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Lecture 23:
Lecture 24:
Applications and examples
Beam elasticity
ξ z ~ ξ z
Lecture 25: Applications and examples (beam elasticity)
Lecture 26: … cont’d and closure • At each level of derivative, first plot extreme cases at ends of beam
…
• Then consider zeros of higher derivatives; determine points of local min/max
V. How things fail – and how to avoid it
• ξz represents physical shape of the beam (“beam line”)
3 4
1
Review: Finding min/max of functions Example solved in lecture 25:
Example
z p = force/length
−p
f z (x) = − p ~ ξ z''''
5
− pl
8 3
⎛ 5 ⎞
pl
Qz (x) = p⎜ x − l ⎟ ~ −ξ z'''
8
⎝ 8 ⎠
pl 2
min ⎛1 x2 5 ⎞
− lx ⎟ ~ −ξ z''
8
M y (x) = p ⎜⎜ l 2 +
⎝ 8 2 8 ⎟⎠
max
p ⎛1 2 x3 5 2 ⎞
ω y (x) = ⎜⎜ 8 l x + 6 − 16 lx ⎟⎟ ~ −ξ z
'
EI ⎝ ⎠
pl 3 1
− p ⎛ 1 2 2 x 4 5 3 ⎞
EI 48 ξ z (x) = − ⎜⎜ l x + − lx ⎟
EI ⎝ 16 24 48 ⎟⎠ ξ z ( x) = −
p ⎛ 1 2 2 x4 5 3 ⎞
⎜⎜ l x + − lx ⎟
7 EI ⎝ 16 24 48 ⎟⎠ 8
min
2
Illustration of various BCs Example with point load
z
Free end
r
F =0 ξz = 0 l P
r x
M =0 My = 0
Concentrated force
ξx = 0 ξ z (0) = 0 Qz (l) = −P
Qz = −P Step 1: BCs x=0 x=l
ωy = 0 ω y (0) = 0 M y (l) = 0
P
Hinge (bending)
r
ξ =0 d 4ξ z
My = 0 Step 2: Governing equation =0
ωy = 0 dx 4
9 10
Example with point load (cont’d) Example with point load (cont’d)
Qz
Step 3: Integrate ξ z'''' = 0, ξ z''' = C1 = −
EI
M f z = 0
ξ z'' = C1 x + C2 = − y
EI
x2 Qz = −P
ξ z' = C1 + C2 x + C3 = −ω y
2
x3 x2
ξ z = C1 + C2 + C3 x + C4 M y = P (l − x )
6 2
⎛ P x2 Pl ⎞
P Pl ξz = −
M y (l) = EI ( l + C2 ) = 0 → C2 = − EI 6 EI 2
EI EI
P
Qz (l) = −C1EI = −P → C1 = 11 12
EI
3
f z (x) = 0 ~ ξ z''''
−P
Qz (x) = −P ~ −ξ z'''
M y (x) = P (l − x ) ~ −ξ z''
Pl
max
⎛ P x 2 Pl ⎞
1 Pl 2
ω y (x) = −⎜⎜ − x ⎟⎟ ~ −ξ z' P
2 EI ⎝ EI 2 EI ⎠
P x 3 Pl x 2
ξ z (x) = − ~ ξz
max
EI 6 EI 2 P x 3 Pl x 2
1 Pl 3 13 ξ z (x) = − 14
− EI 6 EI 2
3 EI
σ xx = E (ε xx0 + ϑ y z )
N = ESε xx0
σ xx (z)
with:
M y = EIϑ y