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Yuttachai Keawsuntia
Abstract-- From the energy crisis situation in the present, This leads most experts to agree that hydropower of more
renewable energy becomes the main choice of national energy. than 1 MW cannot be considered as renewable. While the
Hydropower is a renewable energy as very clean source energy. capacity of micro may be small compared to other higher
Especially small hydropower, the renewable energy which still
hydropower classes, they have made significant contribution
has large potential and low cost of installation. Micro hydro
in electrification program to remote and off-grid settlements.
turbine is an alternative technology for electricity generating that
does not cause pollution from small hydropower. The crossflow This small- scale hydro power ensures the community is light
turbine was studied experimentally in this project because of it is up at night continuously. The system does not require dam,
low cost, small sized, the materials used in construction are cheap which is one of the advantages, meaning no environmental
and the technologies involved are conventional. At testing of problem.
micro crossflow turbine with 0.6 meter diameters of wheel and a
20 blades water turbine which has a semi-circle shape at 0.1
TABLE I
meter diameters of blade, connected with generator at gear up CLASSlFlCATlON OF HYDROPOWER BY SIZE
ratio of 1:3 and 1:5 respectively, was undertaken. The results Power Class
from the test run of crossflow turbine b y varying flow rate from >10MW Large
60 to 120 L/min at 0.0127, 0.0190 and 0.0254 meter diameter of <10MW Small
nozzle respectively , showed that at water flow rate 120 L/min, <lMW Mini
0.017 meter diameter of nozzle and gear ratio of 1:3 give the <100 kW Micro
maximum electric power of 121 watts at generator speed of 468
rpm. Hydro turbine or Water turbine [3] is equipment for
transform the water potential energy to mechanical rotation
Index Terms-Micro hydro turbine, Crossflow turbine,
energy. There are two types of turbine to be considered,
Electicity generating from micro hydro turbine
impulse turbine and reaction turbine. In most case impulse
turbines are used for high head site, and reaction turbines are
I. INTRODUCTION
used for low head site. Impulse turbine is embedded in the
ROM the energy crisis situation in the present, renewable
F energy becomes the main choice of national energy.
Hydropower is a very clean source of energy. It does not
fluid and powered from the pressure drop across the device.
Penton and Turgo turbines are suitable for high head.
Crossflow turbine is suitable for medium and low head, which
consume but only uses the water, after use it is available for
is less than 10 m. reaction turbines operate with the flow, hits
other proposes. The conversion of the potential energy of the turbine as a jet in an open environment, with the power
water into mechanical is a technology with a high efficiency.
deriving from the kinetic energy. Francis turbine is used in
The use of hydropower can make significant saving no medium head scheme while the propeller and Kaplan turbines
exhaustible energy sources. The hydropower plant can be
are suitable for low head applications. Figure 1 show the
classified according to the size of electrical power it produce range of suitability of various types of turbines base on the
[1] as shown in Table I. High electricity demand for industry
flow rate and net head [4]. Propeller, Kaplan and crossflow
and household require the plant to produce as large power as turbines are suitable for low head and low flow application.
possible to justify the capital it use. As a result most
Figure 2 shows the efficiency of typical small scale hydro
hydropower available around the world can be categorized as turbines relative to turbme flow relative to their design flow
large hydro. This large reservoir or dam leads to [5]. Crossflow turbine has significant advantages over other
environmental damages and remove people from their roots. turbines if the flow rate varies a lot during seasonal variation.
Furthermore the capacity of this large plant will be reduced From the advantage of crossflow turbine, in this paper will
after a number of years due to sedimentation built up [2]. focus on the testing of the micro crossflow hydro turbine for
choices of turbine in low flow and low head environment and
its application in renewable energy system set-up.
This work was supported for financial from Vongchavalitkul University,
Nakhonratchasima, Thailand.
Yuttachai Keawsuntia is from the Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Vongchavalitkul University, Thailand, 30000 (e-mail:
keawsa2000@yahoo.com).
Copyright Notice: 978-1-4673-6008-1Il11$3l.00 ©2012 IEEE
III. CONFRIERATION OF THE CROSSFLOW TURBINE
TUrbine Application Chart
1000 For this test, the micro crossflow hydro turbine system
consists of a crossflow turbine, generator, nozzle, gear system,
�p.1ronTurb
,
Inn
.. " water tank, water pump and a set of battery as storage, as
I-
Ij" I
/I �
I ."....."
.....
.- shown in Fig 3. The crossflow turbine with 0.6 meter
20 blades water turbine which has a
100 A • diameters of wheel and a
...
! K �
" l...oo" """
length of the blade is 0.1 meter. Each blade made from PVC
Kro�flow� �liI
• :iI pipe. Generator is handmade three phase generator. It was
J:
... ·�4�
.. .. .. .. ..
