Table of Content

No. Content Page

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Introduction of WQI 1

1.2 Objective 1-7

1.3 Sample Location 8

1.4 Selected Parameter 8

2.0 Methodology

2.1 Field Sampling 9-10

2.2 On Site Measurement 10-13

2.2.1 pH Value 13

2.2.2 Turbidity 14

2.3 Laboratory Procedure 15

2.3.1 Total Suspended Solid 15-18

2.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 19-23

2.3.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand 24-26

2.3.4 Ammonia Test 27-28

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 A Water Quality Index (WQI) is a means by which water quality data is
summarized for reporting to the public in a consistent manner. The
higher the score, the better the quality of water and the scores are ranked
into five categories.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

 To analyse the water quality of sediment pond FKAAS water resources

according to Malaysia Quality Index (WQI) parameters.
 To identify the onsite and laboratory measurement procedure.
 To find the alternative water resources for plant watering in University Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM).
 To determine the suitable application of sediment pond FKAAS water
resources.

Table 1: National WQI for Malaysia

Parameter Unit Class

I IIA IIB III IV V
Ammoniac mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 2.7 > 2.7
Nitrogen

Biochemical mg/l 1 3 3 6 12 > 12

Oxygen
Demand

Chemical mg/l 10 25 25 50 100 > 100

Oxygen
Demand

Dissolved mg/l 7 5–7 5–7 3–5 <3 <1

Oxygen
 pH - 6.5 – 6–9 6–9 5–9 5–9
8.5
-
Colour TCU 15 150 150 - -

Electrical µS/cm 1000 1000 - - 6000 -

Conductivity*

Floatables - N N N - - -

Odour - N N N - -

Salinity % 0.5 1 - - 2 -

Taste - N N N - -
-
Total mg/l 500 1000 - - 4000
Dissolved
-
Solid

Total mg/l 25 50 50 150 300

-
Suspended
Solid

-
Temperature °C - Normal - Normal -
+ 2°C + 2°C
Turbidity NTU 5 50 50 - -

Faecal count/10 10 100 400 5000 5000

Coliform** 0 ml (20000)a (20000)a 300

Total count/10 100 5000 5000 50000 50000

Coliform 0 ml
 -

> 50k

Notes:
* = at hardness 50 mg/l 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

# = maximum (unbracketed) and 24-hour average (bracketed) concentration

N = free from visible film sheen, discoloration and deposits

Table 2: DOE WQI Classification
Parameter Unit Class
I II III IV V
Ammoniac mg/l < 0.1 0.1 – 0.3 – 0.9 – > 2.7
Nitrogen 0.3 0.9 2.7
Biochemical mg/l <1 1–3 3–6 6 – 12 > 12
Oxygen
Demand
Chemical mg/l < 10 10 – 25 25 – 50 50 – > 100
Oxygen 100
Demand
Dissolved mg/l >7 5–7 3–5 1–3 <1
oxygen
pH - >7 6–7 5–6 <5 >5

Total mg/l < 25 25 – 50 50 – 150 – > 300

Suspended 150 300
Solid
WQI - < 92.7 76.5 – 51.9 – 31.0 – > 31.0
92.7 76.5 51.9
 Table 3: Water Classes and Uses

Class Uses
Class I Conservation of natural environment.
Water supply I – Practically no treatment
necessary.
Fishery I – Very sensitive aquatic species.
Class IIA Water supply II – Conventional treatment.
Fishery II – Sensitive aquatic species.

Recreational use body contact.

Class IIB
Class III Water supply III – Extensive treatment
required.
Fishery III – Common of economic value
and tolerant species, livestock drinking.
Class IV Irrigation.
Class V None of the above.

