Munguia 1

Micaela Munguia

Professor L. Bruce

English 301

October 18, 2018

Annotated Bibliography APA

Working Title:

Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement

Research question:

Racial Profiling is the use of race or ethnicity as a target to suspect that someone has

committed an offense. How have law enforcement officials violated the Constitutional

Amendments and how can law enforcement officials implement simple training to prevent racial

profiling?

Thesis:

Although constitutional amendments deliver protection against racial profiling, law

enforcement officials fail to implement these constitutional rights when facing the issue of race.

With a growing increase of racial discrimination complaints, law enforcement agencies should

enforce stricter control over their employed police officers when implementing these

constitutional rights and new rules set by their department.

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Introduction:

The use of racial profiling has been implemented to resolve or identify crimes. Law

enforcement officials targets minority groups that are supposed to be protected by constitutional

amendments. Although these constitutional amendments such as the fourth amendment have

been implemented to protect citizens, they have failed to be used in police work. As a result, Law

enforcement officials are mistrusted, and citizens have grown to believe that law enforcement

officials are targeting them instead of protecting them. Officials target minorities due to false

accusations, war on drugs, crime rates, and historical crime suspicion on “enslaved blacks”

(Johnson, 4). Despite the introduction of new policies to prevent racial and ethnic discrimination

in law enforcement there is no guaranteed that these officers in their time of duty will use them.

Racial and ethnic discrimination fall deeper to law enforcement agencies preventing racial

profiling to occur around their agencies and police officers.

Annotations Glaser, J. (2015). Suspect race: Causes and consequences of racial profiling. New

York, NY:

Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.lib-

proxy.fullerton.edu

This book discusses how stereotypes of individuals and minorities can influence police

officers to create a judgment.

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The author does a great job in explaining the consequences of racial profiling against an

individual and how police officers are influenced by stereotypes. I will use this article in a body

paragraph and closing paragraph to discuss the cause of why individuals are discriminated

against and the consequences to support my working thesis. I will also state how policies are not

able to be implemented and results to non-implementation.

Jones, D. P. (2018). The policing strategy of racial profiling and its impact on African

Americans. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social

Sciences. ProQuest Information & Learning. Retrieved from

http://search.ebscohost.com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu

This dissertation introduces qualitative research to discuss the impact that racial profiling

has on black individuals and the unintentional violence used against them.

Although this research was specifically in race, I will focus on specific races that are high

targeted and racially profiled. Most racially profiled individuals are African Americans and

Hispanics and I will use this research within my body paragraph for Hispanic and African

American to support my arguments with scientific evidence from this article. I will be able to
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scientifically show the impact of discrimination in these groups and the kind of violence that

these ethnic communities are exposed to.

Kappeler, V. E. (Ed.). (2004). Controversies in Policing (Controversies in Crime and Justice).

October 15, 2018, Retrieved from https://epdf.tips/controversies-in-policing-

controversies-in-crime-and- justice.html

This books offers scientific studies to back up any research involving racial prosecution a

crime.

This book explains how racial prejudice has shaped the view of minorities within the

criminal justice system. The author presents statistical data which states why minorities are

profiled within the criminal justice system. The “Baldus Study” statistically reports that blacks

are more likely to receive death penalty when killing a white individual than killing a black

individual. This clearly states that a black person is less competent than a white person. This

article will be used in one of my body paragraphs which will explain reasons to why minorities

are profiled. This can statistically be used as an argument to why minorities are targeted and

punished more severely.

L. Darnell Weeden, Criminal Procedure and the Racial Profiling Issue for Professor Gates and

Sergeant Crowley, 17 Wash. & LeeJ. Civ. Rts. & Soc. Just. 305 (2011). Available at:

https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/crsj/vol17/iss2/2
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This journal article gives an example of a racial discriminatory case and the changes that

have been implemented to decrease racial discrimination.

This article describes that individuals including police officer should receive sensitive

training to end racial discrimination. The training includes joint representation of the victim

targeted through race and the police officer charged with enforcing the laws. This training can be

provided within churches, libraries and schools. This article can be used in my closing paragraph

to state that although amendments and policies have failed to be implemented within our law

enforcement system community practices and law enforcement agency training can partially

decrease the victimization of racial profiling.