Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ASSIGNMENT 2
Biology I, Pre-Health Sciences - Durham College, Fall 2018
a. 2 files need to be submitted in total. The first file will be a fillable PDF containing your
answers to the questions in Parts 1-3. The second file will contain a link, pdf, jpg, etc
containing your “study tool” from Part 3. Note that Part 3 also requires that you post in a
discussion forum on DC Connect.
b. Unless otherwise directed, submissions made by other means (E.g. email or hard copy) will
not be accepted and will result in a grade of 0.
c. Computer malfunctions or technical issues are not accepted as excuses for late or missing
components. TIP: Submit your assignment early so that you have time to resolve any
potential technical issues prior to the deadline.
d. An instructional video is available if you require assistance using a fillable PDF.
• While students may work in groups, each student must submit their own original work.
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
Rationale: In this section you are required to answer content specific questions. These questions are
very similar in structure and style to Test 2 questions and will therefore be excellent study practice.
Instructions:.
• Answer in the spaces provided
• Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
• Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
• Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
• For short answer questions, answer in full sentences
- Pancreatic amylase
- Trypsin
-
Lipase
-
Nuclease
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
3. (1 mark) Which of the following accurately describes bile? Select ALL that apply.
It is produced by the gall bladder
It breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids
It emulsifies lipids
✔
5. (0.5 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following represents the correct order of feces
through the large intestine?
a. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid
colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
b. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid
colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
c. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid
colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
d. Anal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid
colon, rectum, anal canal, ileocecal sphincter, anus
Answer a
Organize:
DONOR RECIPIENT
What antigens are present Which antibodies are What antigens are present Which antibodies are
on the RBC? present in the plasma? on the RBC? present in the plasma?
7. (2 marks) Match the descriptions with an appropriate term. Answers are used only once.
A. Hemoglobin C. Hemolysis
B. Heme D. Hematopoiesis
Molecule found in hemoglobin that works with iron to bind oxygen ______
B
Destruction of red blood cells in the liver and spleen ______
C
Creation of red blood cells in the bone marrow ______
D
Protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen ______
A
8. (2 marks) Compare and contrast a vein and an artery. List at least ONE similarity and THREE
differences.
Differences
Artery Vein
arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the veins carry deoxygenated blood from the
heart to the tissues tissues toward the heart
Arteries are made of 3 thick layers Vs Veins are made of 3 thin layers
The blood pressure is high in arteries The blood pressure is much lower in veins
Similarity
Both arteries and veins transport blood throughout the body and are made of 3 layers. Veins and arteries are
both capable of preventing bursting as well.
9. (0.5 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning alveoli?
a. They are sacs in the lungs
b. It is a location where gas exchange takes place via diffusion
c. They are surrounded by capillaries
d. Only A and C are correct Answer e
e. All of the above
10. (0.5 mark) Multiple choice – What is the role of chemoreceptors during ventilation?
a. They detect when pH is low within the blood
b. They communicate with the medulla oblongata to decrease breathing rate
c. They eventually force you to breathe if you try to hold your breath for as long as possible
d. Only A and C are correct
e. All of the above Answer d
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
11. (3 marks) Fill-in the chart below to describe THREE ways in which carbon dioxide can be
carried within the blood:
Method of CO 2 Description
% CO 2
transport (List TWO details)
Carbon dioxide dissolves easily in water, and blood plasma is mostly water.
7-10% Therefore, some carbon dioxide can be dissolved in the blood plasma.
Dissolved in blood
plasma
This produces a "fizzy" reaction in the blood.
12. (4 marks) Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE:
True The largest organ in the body is the skin
a. ______
True A function of skin is to remove waste from the body
b. ______
True Adipocytes are primarily found within the hypodermis
c. ______
False The stratum basale is superficial to the stratum corneum
d. ______
False During UV light exposure, Langerhans cells produce a pigment called melanin
e. ______
True Arrector pili are responsible for “goose bumps”
f. ______
True Genes, carotene, and haemoglobin can contribute to the colour of skin
g. ______
True Melanocytes are primarily found within the epidermis
h. ______
Instructions:
• Answer in the spaces provided
• Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
• Consider the point value of each question as a
guide for how much detail you should include
• Remember to write all answers IN YOUR
OWN WORDS
• For short answer questions, answer in full
sentences
Scenario: Mary is a student enrolled in the Pre-Health Sciences program at Durham College. Like
many of her classmates, she has applied to several competitive healthcare programs including
Paramedics and Nursing and is very proud of the hard work that she has accomplished so far.