Table 4: DOE Water Classification Based on WQI

Sub Index & Water Index Range

Quality Index Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted
Biochemical Oxygen
91 – 100 80 – 90 0 – 79
Demand (BOD)
Ammoniac Nitrogen
92 – 100 71 – 91 0 – 70
(NH3-N)
Suspended Solids (SS) 76 – 100 70 – 75 0 – 69
Water Quality Index
81 – 100 60 – 80 0 – 59
(WQI)
Formula and Calculation
WQI = (0.22 x SIDO) + (0.19 x SIBOD) + (0.16 x SICOD) + (0.15 x SIAN) + (0.16 x SISS)
+ (0.12 x SIpH)
Where;

 SIDO = Sub-index DO (% saturation)

 SIBOD = Sub-index BOD
 SICOD = Sub-index COD
 SIAN = Sub-index NH3-N
 SISS = Sub-index SS
 SIpH = Sub-index pH
0 ≤ WQI ≤ 100
Best Fit Equations for The Estimation of Various Sub-Index Values

Sub-index for DO (In % saturation)

 SIDO = 0 for x ≤8
 SIDO = 100 for x ≤92
 SIDO = -0.395 + 0.030x2 - 0.00020x3 for 8 < x < 92

Sub-index for BOD

 SIDOD = 100.4 - 4.23x for x ≤ 5

 SIDOD = 108* exp(-0.055x) - 0.1x for x > 5

Sub-index for COD

 SICOD = -1.33x + 99.1 for x ≤ 20

 SICOD = 103* exp(-0.0157x) - 0.04x for x > 20

Sub-index for NH3-N

 SIAN = 100.5 - 105x for x ≤ 0.3

 SIAN = 94* exp(-0.573x) - 5* I x - 2 I for 0.3 < x < 4
 SIAN = 0 for x ≥ 4

Sub-index for SS

 SISS = 97.5* exp(-0.00676x) + 0.05x for x ≤ 100

 SISS = 71* exp(-0.0061x) + 0.015x for 100 < x < 1000
 SISS = 0 for x ≥ 1000

Sub-index for pH

 SIpH = 17.02 - 17.2x + 5.02x2 for x < 5.5

 SIpH = -242 + 95.5x - 6.67x2 for 5.5 ≤ x < 7
 SIpH = -181 + 82.4x - 6.05x2 for 7 ≤ x < 8.75
 SIpH = 536 - 77.0x + 2.76x2 for x ≥ 8.75
1.3 SAMPLE LOCATION
The proposed location for the water sampling is the natural drain in front of the G3
building in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM). The coordinate of the natural drain
in global positioning is N 1°51’35.6’’ E 103°5’11.6’’. We choose this location because
it is main lake that always attracted attention to student in UTHM and it can give the
result for water quality.

Figure 1: Location G3 for sample taken

1.4 PARAMETER

 Onsite:
a. Temperature
b. Turbidity
c. Ph
 Lab:
a. BOD
b. COD
c. DO
d. Ammonia
e. Total Suspended Solid
2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Field Sampling

a) Sampling is important because it is impossible to observe an entire area.

When sampling however it is vital to ensure the sample reflect the area.
Sample should be representative for the whole area.
b) Apparatus:
i. Latex glove

Figure 2: Latex glove

ii. Masking tape

Figure 3: Masking tape

iii. Water pail

Figure 4: Water pail

c) Procedure:
i. By using a water pail, take water and make sure to target at the centre
of selected pond.
 Figure 5: Water sample was taking by using a water pail and rope
ii. Fill the water from the sedimentation pond into the bottles until full
and make sure there is no bubble in the sample.

Figure 6: Fill the bottle with water sample

iii. Label the samples using masking tape and pen.
iv. Record the day, date, weather, location and surrounding condition.

2.2 On Site Measurement

Some experiment must be done on the site to get more accurate result and lessen
the error. Furthermore, the apparatus to conduct on site experiment are portable and
does not need to bring the samples to the laboratory.

2.2.1 pH Value

a) pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the

acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
Less than 7 are acidic and greater than 7 are alkaline. A pH level of
7 is neutral.
b) Apparatus:
i. pH reader

Figure 7: pH reader
ii. Latex glove

Figure 8: Latex glove

iii. Water pail

Figure 9: Water pail

iv. Rope

Figure 10: Rope

c) Procedure
1. Remove the protective rubber cap and slide the rubber
sleeve up to expose the hole in the side of the reference
electrode.
2. Rinse both electrodes with distilled water and blot them dry
with soft absorbent paper.
3. Pour enough buffer solution into a beaker to allow the tips
of the electrodes to be immersed to a depth of about 2 cm.
The electrodes should be at least 1 cm away from the sides
and the bottom of the beaker.

