Proc. Natl. Sci Counc. ROC(A) Vol. 21, No. 1, 1997, pp. 37-46 Network Models of Le Blanc Transformers in Phase Coordinates Huno-Yuan KUO anb Tsat-Hsianc CHEN Department of Electrical Engineering National Taivean Institute of Technology Talpel, Taiwan, R.O.C. (Received November 11, 1995; Accepted December 6, 1996) ABSTRACT This paper introduces the detailed network models of Le Blanc transformers with star- and delta- connections on the primary windings in phase co-ordinates. The Le Blanc transformer is one of the twansformers which are commonly used in power-supply systems of high-speed railways. Because large high-speed railway demands are usualy single phase and are directly fed from a public power system, the effects of the former onthe latter ace significant, Detailed models of traction substation tansformers are, therefore, required to evaluate these kinds of effects. Furthermore, these models are necessary to study the performance of power-supply systems of high-speed railways to make sure that railway systems can be operated normally even when one ofthe traction substations is outage. Detailed models of other connections, suchas single-phase, V and Scott, have been developed by the authors of this paper. These previously developed models will be used here to compare their characteristics with those of the Le Blanc connection. The advantages and disadvantages ofthe Le Blane connection are also briefly described here Key Words: Le Blanc connection, high-speed railway, substation transformer, network model, voltage imbalance 1. Introduce ‘The voltage imbalances on power systems have existed for a long time. They usually result from unbalanced loads, untransposed transmission lines, electrified traction loads, and so on. These imbalances may cause extra losses, communication interference, motor overheating, and malfunction of relays (Hamoud et al., 1992; Astengo et al., 1989; Ross, 1971). The degree of voltage imbalances in transmission networks is usually less than 1%, which is commonly acceptable from the viewpoint of power engineers. Recently, however, the rapid growth of railroad de- mands, especially high-speed railway (HSR) demands, may have made the degree of voltage imbalances far larger than 1%. This will significantly affect public power systems and the equipment connected to them. Related engineers and consultants are concerned about this problem. ‘Thus, a means to evaluate and reduce the degree of voltage imbalance due to high-speed railways has become important, A three-phase power-flow program with detailed ‘component models can be employed to'solve this prob- lem. Many three-phase power equipment models have so far been proposed and used for simulation of an unbalanced power system (Chen and Dillon, 1974), Network models of the traction tfansformers with single- phase, V and Scott connections have been developed by the authors of this paper in their previous studies. However, the model of the Le Blanc connection was not available yet at that time. Because the Le Blanc connection transformer is frequently used in power- supply systems of high-speed railways due to its ad- vantages compared to other connections, the detailed ‘model of this connection needs to be developed as soon as possible (Chen, 1994a). ‘The derivation and appli- cations of the Le Blane transformer are, therefore, presented in this paper. In addition, three previously developed models for single-phase, V and Scott con- nections are used here to compare their characteristics with those of the Le Blane connection. ‘The connection type of traction substation trans- former is the major factor that dominates the degree of voltage imbalance. The derived equivalent circuit models should consider the core and copper losses and the windings connection of the transformer as well as the phase-angle displacement between primary- and secondary-side voltages due to the different windings -37-HLY. Kuo and TH. Chen connections. ‘The core loss portion of a transformer can be included by means of shunt core-loss funetions on each phase of the secondary-side terminal of the transformer model and will not be presented here (Chen et al., 1991). Hence, only the series portion of the equivalent circuit models of the Le Blanc transformer is introduced in this paper. The models are developed in phase co-ordinates rather than in a symmetrical- component frame, Because the transformers are ap proximated by their equivalent linear models, the derived ‘models should be used in steady-state studies. The proposed models are presented in the form of coupling-free equivalent circuits. They can easily be imported into a simulation program to evaluate the effects on public power systems due to unbalanced traction loads, A commercial program, the Electro- magnetic Transients Program (EMTP), is adopted here to verify the proposed models. The simulation results corroborate the