Unfortunately, the past few weeks have taken their toll on Mary’s mental health and she is feeling
extremely burned out. Her stress levels are at an all time high and she is struggling to manage the
demands of school, caring for her young son, Andrew, and working part-time 20 hours per week. All
of this exhaustion has caused her digestive disorder (lactose intolerance) to flair up despite the fact
that she can normally manage it very well with diet and medication. Specifically she has been
forgetting to restock her supply of Lactaid medication (an over-the-counter-drug) and has picked up
the habit of eating cheap, frozen pizzas that contain high quantities of starch and lactose. This has left
her with extreme bloating, nausea, and pain and has forced her to make regular emergency trips to the
bathroom while at school and at work.
13. (0.5 mark) Multiple choice – People with lactose intolerance cannot digest __________.
a. Lactose
b. Lactase
c. Maltase Answer a
d. Maltose
e. Amylase
14. (0.5 mark) Multiple choice – Medications like Lactaid contain __________, a digestive enzyme
that is normally made by the __________.
a. Maltase, small intestine
b. Amylase, pancreas Answer d
c. Lactose, small intestine
d. Lactase, small intestine
e. Lactase, pancreas
15. (5 marks) Track a piece of pizza through Mary’s digestive system by drawing a simplified
sketch of how various biological molecules are processed by Mary’s digestive system. Start with
the pizza entering through the mouth and show how the various enzymes break it down into
nutrients that can be absorbed within the body. For this question, you may assume that the
biological molecules in the pizza are polysaccharides, from the starch-filled dough, and lactose,
from the cheese. You may ignore any other molecules that might be present. You should also
assume that Mary did NOT take her Lactaid medication when eating the pizza.
Your drawing can be done by hand on paper or made digitally as long as a clear photo or a
screenshot of your work is submitted. A reminder that your image must be original – i.e. it is not
copied directly from course resources (E.g. lecture slides) or the internet. Use the checklist
below as a guide:
pancreas
Digestion of polysaccharides and lactose is clearly shown:
Names of all enzymes are provided
✔
provided
Descriptions/diagrams are provided as to how each
✔
16. (1 mark) How would the digestion above change if Mary took Lactaid with her meal?
Had Mary taken Lactaid with her meal, lactase would have been present in the small intestine and broken down the
lactose from the cheese in the pizza. Then, presumably lactose wouldn't have entered the large intestine. Therefore,
bacteria would not interact with lactose and Mary would not suffer from gas, bloating, or diarrhea.
17. (3 marks) Untreated lactose intolerance leads to inflammation within the gut that prevents key
nutrients from being absorbed. Explain how digested carbohydrates normally get absorbed into
the body. Provide at least THREE details using correct terminology.
Villi, lining the walls of the small intestine normally absorb digested nutrients, including
• carbohyrates.
• These carbohydrates (along with other nutrients), enter the blood capillary and are transported to
the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
• Any further undigested carbohydrates enter the large intestine where excess water and vitamins in
the carbohydrates can also be absorbed.
Scenario: As Mary continues the semester, stress continues to take its toll on Mary’s body. While
not life threatening, Mary has noticed that she experiences constant outbreaks of acne, despite having a
history of clear, blemish-free skin. After doing a bit of research and chatting with her Biology
professor, she learns that stress can aggravate sebaceous glands in the skin and cause acne.
a. (1 mark) Where are sebaceous glands located in the body? Be as specific as possible.
Sebaceous glands are located dermis, specifically the reticular layer.
b. (1 mark) What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and a sudoriferous gland?
