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Prothrombin
Fibrinogen
There are many causes of bleeding but few of the most
commonest are discussed here in this presentation and they are
as follows:
1.WOUNDS
A break in the continuity of skin, is termed as wound. Various
types of wounds are as follows:-
a) Incised wound
b) laceration
c) Abrasion
d) Contusion
e) Punctured wound
f) Gunshot Wound
2. FRACTURE OF LARGE BONES
3. INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD
4. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
5. BLUNT TRAUMATIC INJURY
6. INVASSIVE DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
7. ANATOMICAL DEFECTS
8. CANINE BITE
9. CRUSH INJURY
10.VARICOSE BLEEDING
Classification-
Grade0-no bleeding
Grade1-petechial bleeding
Grade2-mild blood loss(clinically significant)
Grade3-gross blood loss, requires transfusion
Grade4-debilitating blood loss, retinal or cerebral
associated with fatality.
Hemorrhaging is broken down into four
classes by the American College of
Surgeons' advanced trauma life
support (ATLS).
1) Aterial hemorrhage
2) Capillary hemorrhage
3) Venous hemorrhage
According to the time of wound;
1.Primary hemorrhage
2.Reactionary or intermediate hemorrhage
3.Secondary hemorrhage
1.Primary hemorrhage-
2.Reactionary hemorrhage-
3.Secondary hemorrhage-
On tissue fluid-
arteriole constriction decreases the capillary pressure.
It helps to compensates the blood loss.
On kidney-
constriction of afferent & efferent arterioles of kidney after
hemorrhage decreases the GFR very much, Therefore, the
urinary output decreases.
On Renin secretion-
hypoxia produced after blood loss increases secretion of Renin
from kidney & the subsequent formation of Angiotensin 2.
It also increases release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex.
Aldosterone causes retention of sodium
On nervous system-
3.Fainting-
when hemorrhage is severe, cardiac output decreases & blood
pressure falls. So, the blood flow to brain decreases resulting
in unconsciousness.
4.cerebral ischemia-
when the blood flow to brain is severely affected due to
hypoxia , ischemia of the brain tissue develops within 5
minutes. It causes irreversible damage to brain tissues
1.Pad & Bandage-
This is the simple method of applying direct pressure to a
bleeding wound & is applicable to vast majority of cases.
It is effective & causes no damage.
2.Digital pressure-
It is the pressure applied on the point of artery supplying blood
to the area of wound.
This will control hemorrhage temporally & is called indirect
pressure.
3.Elevation of the limb-
It will control venous hemorrhage.
This is a classical method of dealing with a sudden hemorrhage
from a ruptured varicose vein of leg
4.Application of tourniquet-
5.Surgical ligation-
It is necessary if the bleeding is persistent.
6.coagulation-
It can be used to coagulate the blood from small blood
vessels.
7
.Pack-
It will temporarily control severe hemorrhage.
This method is used in operation theater to control
temporary or sudden hemorrhage.
8.styptics-
These are also used to control bleeding & they act as
astringents. Astringents such as snake venom or
adrenaline may be used locally in certain cases.
Brings the sides of wound together & press firmly.
Press on the pressure point for 10-15min.
Place the causality in comfortable position & raise the
injured part & reassure him.
Apply clean pad larger than the wound & press it firmly
with the palm until bleeding becomes less.
If bleeding continues do not take off original dressing but
add more pads.
Bandage, it but not too tightly.
The following methods can be used to control bleeding-
The organ is emptied of blood clots if possible in case of severe
bleeding from bladder, a catheter is passed & bladder is
emptied.
The vessels are encouraged to contact a lots of saline or sodium
bicarbonate to which a few drops of adrenaline solution have
been added, is of great value in washing the organ.This can be
repeated every two hourly.
The use of ergometrine after the birth of placenta is an example
of stimulating the vessel to contact pitosin IV may effective in
control of bleeding from esophageal varies.
Packing it can be done with gauze soaked in adrenaline is
effective.
