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Ntjpapay;
vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd
gFg;gha;T
jpU.ng.ehuhazrhkp>M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,
KJepiy Ntjpapay; Mrphpah;>
P.H.N.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> fhkhl;rpGuk;;.
jpU.vd;.rPdpthrd;>M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil.,
KJepiy Ntjpapay; Mrphpah;>
Sri.V.V.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> ntq;flhryGuk;.
Njdp khtl;lk;.
nghUslf;fk;
thpir cg;gpd; ngah; gf;fk;
vz;
1. nyl; iel;Nul; 3
2. fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; 5
3. fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl; 7
4. nghpf; FNshiuL 9
mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl; 11
5.
6. mYkpdpak; iel;Nul; 13
7. [pq;f; ry;Ngl; 15
8. [pq;f; ry;igL 17
9. fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl; 19
2
+1-Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 1 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nyl; iel;Nul;)
t.v nra;td fhz;gd mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT FNshiuL> GNuhikL
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
3
3 Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;. ,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G.
4
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 2 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;
1. epwk;. ePy epwk;. ,Uf;fyhk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
2. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
cg;G + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
5
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + cz;lhftpy;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
fhg;gh; (njhFjp II )
njhFjp II tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HNO3 + ntg;gk; + nrk;gOg;G epw fhg;gh;
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp CH3COOH + tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; ngh;Nuh raidL
fiury;.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;
fhu cWg;G fhg;gh;;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;
6
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 3 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;
1. epwk;. gr;ir epwk;. ,Uf;fyhk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl ePyk; fye;j gr;ir
epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh; cs;sJ.
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; cz;lhfpwJ.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA> fhh;gNdl;
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu mkpy cWg;G
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
7
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhftpy;iy.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1 cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl ntz;zpw tPo;gbT njhFjp I fhucWg;G
cz;lhftpy;iy. nyl; ,y;iy.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G fhh;gNdl;
fhu cWg;G fhg;gh;;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;
8
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 4 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nghpf; FNshiuL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td Mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; nghpf; FNshiuL
1. epwk;. gOg;G epwk.; ,Uf;fyhk;.
9
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + cz;lhftpy;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G FNshiuL
fhu cWg;G nghpf;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nghpf; FNshiuL
10
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 5 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; ,y;iy.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
4. cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
5. mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>
,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy
ntg;gk;.
7. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;
8. cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
9. MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA FNshiuL ,y;iy.
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
11
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhftpy;iy.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid fhdhp kQ;rs; epw gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 + tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;
fhu cWg;G mYkpdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;
12
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 6 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(mYkpdpak; iel;Nul;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
Rlh; Nrhjid
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; ,y;iy.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
4. <ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl +
ntg;gk;. eidj;j jhis
gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
5. iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. mkpyk; fye;j ngu];
ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis
gr;ir epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
13
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul;
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + cz;lhfpwJ. mkpy cWg;G
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cWjpahf cs;sJ.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
14
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 7 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(rpq;f; ry;Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid #lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
2. [pq;f; ,Uf;fyhk;.
cg;G + ntg;gk;. kQ;rs; epwkhfTk;> Fsph;e;j
epiyapy; ntz;ikahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid fhg;gh;>
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
4. cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL> ,y;iy.
15
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + cz;lhftpy;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;
fhu cWg;G [pq;f;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G [pq;f; ry;Ngl;
16
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 8 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(rpq;f; ry;igL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid #lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
2. kQ;rs; epwkhfTk;> Fsph;e;j
cg;G + ntg;gk;. [pq;f; ,Uf;fyhk;.
epiyapy; ntz;ikahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid fhg;gh;>
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
17
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhftpy;iy.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;igL
fhu cWg;G [pq;f;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G [pq;f; ry;igL
18
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 9 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
2. [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Rlh; Nrhjid
3.