--,----,--�--�
� ��-+-
�
"
.""�, ,b
. -4==��··�.= ��-�.- ,�..39= ,-.
/'" .. -_ -- -- 7- --- __ __ '"
./
-- -�-4_---l--+-+/
70.J----l+ �+________:
_I ·"--
:"" -+_____-
_I -
� w.J-�:�fj+I+-�-�
,/
�L-�-+
/' ,,, -7.�-+-�-- / '-
� 5m �--�_+._+--_+�_+--_+--��_i--_i----r_--
� f:'f: 1 / /
l
t1
!E II
w , I---f.:�+---f---+----t--;,L-+--+---t-----t----
110 +---+
" /
,i
lO +--+'++',- ' --+---H----t---Tj----f---f---t---t-----
- -j
! 1// / ./F
: --+f/--+--tl----t----+---+-----t------t----j
J ' K.l�"1 ,i .... ·PlIt., Fra"", ---·crosstIaf -·-' �I"
10 +----l.'+.- ;
II
� : II ./
0.1 0.2 O.l 0.4 0. 5 .. 0.7 0.8
TABLE III
POWER GENERATION ATO.0190 METER DIAMETER OF NOZZLE AND GEAR
RATIO 1'3
Where
Q n V 1 Pe
his head, m.
(Umin) (rpm) (V) (A) (Watt)
2
g is gravitation of constant, m / s 60 102 15.9 1.25 19.88
90 140 19.95 4.50 89.78
3
Q is Volume flow rate, m / s 120 144 20.61 4.93 101.61
in Fig. 4. TABLE VI
POWER GENERATION AT 0.0190 METER DIAMETER OF NOZZLE AND GEAR
PO"t1'olllplll RATIO 1'5
(\oVall)
Q n V 1 Pe
140 ,----- (Umin) (rpm) (V) (A) (Watt)
60 52 14.45 1.25 19.88
120 +--------------_-'----
- 90 77 19.17 4.00 76.71
120 81 19.20 4.15 79.80
100t-------------..".'------
TABLE VII
8 0t-----------��----- POWER GENERATION AT 0.0254 METER DIAMETER OF NOZZLE AND GEAR
RATIO 1'5
60 +---------��-------
Q n V I Pe
4 0+-------��---------- (Umin) (rpm) (V) (A) (Watt)
60 43 14..47 0.52 7.52
90 60 16.13 1.21 17.7
20 t---����------------------
120 62 16.33 1.26 20.57
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Where n is speed of turbine, rpm
(Umin) (rpm) (V) (A) (Watt) efficiency of the system as shown in Fig. 6. From Fig. 6 it can
60 125 28.50 3.69 68.27 be seen that the maximum total efficiency about 47
90 145 20.66 5.04 104.13 percentage.
120 162 20.80 5.85 121.68
�r<ttiol:�.tji;90Lmiu
research project
100
�r�tio 1:.1,�; 90 limin
VIII. REFERENCES
80 �r .. liul:�/�1120Lmju
[I] Introduction to hydropower [Online]. Available:
http://www.microhydropower.netibasics/intro.php
60 [2] A Survival international report "What is the problem with large
hydroelectric dam?" [Online]. Available:
http://assets.survivalinternational.org/documents/3 73/Serious_Damage_f
inal.pdf
[3 ] Turbine [Online]. Available:
20
http://www.microhydropower.net/basics/turbines.php
[4] Water Turbine [Online]. Available:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro_turbine
11.1112 lUlU 11.016 IUIIX 11.02 IUlll O.1I2� lUlU, 1I.IIlX [5] Kaldellis, J.K., Vlachou, D.S. and G. Korbakis.2005. Techno-economic
Ilozzlt(m.) evaluation of small hydropower plants in Greece: a complete sensitivity
analysis. Energy Policy 33: 1969-1985.
[6] Crossflow turbine [Online]. Available:
Fig. 5. Power output from the experimental. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossflow_turbine
IX. BIOGRAPHY
t.otal efficiency
50
-+-"atio 1 :5,@60Umin
Yuttachai Keawsuntia was born in Nakhonratchasima,
45
...... l'atiol:3,@60L/min Thailand, on April 10, 1977, and graduated Master Degree
40 of Mechanical Engineering from Kasetsart University,
...... l'atio 1:5,@90 Umin
Thailand. At the present, he works in the Department of
35 _l'atlol:3,@90Umln Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Vonchavalitkul University, Nakhonratchasima,Thailand
30 ",,*,"l'atio 1:5,@)120Umin
25 ...... l'atiol:3,@120Umill
20
15
10
1Iozzle (m)
VI. CONCLUSION