Surgical ligature can be done in case of ruptured spleen.
Lay the causality down with head low; rise his legs by use
of pillow.
Keep him clam & relaxed & reassure him
Do not allow him to move.
Keep up the body heat with thin blankets or coat.
Do not give anything to eat or drink aspiration occure.
Do not apply ice bag or hot water bag to chest & abdomen
Take him to the hospital as early as possible
Transport gently
ASSESSMENT:-
◦ Frequent nursing assessment is very important.
◦ Document the progress and response of the patient
◦ Assess blood chemistries, blood gas, oxygen saturation and
electrolytes.
◦ Assess for the air way breathing and the circulation.
◦ Identify the bleeding site, amount of blood loss and nature of
injury.
◦ Assess respiratory tract for the clearance , rate of respiration
and auscultation the respiratory sounds for any abnormality.
Fluid volume deficit related to bleeding.
Ineffective tissue perfusion related to bleeding.
Anxiety / fear related to changes in circumstances or
the threat of death.
Risk for infection related to bleeding.
Risk for shock; hypovolemic related to bleeding.
IMPROVE OXYGENATION:-
Reassure the patient and make him comfortable.
Calm down the patient as anxiety may increase heart rate
further causes complications.
If patient is restless, irritable never give him opiods as it
may further cause hpoxia.
Clear the air way if it is obstructed with blood clots, blood
or some dust particles.
Turn head to one side
Administer oxygen with the help of nasal canulla at the
rate of 4 lit / minutes.
During hypoxia patient is confused hence explain him the
need of oxygenation and the purpose of nasal cannula.
RESTORE AND MAINTAIN ADEQUATE PERFUSION:-
Assess the patient for the manifestation of hypoxia.
Avoid hot application to treat hypothermia as it dilates
peripheral blood vessels and pull away blood from vital
organs.
Use modified trend burg position for the patient to increase
cardiac output.
Provide blanket to the patient to prevent hypothermia.
Check vital signs every 5 minutes specially blood pressure
and pulse.
TEMPERATURE MONITORING:-
Temperature monitoring is very important in patient with
shock.
Check temperature by using rectal thermometer avoid axillary
and oral temperature taking.
CARDIAC MONITORING:-
Monitor blood pressure of the patient every 5 minutes till
patients systolic blood pressure comes to 100 mm of Hg.
Check the pulse for the rate and rhythm.
Monitor patients closely on cardiac monitors as patients with
haemmorhagaic shock tend to have arrhythmias due to severe
electrolytes imbalance.
Measurement of CVP is important in hypovolemic shock as it
helps us to prevent fluid overload.
BLEEDING CONTROL:-
Assess the wound for the bleeding.
Apply direct and firm pressure on the bleeding site.
Inform the doctor immediately regarding bleeding.
Prepare the patient for the surgery if required.
Assist the doctor in ligation and closure of wound .
Assure aseptic technique throughout the procedure ,
assess that wound is cleaned properly no foreign particles
are left behind in the wound.
ASSESS PATIENT FOR FLUID OVERLOAD:-
While treating hypovolemia often rigorous fluid
therapy is given which may cause complication such as
pulmonary edema if not done carefully.
Be alert for the signs and symptoms of pulmonary
edema
During fluid therapy assess cardiac as well as
respiratory signs and symptoms which indicate
pulmonary edema. Inform unfavorable changes
immediately.
PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT TO THE PATIENT
AND THE FAMILY:-
Assure the patient and his family.
As anxiety increases oxygen demand by increasing the
heart rate hence calm down the patient.
Keep family members informing about recent updates of
patients condition and his progress.
Explain use of various equipments to the client.
Explain each and every procedure prior to doing it
NUTRITION:-
When patient is in hypovolemia , his BMR is increased
hence there is more need of energy.
Nutrition supplement is initiated as soon as possible.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION:-
Check the blood bag for recipients details, group, expiry.
Tally the name of patient with blood bag.