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; nrq;fy; rptg;G fhy;rpak; cs;sJ.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; epwr;Rlh; cz;lhfpwJ.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>GNuhikL
,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
19
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + cz;lhftpy;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
20
1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 10 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(Nghpak; FNshiuL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
2. cg;G + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Rlh; Nrhjid
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; Mg;gps; gr;ir epwr;Rlh; Nghpak; cs;sJ.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; cz;lhfpwJ.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid epwkw;w thA>
5. FNshiuL cs;sJ.
NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf;
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid gr;ir kQ;rs; epw thA> FNshiuL cs;sJ.
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis
ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + nrk;gOg;G epw thA iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
8. NaOH Nrhjid
epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy.
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA> FNshiuL
9. mkpy cWg;G
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit cWjpahf cs;sJ.
ntg;gk;. jUfpwJ.
1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; japh; Nghd;w
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> FNshiuL cs;sJ.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.
2. nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury.;
21
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhftpy;iy.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
22
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 11 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
2. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
fhg;gh;>
3. rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. ,y;iy.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
4. cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>GNuhikL
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
23
4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhftpy;iy.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
24
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 12 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk; epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
6. MnO2 Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + GNuhikL ,y;iy.
,y;iy.
ntg;gk;.
7. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila mk;Nkhdpak;
8.
cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
9. cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA FNshiuL ,y;iy.
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;;hpf; mkpyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>GNuhikL
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhftpy;iy.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 13 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
2. cg;G + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; ,y;iy.
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA> fhh;gNdl;
4.
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu mkpy cWg;G
ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
MnO2 Nrhjid
6. cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>
ntg;gk; ,y;iy. GNuhikL ,y;iy
.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA
7. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4 cz;lhftpy;iy.
+ ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid epwkw;w> neba kzKila
8. mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
,y;iy.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
9. cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1. AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; FNshiuL>GNuhikL
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; + gOg;G epw tisak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cz;lhftpy;iy.
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 14 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. epwkw;wJ. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid epwkw;w nebAs;s thA>
2. cg;G + ntg;gk;. rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy mk;Nkhdpak;
epwkhfTk;>mlh; HCl y; ,Uf;fyhk;.
eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid fhg;gh;>
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy. ,y;iy..
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL> ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid epwkw;w thA>
5.
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf; FNshiuL cs;sJ
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
gr;ir kQ;rs; epwthA>
MnO2 Nrhjid
6. ];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis FNshiuL cs;sJ.
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh;H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh;
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w neba kzKila
8. NaOH Nrhjid thA> mlh; HCl y; eidj;j mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh; cs;sJ.
ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf;mkpyk; + japh; Nghd;w
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> FNshiuL cs;sJ.
NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.
2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
29
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
3 Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;. cz;lhftpy;iy.
30
+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 15 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL)
t.v fhz;gd
nra;td mwptd
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; epwkw;wJ. fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
1. epwk;. cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w nebAs;s thA>
2. ntg;gr; Nrhjid rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy mk;Nkhdpak;
cg;G + ntg;gk;. epwkhfTk;> mlh; HCl y; ,Uf;fyhk;.
eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
3. Rlh; Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; fhg;gh;>
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; ,y;iy.
,y;iy.
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;. ,y;iy. ry;igL ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid nrk;gOg;G epw thA> GNuhikL
5. <ukhd GNshnu];rpd;
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cs;sJ.
jhis gr;ir epwkhf
khw;WfpwJ.
MnO2 Nrhjid nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
6. <ukhd GNshnu];rpd; GNuhikL
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + jhis rptg;G epwkhf cs;sJ.
ntg;gk;. khw;WfpwJ.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
7. cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + nrk;gOg;G epw thA
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. cz;lhftpy;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf;mkpyk; + ntspwpa kQ;rs; epw GNuhikL
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;. tPo;gbT> NH4OH y; mkpy cWg;G
Fiwthf fiufpwJ. cWjpahf cs;sJ.
31
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
3 Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl + ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury; cz;lhftpy;iy.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G GNuhikL
fhu cWg;G mk;Nkhdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL.
32