Sebaceous glands produce oil and sudoriferous glands produce sweat. There are
also two types of sudoriferous glands called the eccrine glands and apocrine
glands.
d. (2 marks) Explain in detail how an excess of sebum can lead to the production of acne.
Sebum is an oil that lubricates the skin and hair. Acne is caused by an increase of
bacteria on the skin, as well as an excess production of sebum in the body. The bacteria
ingests sebum and produces an imflammatory response. Excess sebum produced in the
body also means that not all of the sebum is released from the sebaceous gland. This is
why acne can have a swollen look. There is a deposit of sebum (oil) lying under the skin
that causes pimples to protrude.
Scenario: As the final weeks of school approach, Mary’s stress begins to reach a breaking point as
her assignments and test dates loom. What is more, her son Andrew has been experiencing troubles at
school and has recently been diagnosed with ADHD. She confides in a friend that she feels as though
she is “barely hanging on.” She is just hoping she can make it through these final weeks.
One day, as she is walking into her Biology lab, Mary starts to feel funny. She beings to feel faint and
light-headed, almost as if the “walls are closing in.” She sits down quickly at the lab bench but a huge
wave of nausea suddenly overwhelms her and she begins to breathe rapidly. Just as class is about to
begin, Mary reaches a state of full-blown panic as she finds herself with unexpected chest pain and
difficulty breathing. Noticing her distress, her classmates and professor immediately call Campus
Safety and the Campus Emergency Response Team (CERT). An ambulance soon arrives and after an
initial assessment by paramedics, it is determined that she needs to get to Lakeridge Health
immediately. She is quickly loaded into the ambulance, connected to an IV (containing water, sugar
and salt), given her an aspirin, and offered additional oxygen. As they pull into the hospital,
paramedics do their best to keep her calm but Mary overhears them say her symptoms align with that
of a heart attack.
19. (0.5 mark) Multiple Choice – If Mary is experiencing a heart attack, what blood circuit is mostly
likely compromised? Answer a
a. Coronary d. Systemic
b. Hepatic e. None of the above
c. Pulmonary
20. (0.5 mark) Multiple Choice – Which component of blood is IV fluid meant to mimic?
a. Electrolytes d. A and B only
b. Blood plasma e. All of the above Answer a
c. Erythrocytes
21. (3 marks) List THREE specific components of blood that are NOT present in Mary’s IV fluid
Briefly describe the function of each within the body.
• Fibrinogen is not present in Mary's IV fluid. Fibrinogen is a plasma protein that clots blood should
body tissue become damaged.
• Albumin is not present in Mary's IV fluid. Albumin is a plasma protein that creates osmotic
pressure that keeps fluid in the circulatory system.
• Globulin is not present in Mary's IV fluid. Globulin are antibodies that fight pathogens during
infection.
22. While in the ambulance, the additional oxygen that Mary receives enters her nasal cavity and
travels through the respiratory system until it reaches the blood. From there, it travels to her
heart so that it can be pumped to the various cells in her body.
a. (2.5 marks) List the respiratory structures IN ORDER that carry oxygen from the nasal
cavity to the alveoli. List at least FIVE structures.
Nasal cavity > _______________
Pharynx
> _______________
Larynx
> _______________
Trachea
> _______________
Bronchi (and bronchioles)
> _______________
Lungs > Alveoli
b. Once absorbed into the blood at the alveoli, oxygen is then transported through the blood
via the red blood cells within the blood.
i. (0.5 mark) What is the scientific name for a red blood cell?
_____________________________________________________________
Erythrocyte
ii. (0.5 mark) During hypoxia, what hormone would be released to increase the
number of red blood cells within the blood?
_____________________________________________________________
Erythropoietin
• Red blood cells contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that allows red blood cells to "carry"
oxygen using iron and heme.
• In fact, 1 red blood cell has so many hemoglobin proteins, that each can carry 1 billion oxygen.
• A mature blood cell anucleates. This means the red blood cell loses its nucleus, thus providing
more room for hemoglobin. The red blood cell can bind even more oxygen.