Figure 11: Put the pH reader at the surface of the sample

4. Measure the temperature of the buffer solution with
thermometer and set this on the temperature adjustment dial
of the meter (if the meter is so equipped). Some meters
have an automatic temperature adjustment feature.
5. Turn on the pH meter.
6. Adjust the needle on the pH dial to the known pH of the
buffer. If the needle keeps jumping, check that the leads
from the electrodes are firmly connected to the meter.
When the needle stops moving, make the fine adjustment.
7. Turn the instrument to stand-by (if it is equipped for this).
8. Raise the electrodes clear of the buffer solution. Remove
the buffer and rinse the electrodes with distilled water.
9. Proceed to determination of pH of the sample. If the sample
is not ready, place the electrodes in distilled water.
 d) Data:
Table 5: Data observation for pH
Sample No. Source pH value

2.2.2 Turbidity

a) Turbidity is a measure cloudiness of a fluid. Fluids can contain

suspended solid matter of particles of many different sizes. The
clearer the water the more sunlight can penetrate the surface. Less
light can pass through the water if the water is cloudy due to solid
particles floating in it. The more light that is deflected the higher the
turbidity of the sample.
b) There are three major types of particles that contribute to turbidity.
There are algae, dead organic matter and sediment.
c) Apparatus:
i. Turbidity meter

Figure 12: Turbidity meter

ii. Tissue

Figure 13: Tissue

d) Procedure:
i. Pour the sample into the tube.
 Figure 14: Fill the tube with sample
ii. Select the scale. Add the standard solution in turbidity meter
and placed it in turbidity meter.
iii. Calibrate the instrument. Thoroughly shake the sample and
wait until air bubbles disappear.
iv. Wipe outside of tube to remove fingerprints, dust dirt and
water droplets then place tube in turbidity meter.
v. Read and record the reading.

Figure 15: Set up the turbidity meter for the sample

vi. Clean the tube using dilute water and wipe with tissue.
vii. Turn off the power before store the turbidity meter.
e) Data:
Table 6: Data observation for turbidity
Sample No. Source Turbidity (NTU)
2.3 Laboratory Procedure

2.3.1 Total Suspended Solid

a) Total Suspended Solid or also known as TSS is the dry weight of

suspended particles that are not dissolved in a sample of water. TSS
is a straightforward measure of particulate weight obtained using a
filter.
b) Apparatus:
i. Filter paper

Figure 16: Filter paper

ii. Analytical balance

Figure 17: Analytical balance

iii. Evaporating dish

Figure 18: Evaporating dish

 iv. Beaker

Figure 19: Beaker

v. Measuring cylinder

Figure 20: Measuring cylinder

c) Procedure:
i. Switch on the balance at least 30 minutes before the test.
ii. Weight the filter paper and record the reading.

Figure 21: The filter paper be weighed to get initial mass

iii. Place the filter disc onto the base and clamped it on the
funnel.

Figure 21: The filter disc in beaker being clamped on funnel

iv. Measure 100 ml using measuring cylinder and pour the water
sample. Switch on the vacuum pump and continue suction to
remove all traces of water.

Figure 22: Pour the sample into the apparatus set up

v. Take the filter paper and place it on the evaporating dish. Dry
the filter paper in the drying oven at temperature of 103°C to
105°C for 1 hour.

Figure 23: The filter be place inside drying oven at

temperature 103°C to 105°C for 1 hour
 vi. After 1 hour, take out the filter paper and weight the filter
paper in order to calculate the weight of solid.
vii. Place the evaporating dish to cool it at room temperature in
desiccator.

