Regional Landscape Planning

A M Abisha Teslin Dhas

2017802002
In developing economies like India, the issue
of social equity has become the need of the
day
Regional approach is more responsive to the
emerging socio-economic problems at
various territorial levels.
• regional planning is spatial development
planning
• utilising natural and human
• enrichment of the quality of life of its
population
• distribute the gains of development
among the regions and groups within the
regions,
• minimizing socio-economic imbalances
and improving living conditions of the
masses.
region is a flexible concept, referring to a
continuous and localized area intermediate
between national and urban levels.
Regional Planning
Region
A formal region Is a geographical area which is uniform or homogeneous in
terms of selected criteria
A functional region Is a geographical area which displays '-a certain functional
coherence, an Inter-dependence of parts.
Ebenezer Howard was one of the early pioneers of the concept of the nodal
region He suggested that the solution to the problems of a large urban area
such as London in developing a cluster of new towns linked to the central city In
a functional relationship.
Patrick Geddes also stressed the inter-dependence and Inter-relationships of
factors In a region, using him famous 'place-work-folk' diagram. It was
Geddes also who coined the term city region' which has come to be the most
widely used form of nodal region.
Regional Planning translates the national planning objectives and targets into Self-sufficiency
regional (spatial)programmes and policies. Self-sufficiency is mainly quantitative and
Planning region must be adequate to achieve the plan objectives which seek dependent upon the resource endowments
maximization of benefits-arising from the utilization of resources to achieve a of each area which will induce a process of
minimum acceptable standard of living. flow and exchange of goods and services.
To ensure this it will be necessary to consider for each planning region the nature In addition to economic viability, a planning
of resource endowments of the area, the present level of economic, social and region must aim at a natural balance
physical development and the potentials of future development. amongst the resources and their
a planning region should possess an assured economic and social viability, exploitation.
developed or developable derived from the resources within the region. This natural balance or 'ecological balance'
A planning region' must be a viable economic entity assures a stability of a different type and
Economic viability may be expressed in terms of self-sufficiency of existing and lasting character.
potential resources to reach a desired level of development. The fauna and flora of natural region are
The degree of economic viability may vary, depending upon the level at self- always balanced and help to complete to
sufficiency aimed at 2 major criteria defining this are 'production' and the natural cycle, where the natural cycle is
'employment’ not completed or obstructed, these are
Region must be capable of engendering activities that would assure near-full bound to result in ravines, dust bowls,
employment and production of agricultural and non-agricultural commodities to depletion of soils, desiccation and so on.
meet the requirements of food and other manufactured and consumer goods at The degree of ecological balance that can
a level laid down by the national plan. be attained will be dependent on the
Production of all consumer goods may not be achieved, but there should be diversity of the resources that would be
enough to make exchanges possible. possible.

Planning regions - basic postulates

Criteria in delimiting a region are as follows:
1. Must be large enough to contain a range of resources, conditions and attitudes to establish the desired degree of economic
viability but at the same time, not too large as to make a comprehensive approach too general.
2. Should have adequate resources of diverse origin to enable a production pattern to be developed, both for consumption and
for ex-change.
3. an organization in terms of nodal points, either developed or developable to satisfy the organizational needs to the region as
a total entity.
4. Planning is a mechanism for dealing with resource development problems. The ideal regions for planning purposes will be
those in which an area-wise approach to these problems is both feasible and desirable.
5. Planning deals with anticipating the future and an area with common potentialities and probabilities of development would
be logical
6. Planning requires the development of insight consequences of various alternatives, a contiguous, cohesive area, within which
various alternatives can be projected and analyzed, has importance. Such internal cohesion may be the result of homogeneity
of resource or their linkages through complementarily and intra-areal activity or "flows.
7. to facilitate the making of rational decision, an area where some degree of social unity exists is desirable, so that the public
can identify this problems and accept responsibility for meeting them
8. cannot completely ignore the basic administrative units derived by grouping the smallest administrative unit in right
combinations. The advantages keeping the smallest administrative unit intact lies in the availability of data by such units and
the existence of a system of administrative communication which provides for mutual feed -backs and appraisal of results for
the guidance of future problem-solving techniques.
9. Planning regions are essentially operational in character and therefore a high degree of flexibility and elasticity is called for in
their conception as well as their delimitation.

