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ENEE 3540 Electronics 1

Prof.

Dr. Drimitrios Charalampidis

Final Project
By

Nauman Zubair

ID # 2444828
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Part 1: Hard Limiter.

Figure 1

At once can see in Figure 1, the total voltage across node of V2 is

V2 node = 0.7 + 1.5 = 2.2 V

At Node across V3 is,

V3 node = -(0.7 +2.6) = -3.3 V

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Figure 1.1: Waveform Input (Red) and Output (Blue)

Conclusion:
This clipper is a device designed to clips voltages above 2.2V and below -3.3 V voltage level
without distorting the remaining part of the applied waveform. This clipping circuit consists of
linear elements like resistor and non-linear elements like diodes, but it does not contain energy-
storage elements like capacitors. To clip 2V we have the diode set downward it, so when diode is
active, it creates a + 0.7V. That diode voltage is then connect a 1.5 voltage source, clipping a
total of 2.2V. To clip below -3.3V, we have upward diode, creating a -0.7V, connected to a -2.6
voltage source. It clips below at -3V. As one can see in figure 1.1 that the results are correct. The
top wave clips at 2.2V, and bottom stops at -3.3V.
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Part 2: Soft Limiter

Figure 2: Circuit

At one can see in Figure 2, the total voltage across node V2 is

V = -0.7V - 2.6V =- 3.3V
𝑅2 1
= → R2 =333.333 Ω, R1 = 1K Ω
𝑅2 +𝑅1 4

At one can see in Figure 2, the total voltage across V3 is

V = 0.7V + 1.5 = 2.2 V
𝑅3 1
= → R3 =250 Ω, R1 = 1K Ω
𝑅3 +𝑅1 5
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Figure 2.1: Waveform Input (Red) and Output (Blue)

Conclusion:
Soft limiting rounds the peaks of signals to allow a hotter signal to form without clipping. Soft
limiting required two extra resistors to be in series with two diodes. Two resistors were required
because it won’t hard clip like in part 1. When choosing the resistors values, voltage division was
helpful. In the node across V2 total voltage across the wire is 2.2V, R2 which is 333.333 ohms
connected to ¼ of the voltage. At node across V3, I had use 250 ohms so it create a ratio ¼ for
voltages below-3.3V. Figure 2.1 proves that the results are correct,
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Part 3: (a) Half Wave Rectifiers

Figure 3(a): Circuit.

Per% Output Positive = 7.295/8.340*2 = 43.75 %

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Figure 3(a): Waveform Input (Blue) and Output (Red)

Conclusion:
In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the AC
wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform
reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification requires a single diode in
a single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase supply. Half-wave rectifiers produce far more
ripple than full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the
AC frequency from the output.
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Part 3: (b) Full Wave Rectifier

Figure 3(b) Circuit.

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Figure 3(b): Waveform Input (Blue) and Output (Red)

Conclusion:

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input
waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and produces a higher average output voltage. Four
diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap),
are needed. Single semiconductor diodes, double diodes with four-diode bridges, are consider as
single components.
Input Voltage = 2 V
Output Voltage Approximately = 0.7 V
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Part 4: Diodes.

Figure 4: Circuit

Let Vo be the voltage in the middle,

All ( D1, D2 , D3 as in multism )

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Voltage At Vo= 1 + 0.7 = 1.7 V

Current is positive, hence D1 is active.

For D2,

Current across at R1 = (3 – 2.4)/ 2K = 0.3 mA

Current is positive, hence D3 is active.

For D3,

Current across at R3 = (1.0 – 2.0 )/ 1K = -0.3 mA

Since current is negative, D3 is negative

As in figure 4, voltage across D2 and D3 is positive and D1 negative. And also we can look from our
calculation that this is true.

Conclusion:
The very first thing I did is find Vo at the middle node. That lead me to the find all the currents.
Since the D1 was the only one with negative current, so I then assumed that D1 was off. When I
first started to the problem, I made the assumption that all diodes are on. Solving the diode
circuit lead me to the correct solution. As one can see in figure 4, D3 and D2 have positive voltage
across it and D1 has a negative voltage. The assumptions made above are correct.
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Part 5: Mosfets in DC:

Trials:
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Through trial and error VTN approximately is 2.01 V.

Here Taking VG = 2.40, V, I = 8.06 mA

I = ½ KN ( VGS – VTN ) 2

KN ‘ ( W / L ) = 0.10598A/V2

Here Taking VG = 2.30 V, I = 4.53 mA

I = ½ KN ( VGS – VTN ) 2

KN ‘ ( W / L ) = 0.1077288 A/V2

Here Taking VG = 2.20 V, I = 2.01 mA

I = ½ KN ( VGS – VTN ) 2

KN ‘ ( W / L ) = 0.111357 A/V2
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Here Taking VG = 2.10 V, I = 0.504 mA

I = ½ KN ( VGS – VTN ) 2

KN ‘ ( W / L ) = 0.12444 A/V2

Here Taking VG = 2.01 V, I = 0.0 mA

I = ½ KN ( VGS – VTN ) 2

KN ‘ ( W / L ) = 0 A/V2

0.009
y = 0.0506x2 - 0.2025x + 0.2026
0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45
-0.001

Id vs Vgs
Kn = 0.0506 *2 = 0.1012

Conclusion:

First of all we used trial and error to figure out when the NMOS goes into saturation from cut off. We
observed that it was 2.01 for this specific transistor. We then calculated 5 different values of Kn , which
is approximately 0.1012 A / V2..
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Part 6: BJT

Figure 6.1

B = IC / IB ==> 2.07 / 0.00935 = 221.39

VBE = 0.645 V

IC = 1mA

IB = 4.5169 uA

RB = 2073324 ohm

RC < 9365 ohm

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Figure 6.2

IC = 0.931 mA

Conclusion:

For BJT to be active Vc needs to be greater than Vb. So we did trial and error to and making educated
guesses, we found B and Vbe. Doing this assignment we get to know about the concept of BJT