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ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 4
3.0 THEORY ....................................................................................................................................... 5
4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Apparatus and Equipment ...................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Procedure of The Experiment ................................................................................................. 8
5.0 RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 9
6.0 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................... 10
7.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 11
8.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 12
ABSTRACT
The following experiment outlines the proper procedure for determining the shear
modulus for a material. The experiment conducted is to determine the torsion properties
subjected to pure torque loading, identify Types of fracture surface under pure torque and to
validate the data between experimental and theoretical values. During this experiment, mild
steel was used as samples to demonstrate how materials behave during testing conditions. By
measuring the applied torque with respect to the angle of twist, the shear modulus, shear stress
at the limit of proportionality, and failure conditions can be found. We can conclude that not
all deformation is elongational or compressive. The concept of stress and strain can be extended
to inclined shearing or distortional effects. In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an
object due to an applied torque.
Torsion test are made on materials to determine such properties as the modulus
elasticity in shear, the torsion yield strength and the modulus of rupture. It is often used for
testing brittle materials and can be tested in full-sized parts, i.e., shafts, axles and twist drills
which are subjected to torsion loading in service.
Many products and components are subjected to torsional forces during their operation.
Products such as shaft, switches, fasteners, and automotive steering columns are just a few
devices subject to such torsional stresses. By testing these products in torsion, manufacturers
can simulate real life service conditions, check product quality, verify designs, and ensure
proper manufacturing techniques.
A torsion test can be conducted on most materials to determine the torsional properties
of the material. These properties are modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength,
ultimate shear strength, and modulus of rupture in shear and ductility.
The torsion test generates the "torque versus angle" diagram that looks very similar to
a "stress versus strain" curve in a tensile test. They are not the same however they are analogous
to properties that can be determined during a tensile test. This experiment is designed to
determine the modulus of rigidity. Utilizing test specimens with a known geometry, specimens
can be twisted with the values for torque simultaneously measured. With the sample secured
and clamped within the Torsion Test Machine, the specimen can be twisted by applying a
rotational torque to one end, while the opposing end is kept straight.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
It is identical to the second moment of area Jzz for concentric circular tubes or round
solid shafts only. For other shapes, J must be determined by other means. For solid shafts,
the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin-walled tubes of arbitrary shape, the shear flow
approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant. For thick-walled tubes of arbitrary
shape, there is no simple solution, and finite element analysis (FEA) may be the best method.
r is the distance between the rotational axis and the farthest point in the section (at the outer
surface). L is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over. θ is the angle of
twist in radians. G is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is
usually given in gigapascals (GPa),The product JT G is called the torsional rigidity wT.
Note that the highest shear stress occurs on the surface of the shaft, where the radius is
maximum. High stresses at the surface may be compounded by stress concentration such as
rough spots. Thus, shafts for use in high torsion are polished to a fine surface finish to reduce
the maximum stress in the shaft and increase their service life.
The angle of twist can be found by using:
Consider a cylindrical bar subjected to a torsional moment at one end. The twisting
moment is resisted by shear stresses set up in the cross section of the bar. zero at centre, max
at surface
τ = shear stress, Pa
MT = torsional moment, Nm
Where
2. Put the specimen and fix it at the end on the machine chuck and set zero reading.
3. The handwheel is needed to be turn on clockwise direction to provide the applied load
4. For the rotation, first, it increments is a quarter rotation (90° ) and the second and third
rotation (180° ) and for the forth up to 10 rotations of one rotation (360° ).
5. For the reading, turn the handwheel at the position first or second or other then the
dial gauge is needed to set to be initial value as 0 and from that the reading of torque
will display at torque meter.
6. Record the data that obtain from the torque meter and the rotation of handwheel and
plot the graph from the given data.
5.0 RESULTS
6.0 DISCUSSION
7.0 CONCLUSION
8.0 REFERENCES