Planning regions - basic postulates

Depending on the geographical scope within which developmental programmes could be effectively organized and dealt with, It
is possible to visualize three major area levels of operation, viz., macro, meso and micro. On this basis it would be possible to
derive planning region of various taxonomic ranks by grouping areas according to the purpose of and scale of development.

Macro-regions
represent areas where inter-related solutions to many problems are necessary and have a complete matrix of all essential
resources for integrated development.
Among these resources, power resources determines the major lines of economic development and brings dispersion of
economic activity necessary for achieving balanced regional development
each macro-region should have one or more existing or potential industrial nucleus which may also be an apex centre for the
region and will have its linkages in a hierarchy of urban-Industrial development.
characterized by a high degree of internal cohesion, forming an economic system by itself and having the liability to generate
exchanges between itself and the other regions within the country.
This compiles resources and economic specialization within each macro-regions and involves an analysis of economic ties within
the region and its economic connections with the rest of the country.

The concept of self-sufficiency does not isolate the regions into closed circuit or water-tight systems. It only implies balance in
the export-Import situation between each region and the rest of the country, which should be achieved in any long term
planning

This is a test of regionalization and should be done by resource analysis. Involving the preparation of 'balance sheets', by drawing
a up inter-industrial and inter-regional balances of production and distribution of commodities and by building economic and
mathematical models of planned economy for each region and the country as a whole.
Planning regions - basic postulates
Meso-regions

The meso-regions are sub-divisions of macro-regions.

form the primary economic units for the purposes of planning

The main objective of delineating meso-region is to carve out viable real effective exploitation, conservation and utilization of
resources.

Economic viability at the minimum level is the primary consideration for grouping areas to form meso-regions.

has adequate resource potential and established a production pattern sufficient to meet the employment needs of the people in
that unit over a period of time and, at the same time, produce enough food or offer goods which can be exchanged for food to
meet minimum or offer goods which can be exchanged for food to meet minimum consumption needs.

economic viability has been tested by examining indicators like per capita usable land, productivity Index and manufacturing
potential.

Planning regions - basic postulates

Micro-level regions
The region should have some unifying core problem of interest.
It should include all territory, tributary to the core.
The areas within a micro-region should have absence of serious conflicting interests within the area. Its population must share
certain basic attitudes, values, needs and desires.
Must be designed to represent a "community of interests" with regard to dynamic types of production, market relationships and
labour supply and demand.
form the best possible combination of structural, organizational and functional factors. Intended to be suitably units for the
formulation of area development plans close to the grass roots, affording direct inter action between the citizens and the
administration to decide the key a issues in area development.

They can be of three broad types.

1. nodal regions consisting of urban Centres and the influence areas around them. In big cities (e.g. Calcutta, Delhi, etc.), the
influence areas can be very large comprising a part of even the whole of a macro-region. The nodal region, In such case, has
been interpreted as the minimum influence areas (the metropolitan area) and not the total hinterland.
2. primarily rural areas with a large number of minor nodes without any organization hierarchy influencing the entire area.
Here they may be conceived essentially as service areas centered around potential growth points which may subsequently
develop into one or more systems)
3. problem areas of back ward areas; for example, a coal belts a famine-prone area or a reclamation area. The Rayalaseema
area, the Chambal ravines etc

Planning regions - basic postulates

Seminar on Regional Planning held in Tokyo from 26th of July to 8th August 1958
Unprecedented growth of cities has given rise to various problems, which need to be controlled and channelized into the region
for striking a balance of development between rural and urban areas

Urban Scenario
India is experiencing some significant phenomena in its demographic structure, namely massive growth of population,
urbanization. The last two decades witnessed a strong trend towards emergence of metropolises in India; The next two decades
are likely to be marked by a dominance of mega cities.

