 Massive sandstone
The facies consist of whitish yellow, moderately sorted, fine
to medium grained sandstone with no internal structure. The
thickness of this facies is 5 meters thick. The massive structure
of this facies could be produced due to long period of regression
or the land prograde towards the sea. This facies has absence of
biological activity.
4.2 Biostratigraphy
4.2.1 Trace Fossil
Ichnogenus: Planolites Nicholson, 1873
Ichnospecies: Planolites montanus Richer, 1937
There is only two ichnofossils found referring to Planolites
montanus from the hand specimen collected from massive
mudstone facies. It has simple structure, curve and internally
and externally structureless. It also occurs as horizontal traces
preserved in concave hypo-relief. The sediment infilled is
similar in grain size to the host strata. The diameter ranges from
1-2.5mm, and length is typically short. P.montanus, arguably
the most commonly occurring and reported ichno-species of
Planolites, is also likely post-depositional in origin (Pickerill &
Fyffe, 1999).
Ichnogenus: Torrowangea Webby, 1970
Ichnospecies: Torrowangea rosei Webby, 1970
Torrowangea rosei usually occur in sinuous to tightly
curved and in places overlapping chains of small unornamented
pods of sediment parallel to stratification. This ichno-fossil
preserved in convex hypo-relief in mudstone facies. Usually,
this ichno-fossil has thread-like size to 1.5mm in diameter and
the typically longer which tend to reach into several
centimeters.
4.2.2 Body Fossil
Phylum: Echinoderm
Class: Crinoidea
Orders: Articulata
Crinoidea is a small class of echinoderms which are
common fossils with the greatest diversity from Paleozoic.
Many crinoids live in the deep sea, but some are common in
shallow water environment. All crinoids are filter feeders. The
tube feet to move food particles down the ambulacral groove of
a ray toward the mouth. They can also live in water column as
the rays of crinoids are also important for locomotion. By
moving their rays up and down through contraction and
relaxation of muscles, crinoids are able to swim slowly through
the water. Crinoid tend to be few meters long depending on the
environment they lived. Nevertheless, most of the fossils
crinoids found in the study area are very short ranges from 5-8
cm with random orientation.
Phylum: Cnidaria
Orders: Rugosa
Corals are marine animals with simple body structure.
Corals can live together in large colonies, or reefs, which can
be hundreds of miles across. Coral reefs are among the most
complex ecosystems because many thousands of species other
than corals make the reef as their home. Corals themselves
require specific living conditions, so fossil coral reefs tell us a
great deal about the environmental conditions at the time of reef
formation. Living coral reefs are confined to subtropical
regions in shallow waters that are warm and clear. A few fossils
mold of coral found in the study area with diameter ranges from
4-6meters.
4.3 Paleoenvironmental history
From the interpretation of the samples collected from the
outcrop, we can recognized some episodic events. Initially, the
condition of the environment is almost anoxic and very low
diversity of marine lives. Thus, the dysaerobic bottom sea affect
the organisms lived in that environment. Only small organisms
(meiofauna) are suitable in that condition. Next, the flow
current increase as indicated by the changes of the grain from
mud into silt. Oxygen levels are also increase. Hence, bigger
meiofauna begin to colonize on the sediments.and start produce
burrow to get foods from the organic matter that have drifted
down through water and settled on the bottom. Then, the short
storm event take place and eroded the silty layer. As storm wave
die down, the environment back to normal into oxygen-
depleted environment. Lastly, new episode of storm event
begins. An episodic large wave produces the bottom shear
stress necessary to mobilize sediment on the seabed while the
coincidence currents mix the sediment up into the water column
and transported it along and across the shelf. As storm wane
and waves die down, bottom stresses decrease and sediment in
suspension is redeposited. The redeposit layers consists of
fossils, coarser sands, less mobile, more rapidly settling
sediment at the top. All fossils from shallow environment such
as crinoids and corals transported into the event bed. This storm
event is not prolong as indicated by the fossils presence in the
event bed. There are abundant of crinoids with almost similar
size ranges from 2-4cm and few corals in the event bed which
indicate that they have been transported from the area where
behave similar in hydrodynamic way.
The paleoenvironment of this bed is suitable to be in shelf
area. This environment has calm water environment. Moreover,
the occurrence of storm event is only minor event in this bed
because the turbulent current produce by storm will only
slightly affect the environment as the current will decrease.
CONCLUSION
The paleontological and lithostratigraphy studies of Singa
Formation in western part of Kuah area can benefit to the
society. The Singa Formation is still ambiguous even though
there are a lot of studies have been done by several researchers.
This study of new locality provide new informations of Singa
Formation which tend to give contributions to the society.
1) The sedimentary log exhibit coarsening upward
sequence consist of five faceis.
2) There are two ichno-fossils; Planolites montanus and
Torrowangea rosei and two fossils mold; Crinoidea and
rugosa determined from the sample collection.
3) Two episodic of storm events could be determined
which affect the oxygenation of water and the density
of meiofauna. Fossiliferous layer in Facies 2 was
reworking by the storm event that transported from
shallow water environment which also known as event
bed.
4) The paleoenvironment of the outcrop in study area was
interpreted to be deposited from proximal to distal
shelf.
.FURTHER STUDY
Isotope analysis should be conducted to further reconfirm
the the age and paleoclimate Singa Formation in this study.
Nanofossils study can give more detail of paleoenvironment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Jose Antonio for the
opportunity to conduct this study and their guidances and
supports they provided throughout the course of my final year
project. My sincere appreciation also goes to Dr Suhaili for
their advices and helpful comments on my works. Not to forget,
my gratitude to all the lab technologists in assisting me with the
lab works. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my family
and friends for their endless moral support.
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