Figure 24: Place the filter paper into the desiccator to cool
at room temperature.
viii. Weight and record the final dry of weight filter paper.

d) Data:
Table 7: Data observation for TSS

No. Description Data

1 Volume of sample (ml)

2 Weight of filter paper (g)

3 Weight of filter paper + solid after drying (g)

4 Weight of filter paper after cooling (g)

5 Total Suspended Solid (mg/L)

2.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

a) Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD that ranges from 1

to 8 mg/. If the BOD value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample
dilution is not needed. A BOD value greater than 7 mg/L requires
sample dilution. Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO
consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO
available in the air-saturated BOD sample.
b) Procedure:
i. Determine the amount of sample to be analysed; if available,
use the historical results of a previous test of BOD5 for a
sampling site.
ii. Place a clean, calibrated thermometer into the constant
temperature chamber.
iii. Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20°C ±1°C.
iv. Turn on the DO instrument, but not the stirring attachment.
Some DO instruments need to be turned on 30 to 60 minutes
before calibration—check the manufacturer’s instruction
manual.
v. Aerate dilution water before adding nutrient solutions.
vi. After aeration,
 Add to dilution water.
 Shake the container of dilution water for about 1
minute to dissolve the slurry and to saturate the water
with oxygen.
 Place the dilution water in the constant temperature
chamber to maintain a temperature of 20°C until
sample dilutions and analyses begin.
 The initial and final (after 5 days ± 4 hours) DO tests
of the dilution water is determined and recorded
simultaneously with each batch of environmental
samples.
vii. Check the temperature of the air incubator or water bath
using a laboratory thermometer to ensure that the
temperature has been maintained at 20° ± 1°C. A
minimum/maximum recording thermometer can be used to
audit the temperature during times when checks cannot be
made.
viii. Place the sample container in the constant-temperature
chamber or water bath to begin warming the sample to 20°C
± 1°C. While the sample is warming, insert the air diffusion
stone into the container and aerate the sample for about 15
minutes. After removing the air diffusion stone, allow
several minutes for excess air bubbles to dissipate. The initial
DO of the BOD sample needs to be at or slightly below
saturation.
ix. Prepare dilutions as required—Measure the appropriate
amounts of sample necessary for the analysis. BOD5
dilutions should result in a DO residual of at least 1 mg/L
and a DO depletion of at least 2 mg/L after a 5-day
incubation to produce the most reliable results. Prepare the
dilutions to obtain a DO uptake in this range using the
dilution water prepared earlier.
 For each subsample, mix thoroughly by inverting 20
times.
 Dilute two additional samples to bracket the
appropriate dilution by a factor of two to three.
Prepare at least three samples diluted according to
volumes.
 Pour the sample from the pipet or graduated cylinder
into a clean BOD bottle.
x. Calibrate the DO instrument in accordance with the
procedures.
xi. After bringing the samples to saturation and preparing the
dilutions (steps 8 and 9 above), measure the initial DO
concentration (D1) of each sample and each dilution blank.
 Carefully insert the self-stirring sensor into the BOD
bottle, avoiding air entrapment.
 Turn on the stirrer and allow 1 to 2 minutes for the
DO and temperature readings to stabilize.
xii. Record the bottle number, date, time, and D1.
xiii. Turn off the stirrer and remove the sensor from the BOD
bottle. Rinse the sensor and stirrer with deionized water from
a wash bottle. Discard rinse water into a waste container.
xiv. Add glass beads to the BOD bottle, if necessary, to displace
the sample up to the neck of the bottle so that inserting a glass
stopper will displace all air, leaving no bubbles.
xv. Carefully cap the BOD bottle with the ground-glass stopper.
Tip the bottle to one side and check for an air bubble.
 If an air bubble is present, add glass beads to the
bottle until the bubble is removed. Cap the bottle and
check again for an air bubble. Repeat if necessary.
 If no bubble is present in the sample, create a water
seal by adding distilled or deionized water to the top
of the BOD bottle around the glass stopper.
 Then place the over cap over the stopper on the BOD
bottle to minimize evaporation from the water seal.
xvi. Place the sealed BOD sample in the air incubator or water
bath and incubate the sample at 20°C ± 1°C for 5 days.
xvii. At the end of 5 days ± 4 hours, remove the BOD bottles from
the incubator, remove the over cap, pour off the water seal,
remove the ground-glass stopper, and measure the final DO
concentration (D2).
 The DO uptake (DO0 days -DO5 days) in the dilution
water should not be greater than 0.2 mg/L and
preferably not more than 0.1 mg/L. Exceeding the
 0.2-mg/L criterion could be grounds for rejecting
results of the BOD analysis of the environmental
sample.
 Dilution water of poor quality will cause an oxygen
demand and appear as sample BOD. Improve
purification or get the dilution water from another
source if DO uptake exceeds 0.2 mg/L.
xviii. Record the date, time, and D2 for each respective sample
bottle.
c) Data:
Table 8: Data observation for BOD