Retrospect
Urban and regional planning before
After urban problems during and after WW2, Health Survey and
independence of india
Development Committee under Sir Joseph Bhore was set up in 1946 for
rapid industrialization and urbanization -
regional planning .
regulate growth of urban centres.
almost similar to that practiced in England and
include public health and environmental hygiene, town and country planning.
master plans with town planning schemes were
i) Ministry of Housing and Town Planning In each province.
prepared for areas covered within the municipal
ii) Legislations to regulate planning of towns and rural settlements
limits of some cities and towns.
iii) selected individuals to be sent to Europe for training and if needed town
The Bombay Town Planning Act, 1915 and
planning experts from abroad be recruited on short-term contracts
Madras Town Planning Act, 1920, City
iv) setting up training centre’s for town planners at least in a few universities
Improvement Trust Acts were enacted for
after Independence - creation and strengthening of the Directorates of Town
extension and improvement of cities to
Planning at state level and Central Regional and Urban Planning Organization
accommodate the influx of population.
(CRUPO Predecessor of the present TCPO), under the Ministry of Health.

Regional development planning in india.

Post-Independence Period
Planning Legislation
Independence of India and partition of the
country into three parts created problems of
After Independence all States started to evolve a common policy on urban
refugee rehabilitation in the north-west and the
and regional planning matters.
north east of the country.
The problem was borne by Delhi, Calcutta and the
Excepting a few States which had enacted special Town Planning Acts, the
surrounding towns and cites
other States in the country depended upon the legal provisions contained
The resettlement of displaced persons caused the
in various City Corporation Acts, Municipal Acts. City Improvement Acts,
creation of a number of planned new towns in
Village Panchayat Acts. Cantonment Board Acts, etc.. for planned
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bengal apart from Delhi
development of urban and rural areas.
and surroundings
Industrial activity added new dimension to urban
Constitution of India came into force from 26th January 1950 and the
and regional planning through planning and
fundamental rights that every citizen enjoys as far as his property rights are
development of many new steel plant cities and
concerned.
project towns in different states
New capital cities like Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar
Revision of earlier Town Planning Acts was needed under the changed
and Gandhinagar apart from Ghazibad, Faridabad
circumstances and challenges posed by the rapidly expanding urban
etc illustrate the amount of planning effort in
centre’s
planning new towns.
A comprehensive legislation was needed for checking haphazard and
But legal framework for regulating planned growth
unhealthy development in our urban and rural areas.
of human settlements was lacking in the country.

Regional development planning in india.

Two major events took place in 1951 i.e.,
(1) Launching of the First Five Year Plan (1951- 1956)
(2) Establishing the Institute of Town Planners, India.

Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961)

Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966)
set some guidelines for urban and
First Five Year Plan
regional planning
provided financial assistance for
encouraged planning of urban areas. establishing town planning organizations
encouraged preparation of master plans
for preparation of urban development
for major cities like Bombay, Calcutta,
no comprehensive legislation for plans for major cities having above
Delhi Madras. Allahabad. Hyderabad.
planning 100,000 population and important
Bangalore. Kanpur, Lucknow, Puna, etc.
growth centre’s.
The Central Regional and Urban
Plans for new towns and resource regions
Planning Organization (CRUPO), can be considered as the most
and River Valleys like Damodar Valley,
created in 1955, started preparation of important Plan which encouraged states
Bhakra- Nangal, Hirakud and Chambal
Comprehensive Development Plan for to set up Directorates of Town Planning
were proposed.
Delhi in 1957, in collaboration with the and enact legislations on urban and
Ford Foundation, USA. regional planning, utilizing the financial
Delhi Master Plan was published In 1961
assistance offered by Government of
and it served as a reference plan for
India
preparation of urban development plans
all over the country.
Regional development planning in india.

Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974)
encouraged implementation of Basic
Development Plan for Calcutta (1966-
1986) which was prepared by the Ford
Foundation Team.
The Bombay Metropolitan Regional
Planning Broad and Calcutta
Metropolitan Development Authority
were constituted during the 4 th plan
period .
Housing and Urban Development
Corporation (HUDCO) was set up in
1970 as a financing agency for housing
and urban development
Regional development planning in india.
Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979)
Sixth and Seventh Five Year Plans
Institute of Town Planners initiated
(1980-1985 &1985-90)
correspondence with the Prime Minister
of India in 1974, as a follow up of the
provided funds for IDSMT programmes
22nd Town and Country Planning Seminar
throughout the country in order to
held at Bhopal(the author was the
encourage planned development of
President of ITPI then), to encourage
small and medium towns, which were
growth of small and medium towns and
not growing when compared to major
cities in tie country.
urban centre’s and metropolis’s
Being convinced, the Union Government
HUDCO continued financing housing
appointed a Task Force in 1975 under the
and urban development programmes
chairmanship of Prof. Bp Ghosh to study
the prospects of developing small and
The achievement under IDSMT
medium towns In India, its report was
programme was unsatisfactory in most
submitted ID Government of India in
of the towns selected under the
February 1977, after which a programme
programme, during the Seventh as well
known as Integrated Development of
as the Eight Five Year Plans.
Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) was
initiated.
Status of Regional Development Planning in India
At the instance of Planning Commission,
unified development of urban communities and their environs and of
development plans for specific area like backward
states, regions and the nation.
hill regions, mineral rich regions and ecologically
vulnerable areas provide guidance in regard to
scientific methodology of complex analysis of all factors and their
optimum development confirming to
relationship, which go together to make a potentially prosperous area.
environmental, ecological and resource
identification of national goals
conservation policies.
A critical appraisal of the 1st to 3rd Five year Plans
restricting the rural population from migrating to bigger urban centre’s and
depicts that the objectives of balanced planning at
industrial areas.
grass root level are not met .
Maximum utilization of natural resources and social upliftment - balanced
while formulating the objectives in the fourth plan,
regional development
the necessity of district plans was thought
identified at sub national level, on the basis of complementarity of natural
Regional Development Planning In India has been
and man-made resources, socio-economic and geo-physical factors, a set
thought to be prepared at the following levels:
of economically viable macro regions.
i) Regional Development plan at the National level.
ii) Regional Physical plans for the sub regions
basis of resource-based regional development plans translating the
within sub states and working out the
national five year plans into the space oriented physical development plans
economic plan for the state.
at the sub national level. An IDP was prepared for one of the macro
iii) Preparation of area development plans for
resource regions, namely, the South East Resource Region comprising parts
districts and blocks
of U.P., Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.

Regional development planning in india.

Efforts for Regional Development Planning in India
evolve an improved pattern of urban and
rural settlements in the region with a view to provide the
basic economic services and community facilities required
for the development of the region, thereby striking a
regional balance and reducing regional disparities.
Our planners have been quite serious in the process
of identifying the regions of low economic growth and
areas of comparatively higher and better economic
potentialities.
Such an effort came into existence right from the First Five
year plan, when some major industrial and river valley
projects for agricultural development were initiated,
keeping in view the necessity as to how the economic
benefits of such mega projects can be made to percolate
for the benefit of masses at the grassroots level
Regional development planning in india.
During the last three and a half decades, specific regional and sub
regional plans have been prepared for many areas of the county,
both at the central and state level.
Important regional development plans prepared by Central Town
& Country Planning Organization are as under:
i) National Capital Region
ii) South East Resource Region
iii) Dandakaranya Sub-Region
iv) Malkangiri Area Plan
v) Goa Regional Plan
vi) Agra Bharatpur and Morena Sub-Region of Chambal Valley
vit) Naurangdesar Sub-Region of Rajasthan Canal Region
viii) Western Ghats Region
While the important states which have identified regions within
their states and also preparing Regional Plans are Tamilnadu,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh, etc.
Institute of Town Planners, India
National Commission on Urbanization
The establishment of the Institute of Town Planners, India
Constitution of the National Commission on Urbanization under
in 1951 provided an opportunity for town planners to
the chairmanship of Charles Correa to study and recommend to
exchange views on urban and regional planning matters.
Government of India: the dimensions of urbanization and
proposals for planned development of our urban areas
The planners who started the ITPI were M. Fayazuddin SK.
Joglekar, TJ. Manickam, V.N. Prasad, Walter George. C.S.
Though the Commission submitted In August 1988 its detailed
Chandrasekhara and others.
Report with recommendations, which were well publicized and
debated, the Union Government did not take further action to
The Annual Town and Country Planning Seminars (now
place the Report before Parliament
Congress) held in different parts of the country created the
needed stage for planners, engineers, administrators, legal
A great opportunity is lost in evolving a "National Urbanization
experts, representatives of various authorities to get
Policy" for India.
together and discuss important issues on urban and
regional planning .

Regional development planning in india.