• Red blood cells are biconcave and flexible. This is useful for traveling through the body, as it
allows red blood cells to squeeze through tiny spaces between capillaries and tissues in the body.
Scenario: Upon arriving at the hospital, Mary is assessed by the on-call cardiologist, Dr. Hiba
Khaled. After an initial assessment and blood draw, Dr. Khaled orders an EKG and echocardiogram
for Mary to determine if she is experiencing a heart attack.
23. (5 marks) An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that allows the heart to be imaged and blood
tracked through the heart. In the space below, map the pathway of blood through the heart. Start
with blood entering the heart via the vena cava and finish with blood leaving the heart through
the aorta. Be sure to list all chambers, valves, and blood vessels that the blood passes through IN
ORDER. Don’t forget to answer in your own words and use the checklist below as a guide.
✔
4 heart valves are listed in the pathway
✔
4 heart chambers are listed in the pathway
✔
4 blood major blood vessels attached to the heart are listed in the pathway
✔
All structures are listed in the correct chronological order
✔
All names are written in FULL (no acronyms) with no spelling errors
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the vena cava and flows into the right atrium.
Deoxygenated blood then travels through the tricuspid atrioventricular valve and into the
right ventricle. Deoxygenated blood then travels through the pulmonary semilunar valve
into the pulmonary artery to reach the lungs.
From here the blood is now oxygenated and flows through the pulmonary vein into the
left atrium. Oxygenated blood then travels through the bicuspid atrioventricular valve and
into the left ventricle. Oxygenated blood then travels through the aortic semilunar valve
and into the aorta.
Scenario: Luckily, Dr. Khaled reports that the blood work, EKG, and echocardiogram came back
clean, i.e. there is no evidence to support that Mary experienced a heart attack. Dr. Khaled suggests
that Mary may have actually experienced a panic attack instead, explaining that the symptoms of a
heart attack are often the same (chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea). She goes on to say
how under severe stress, the nervous and endocrine systems within the body can trigger a rapid heart
rate during a panic attack.
24. (1.5 marks) Which of the following are able to increase the speed of the cardiac cycle? Select
ALL that apply.
Sympathetic nervous system
✔
Epinephrine
✔
Norepinephrine
✔
Scenario: After several more hours, Mary is discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of “acute
panic attack.” Before leaving, she is told to rest and consider booking an appointment with a
professional psychologist for talk therapy. She is also told that if her panic attacks persist to try a
variety of breathing techniques and investigate various medications like cannabidiol (CBD) oil, an
extract from the Cannabis sativa plant that has been linked to anxiety reduction [Source]. Mary goes
home and practices the suggested breathing techniques. One of them, the “calming breath,”
recommends taking a long, slow breath in through the nose, holding your breath for 3 seconds, and
exhaling slowly through pursed lips.
25. (5 marks) While performing these breathing exercises, describe IN YOUR OWN WORDS how
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles assist Mary’s inspiration and expiration.
During inspiration: During inspiration, Mary's diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.
The diaphragm moves down and the rib cage moves up and out, thus
increasing the volume in her thoracic cavity. Air pressure within the
thoracic cavity decreases as Mary pulls air into her lungs.
During expiration:
During expiration, Mary's diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
The diaphragm moves up and the rib cage moves down and in,
thus decreasing the volume in her thoracic cavity. Air pressure
within the thoracic cavity increases as Mary pushes air out of her
lungs.
26. (0.5 marks) Multiple Choice – What term is used to describe the amount of air moved with 1
breath at rest?
a. Inspiratory reserve volume d. Vital capacity Answer c
b. Expiratory reserve volume e. Residual volume
c. Tidal volume
Scenario: After trying the various breathing exercises, Mary feels calmer and less anxious. She books
an appointment with one of the counsellor’s at Durham College’s Campus Health Centre in G1030 and
does some additional research on the Solace Centre in C111 to see when the various wellness coaches
and meditation classes are available. She also sends an email to the Access and Support Centre (ASC)
in SW116 and Student Academic Learning Services (SALS) in SSB204 to see if there are any additional
supports she can access to help her manage her academics while she recovers. She also opens the
pamphlet on CBD oil to see if this is a route she wants to pursue. Specifically, she is wondering if CBD
oil could also help her manage her symptoms of lactose intolerance as well.