correctness of the proposed models. ‘The means that reduction of voltage imbalance can also be simulated and confirmed by using suitable proposed models (single-phase, V. Scott or Le Blanc) before they are proposed and employed. Furthermore, some ap: plications of the proposed models are also discussed in this paper. ll. Derivation of Le Blanc Transformer Models The electric traction demands of a high-speed railway are usually single-phase and are fed from public power systems, The required single-phase power can easily be obtained by using single-phase transformers connected between two phases of the high-voltage network of the public power system. Single-phase power can also be obtained by using V, Scott and Le Blanc connection transformers to convert three-phase power to two single-phase power. The mathematical models of these transformer connections except for the Le Blane connection have been developed successfully by the authors in previous studies (Chen and Kuo, 1995). The Le Blane connection is an alternative to the Scott connection for transforming from three-phase power to two-phase power or two single-phase power (Chen, 1994b). When the Le Blanc connection is adopted instead of Scott connection, many advantages can be obtained. For example, a common core with three-limb, three-phase design is employed for the construction of a Le Blanc connection compared with two single-phase cores for the Scott connection ‘Therefore, a single tank can be employed to house a Le Blanc transformer. This fact results in more eco- nomical in floor space than the Scott transformer, particularly if compared with the arrangement of two separate single-phase cores, each in its own tank, In addition to a somewhat simpler standard core arrange- ment, the Le Blane connection permits a more efficient, use of the active materials and results in a lighter unit for a given rated KVA. These facts together conse- quently simplify the manufacture of a Le Blane trans: former and reduce its expenses (Franklin and Franklin, 1983). Furthermore, both star-and delta-connected wind. ings can be employed at the primary side of the Le Blanc transformer. The derivation of these two con- nection types of Le Blane transformers is described below 1. LeBlane'Transformer with Delta-Connected Primary Windings ‘The circuit diagram of a Le Blanc transformer with delta-connected windings at the primary side is shown in Fig. 1, This figure indicates that the primary windings are Ny turns, and that the secondary windings MN Na have three different turns, “73, 3 and “$2 cally, the magnitudes of the secondary voltages Vz, and Via are equal, and the phase difference between these two voltages is 90 degrees. If the self and mutual inductances of the eight windings of this transformer are all taken int6 account during the derivation, the procedure and the resultant ‘Theoreti Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of a Le Blanc transformer with delta-com ected primary windings ~38-Network Model of Le Blane Transformer circuit models will be too complicated to be practical Because many parameters should be prepared before this complicated circuit model can be applied, many field measurements should be executed to obtain these parameters, and it is usually quite difficult to obtain these parameters correctly. Therefore, some reason- able assumptions are made here to simplify the deri- vation procedure. The resultant equivalent circuit models maintain proper accuracy and are suitable for detailed system simulation to determine the effects of the unbalanced traction demands on the public power system, According to the electric characteristics of the Le Blane connection, this transformer can approxi- ‘mately be divided into three partial networks as shown in Fig. 2, and t is assumed that there is no direot mutual coupling among the three partial networks. The volt- ages on both the primary and sceondary sides are all in per unit on the corresponding base phase voltages. ‘The mathematic model of network I can be easily written as Eq. (1) by using the general model of @ single-phase transformer with off-nominal tapping on the secondary side, in which y, represents the equiva- lent admittance of a nominal single-phase transformer with Ny and No turn primary and secondary windings, respectively. The equivalent admittance is obtained by using a short-circuit test Network 2 of the Le Blane transformer can be considered as a three-winding transformer and can be partitioned into two subnetworks. Each equivalent subnetwork is just a single-phase two-winding transformer and is shown in Fig. 3. ‘The nodal admittance matrix of these two subnet- works can be easily written as shown in Eqs. (2) and @). Fig. 2, Three equivalent networks for a Le Blane transformer with eta-connected primary windings Fig. 3. Equivalent subnetworks for partial network 2 of a Le Blane transformer, bs @