Constitution 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts, 1992

The 73rd pertains to Zilla Panchayats and 74th to the municipalities and
metropolitan areas.
3 aspects concerning both Zilla Panchayats and municipalities and have impact
on urban and regional planning are the following: Development activities should start from the grass
root level i.e. the village should be considered as a
The State Finance Commission, to be constituted by the Governor of the State, basic unit o restrict and control urbanward
will be common to Zilla Panchayats as well as Municipalities. migration

District Planning Committee of each district is to be entrusted with matters regional level should aim at following targets:
which concern the Urban-rural interface. This committee has to consolidate the
plans prepared by the panchayats and municipalities and prepare a To develop a small medium size towns.
development plan for the entire district. Even after five years of the To provide better transport linkages to connect the
Constitution 73rd and 74th amendments, district planning committees are not small planning unit i.e. village.
To improve and provide health and medical facilities.
yet constituted in many states To provide minimum required educational facilities
for the smallest unit of planning i.e. village.
Metropolitan Planning Committee has to be constituted for each metropolitan
area under the Constitution 74th Amendment Act Similar to District Planning
Committee having jurisdiction both on the urban area and the surrounding
rural tract within the proposed metropolitan region.

Regional development planning in india.

 RPG 2001: First
Area: 3702 sq kms Regional Plan in
Population: 14.58 lakhs (Prov Census 2011) India to Cover
60% live in Coastal zone Entire State
Floating Population: Tourists 26.45 lakhs • RPG 2011: First
annually (2010) Regional Plan to be
Migrants 1.7 lakhs Scrapped
Density: 394 pp sq km • RPG 2021: First
Urban 62.17% of Total Population Regional Plan to
Administrative: 2 Districts : North Goa and Introduce
South Goa Bottom Up
12 Talukas Planning
1 Mun Corporation & 13 Municipalities
189 Village Panchayats

3 Topographical Zones
33% Forest Cover
Diverse Ecosystems

Regional Plan of Goa 2021

 ISSUES
BACKGROUND TO RPG-2021
• Pressure on land fuelled by speculation changing character of
• August 2006: The Final Regional Plan 2011 Goa’s settlements
notified. • Agriculture lands converting to real estate
– Total 50% increase in settlement area as • Intra migration and lack of jobs to match skill sets of population
compared to RP • Infrastructure needing upgradation
2001. Unprecedented public mobilisation against • Environmental degradation due to Goa’s two major industries-
Plan. tourism and mining
• January 2007: Goa government denotifies
Regional
Tourism
Plan 2011 giving in to mounting public pressure.
• October 2007: CM’s Task Force for RPG 2021
26.49 lakh annual tourists
formed
Increasing Real Estate Development Impacts:
– Includes Charles Correa, Edgar Ribeiro (ex-CTP
• Increasing Deforestation
India) and
• Declining Agriculture
representative members of the public
• Increasing Water Pollution
• September 2008: Draft RPG-2021 submitted
• Decreasing Water Table
(181 days Public Process thereafter)
• Salt water ingress
• November 2010: Final RPG-2021 notified in
• Increasing Solid Waste
parts
• Inadequate Sewage Disposal

Regional Plan of Goa 2021

Open-cast Mining Impacts

• Large reject dumps prone to erosion during

monsoon.

• Cause siltation / inundation and pollution

of water bodies and agricultural lands.
• Deforestation

• Severe air pollution due to transportation

of ore by open trucks

Regional Plan of Goa 2021

OBJECTIVES
“To create a more vibrant and prosperous
Goa…to MAPPING
create a Goa that has greater economic
prosperity… ECO-1 54.06%
in a manner that does not endanger the • Forests (NP/Sanctuary/Protected/
fragile Reserved/private forests) 35.53%
ecosystems that make Goa what it is. ..We • Mangroves 1.22%
believe • Water bodies 5.32 %
this can be best done in honest and open • Khazan lands/paddy fields 11.66%
collaboration with the people of Goa.” • Non Developable Slopes (gradient over
-Draft RPG 2021 33%)
• CRZ-I
ECO-2 26.29%
STRATEGIES
• Orchards 22.77%
To ensure future balanced distribution of
• Cultivable lands 3.32 %
population and sustainable growth
• Salt Pans 0.06 %
• Creation of new growth centres in the
• Fish Farms/Mud Flats 0.13%, CRZ-II
midland
80% of land under conservation/regulation
talukas
• Enhanced public transportation networks
• Preserving Goa’s fragile environment