27. (2+1 marks) Perform a quick Google search of CBD oil and digestive health. Is there any
CREDIBLE evidence to suggest that CBD can help manage inflammation within the gut? Justify
your answer and provide the link to your source.
TIP 1: Credible sources include government websites and peer-reviewed journal articles. If you
are unsure of how to pick a credible source, watch the following video or take a look at the
resources posted on the SALS course in DC Connect:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ122WakNDY
TIP 2: You will not be marked on if your answer is right or wrong. Instead, it is your job to
formulate a clear response and back up your answer with credible evidence.
Answer:
There is some evidence that CBD oil can help manage inflammation within the gut.
However, evidence I am citing from the GI society suggests that CBD oil is most
effective when combined with THC, another component of marijuana.
Firstly, it is important to state that the research GI society discusses was conducted by
the US National Library of Medicine national Institutes of Health, and involved testing
on animals and biopsied human tissue. More human testing is needed for further
understanding. When inducing intestinal inflammation within rodents, researchers
found that CBD oil was only marginally effective at relieving the inflammation. CBD oil
was less effective than THC at relieving intestinal inflammation. Interestingly though,
CBD oil combined with THC was even more effective than THC alone. This suggests
that CBD oil has certain beneficial properties of its own when it comes to reducing
intestinal inflammation.
Bibliography
Link to credible source: _________________________________________________________
Society, G. (2013). Medical Cannabis and IBD. Vancouver: Inside Tract.
Instructions
• Create 2 small “SUMMARY SHEETS”
• Create 1 detailed “STUDY TOOL” and share it
with your classmates
Choose ANY TWO anatomical structures listed below (E.g pancreas and dermis) and imagine that you
are allowed to bring a “cheat sheet” into the test containing information about them.
Using the content from your lecture slides, create a “summary sheet” for EACH of your chosen
anatomical structures. To do this, summarize the key ideas on a blank piece of 8.5”x 11” paper,
focusing on the functions (what does it do? why is it important?) and structures (what it is made of?
what cells/tissues/structures are found within it?). The format of your summary sheet does not matter
and it is OK if it looks a bit “quick and dirty.” The key idea is to organize the information in your own
words so that it makes sense to you and to evaluate what information is the most relevant/helpful for
your test.
TIP 1: Before submitting your photos, examine the rubric at the end of this document to ensure
that you will receive full marks.
You will choose one of the content areas listed below. Your study tool must address all of the key
subtopics listed within that topic. It is recommended that you select a topic that you are struggling
with so that you can better understand the concepts.
Now that you have chosen a content area, you must now choose one of the formats below to present
that content. Ideally, you should choose a format that plays to your creative strengths and talents.
Option 1: Option 2:
VISUAL INFOGRAPHIC TEACHING VIDEO
Overview: Overview:
Create a 1-page infographic that summarizes a Create a 3-5 minute video of you teaching a
particular topic. particular topic.
Elements: Elements:
This infographic must include the following This teaching video must include the following
elements arranged in a way that makes visual elements:
and organizational sense: - Useful props
- 1+ drawings or digital images with captions - Visuals aids
- 1+ Charts/tables/mind maps/tree diagrams - Clear captioning or verbal descriptions
- 1+ Links to helpful videos or websites
- 1+ Memory tricks Format:
- Minimal but relevant text - The format of this video is flexible. For
example, it can show you on screen teaching a
Format: particular concept, or you can narrate a series of
- The infographic can be created by hand on digital pictures and/or animations.
paper or poster board or you may create a digital - This video can be created using your own
version using an online tool of choice (E.g. personal electronic devices and/or other online
Mindomo, Piktochart). For inspiration, watch tools. If you choose this option you should
this video on visual note taking and this video have a certain level of comfort in creating
on mind mapping. and editing videos.