Regional Plan of Goa 2021

MAPPING OF MINES

• 117 active Mines

• 700 mining leases

Recommendations:

• Closure of Mines
within Forests

• Phasing out of
Mines within 1 km
Forest Buffer and 1
km buffer of
Water Sources

Regional Plan of Goa 2021

Spatial Strategy

Regional Plan of Goa 2021

Spatial Strategy

Regional Plan of Goa 2021

Regional Plan of Goa 2021
PARTICIPATORY PROCESS
State Level Committee
Taluka Level Technical Committees
Village Panchayats

Participatory Planning

Function and Duties….. SLC

• Oversee the process of Public participation

• Co-ordinate with Taluka Level technical Team (TLTT) for better interaction
with Village Panchayats and Municipalities.
ROLE OF TLTT
• Explain the Revised Regional Plan for Goa-2021 and its features to TLTT.
• Distribute kits to the Panchayats.
• Prepare a questionnaire and a list of what parameters the
• To provide technical assistance to the
Comments/Suggestions shall be sought.
Village
panchyats (through technical persons of
• Issue necessary orders/directions from time to time as may be necessary.
TCP/PWD/Health , GIRDA representatives.)
• Collect the suggestions from TLTT and forward to the TCP Board.
• To explain the salient features of the plan.
• To attend meetings of the Panchayats.
• To assist in locating the proposals of the VP
Regional Plan of Goa 2021 and Committee.
Regional Plan of Goa 2021
 ROLE OF V.P. AND COMMITTEE WITH THE
ASSISTANCE OF TLTT
• Mark any missing water bodies, Nalhas, Heritage
sites.
• Mark any missing settlement areas, Industrial
areas
etc. existing on the ground or approvals granted as
per Law.
ROLE OF V.P. AND COMMITTEE WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF TLTT. • Mark existing area of the village.
• Mark all the roads in the villages up to 6 mtrs (Existing). • Mark playgrounds, Schools, Hospitals, Bus
• Mark all proposed roads to link all areas/wards (proposed) Stand/Clinics/Colleges (Existing /Proposed), and
Religious buildings, etc.
• Any other resources/services to be identified as detailed in the questionnaire. • Carve out the overlapping slopes on settlement
areas after visiting the sites.
Regional Plan of Goa 2021 • Locate Garbage Disposal Sites.
Regional Plan of Goa 2021
Regional Plan of Goa 2021
Regional Plan of Goa 2021
 Why is RPG 2021 Significant?
• Foregrounds Participation & Sustainability – RPG-2021 as
Broad Framework with DPs to be prepared by Local Bodies
– 80% land under eco-protection and regulated development

PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY

• Vision
• Proposals
• Implementation
Challenges
• Conflicting Goals
• Popular and Political Support
• Socially engaged expertise

Removed from reality

Village-level plan in RP 2021 for St. Jose D'Areal in Salcete

taluka shows hills as orchards and no development zone. In
reality most hills spread over an area of 2 sq km are covered
under social forestry agreements between the forest
department and Communidade of Curtorim ( a people's
body), which owns the land. Part of the hills have been
destroyed by illegal quarrying for granite

Mention of several water bodies, streams and waterways

across the state are missing from the plan. Activists say areas
prone to flooding, drains, retention ponds, places of public
use and government buildings must by identified in RP 2021

Regional Plan of Goa 2021

 Remittances sent by non-resident Goans
which play a vital role in providing social
security, housing health and higher
education to Goa's residents, is missing from
the economic data

The combined contribution of agriculture,

animal husbandry, fishing and forestry is
shown as only 10 per cent of Gross State
Domestic Product while contribution of
industries and manufacturing is inflated to
32 per cent. Activists have demanded proper
socio-economic surveys

Demographic study in RP 2021 report shows

total population of grew by 178,000. The
number of migrants in Goa during the same
period is shown as 170,000, which means
natural population growth was almost zero.
This contradicts policy document which
shows the natural population growth rate at
1.2 per cent
Regional Plan of Goa 2021
Regional Plan of Goa 2021
Regional Plan of Goa 2021