- Slides/PowerPoint is NOT an acceptable
format Originality:
Your video must contain entirely original
Originality: content – E.g. it is not acceptable to simply
Your infographic must contain entirely original stitch together a series of already made
content – E.g. it is not acceptable to simply copy YouTube videos.
content (text, images, etc) from course lecture
slides or online resources. All text must be in Target audience:
your own words. Your target audience is your fellow classmates.
Make sure that it meets their needs and is at the
Target audience: appropriate level of detail.
Your target audience is your fellow classmates.
Make sure that it meets their needs and is at the
appropriate level of detail.
Option 3: Option 4:
MOCK TEST OTHER
Overview: Overview:
Create a mock test of 20 questions related to This task is meant to be creative. Many other
your particular topic. This mock test should options are possible depending on your area of
include original questions written by you as well interest and expertise.
as a full solution key that will help users
remember the material and/or learn more about Elements
the topic if a question was answered incorrectly. Flexible
Elements: Format:
- The questions must contain the following - Examples include, but are not limited to:
elements: o Physical model
o A variety of definitions, multiple choice o Dramatic skit
and short answer questions o Poem
o Various degrees of difficulty o Many more!
- The solutions key should contain the following - If you have another idea, you must check with
elements for EACH question: your teacher first to gain approval. Please give
o Correct, detailed response at least 1 week before the due date to gain
o 1+ helpful resource (drawing/digital approval; we have to make sure your idea works
image with caption, chart/table/mind with the rubric below.
map/tree diagram, link to video/website)
o 1+ memory trick/prompt/hint Originality:
o Reference to slide and/or textbook Your tool must contain entirely original content
– E.g. it is not acceptable to copy or duplicate
Format: resources from the internet.
- The questions must be submitted via one of the
following approved formats: Target audience:
o Digital questions organized neatly Your target audience is your fellow classmates.
within a Word document Make sure that it meets their needs and is at the
o Physical set of flash cards appropriate level of detail.
o Online platforms (E.g. Cram, Quizlet
Kahoot) are NOT acceptable formats
- The solution key may be embedded within the
mock test itself or submitted as a separate file
Originality:
Your questions must contain entirely original
content – E.g. it is not acceptable to copy
questions provided to you in class or within the
practice booklets or textbook.
Target audience:
Your target audience is your fellow classmates.
Make sure that it meets their needs and is at the
appropriate level of detail.
After choosing a topic and format, you are now ready to create your study tool:
TIPS
• Remember that your study tool should be completely
unique. While it is acceptable to brainstorm ideas with your
classmates or look for inspiration online, your final product
should be entirely original.
• Refer to the rubric so that you have an understanding of
how you will be graded. Be sure to compare your
completed study tool to the rubric so that you can be sure all
expected elements are included. If you are unsure of any
aspect of the rubric, email your instructor. They will be
happy to provide clarification.
• Make sure you proof read your study tool. Consider
showing your study tool to a friend or family member to see
if it is easy to follow and clear. They will often have
excellent feedback for you.
Once your study tool is complete, post it in TWO places – the Assignments folder on DC Connect
(for formal grading) and the Discussions folder on DC Connect (to share with your classmates).
TIPS
• Provide a quick description of your tool
o E.g. “Here is a visual infographic that I made using
Piktochart. You can use it to review concepts about
Homeostasis (Unit 1).”
• Submit files that are standard and easily accessible.
o E.g. JPG/PNG image
o E.g. PDF document
o E.g. Website link
o NOTE: If using an online platform, make sure that
access is free for all viewers and that the link you
provide is public (not password protected)
• Once you have posted your tool to the Discussions folder,
you will be able to view other people’s study tools and use
them as a resource when studying.
3 marks -- 0 marks
- Tool is posted to DC Connect by the due date - Tool is not posted to DC Connect in a
established by your instructor timely manner
Resource - Tool is posted in a format that is easily accessible - Tool is not posted in an easily
sharing - A description of your tool is posted to allow accessible format (E.g. a link to a online
classmates to know what topic and format you have tool that is not free)
chosen - Tool does not provide a description