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

Analyst:
Date:

Time:

Sample Details:

Source:

pH 0C

Pre-treatment:

Alkalinity/Acidity
Comments:
Sample Volume: 200 mL

I N NaoH : __________mL
I N N2SO4:__________mL

Volume DO
Sample Sample Dilution Initial DO Final DO BOD
Sample Depletion
Type ID Factor (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
(mL) (mg/L)
 Blank
BOD---

Blank
BOD---

Blank
BOD---

Average BOD
(show the calculation)
Cancelled Data/ Result:

BOD__ =

BOD__ =

BOD__ =
2.3.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand

a) Apparatus:
i. COD Reflux System – consisting Erlenmeyer flask (250
mL or 500 mL)

ii. Burette

iii. Pipette

iv. COD Vial

b) Procedure

 Treatment of samples with COD of >50 mg O2/L:

1. Blend sample if necessary and pipet 50.00 mL into a 500-mL
refluxing flask. For samples with a COD of >900 mg O2/L,
use a smaller portion diluted to 50.00 ml.
2. Add 1 g HgSO4, several glass beads, and very slowly add 5.0
mL sulphuric acid reagent, with mixing to dissolve HgSO4.
Cool while mixing to avoid possible loss of volatile
materials.
3. Add 25.00 mL 0.04167M K2Cr2O7solution and mix. Attach
flask to condenser and turn on cooling water.
4. Add remaining sulphuric acid reagent (70 mL) through open
end of condenser.
5. Continue swirling and mixing while adding sulphuric acid
reagent.

CAUTION: Mix reflux mixture thoroughly before applying

heat to prevent local heating of flask bottom and a possible
blowout of flask contents. Cover open end of condenser with
a small beaker to prevent foreign material from entering
refluxing mixture and reflux for 2 h.

6. Cool and wash down condenser with distilled water.

7. Disconnect reflux condenser and dilute mixture to about
twice its volume with distilled water.
8. Cool to room temperature and titrate excess K2Cr2O7with
FAS, using 0.10 to 0.15 mL (2 to 3 drops) ferroin indicator.
Although the quantity of ferroin indicator is not critical, use
the same volume for all titrations. Take as the end point of
the titration the first sharp colour change from blue-green to
reddish brown that persists for 1 min or longer. Duplicate
determinations should agree within 5% of their average.
Samples with suspended solids or components that are slow
 to oxidize may require additional determinations. The blue-
green may reappear. In the same manner, reflux and titrate a
blank containing the reagents and a volume of distilled water
equal to that of sample.

Calculation

COD as mg O2/L = [(A - B) x M x 8000] / mL sample

where:

A = mL FAS used for blank,

B = mL FAS used for sample,

M = molarity of FAS, and

8000 = milliequivalent weight of oxygen 1000 mL/L.

c) Data
Table 9: Data observation for COD

Normality Sample Volume of FAS used

of FAS (N) volume (mL)
in the original sample, b in the blank sample, s
(mL) (mL)

Initial value Final value Initial value Final value

2.3.4 Ammonia test

USEPA Nessler Method

a) In ammonia-nitrogen test, ammonia compounds combine with

chlorine to form monochloride. Monochloride reacts with salicylate
to form 5-aminosalicylate. The 5-aminosalicylate is oxidized in the
presence of a sodium nitroprusside catalyst to form a blue-coloured
compound. The blue colour is masked by the yellow colour from the
excess reagent present to give a final green-coloured solution. Test
results are measured at 655 mm.
b) Meanwhile, in nitrate-nitrogen test, cadmium metal reduces nitrates
in the sample to nitrite. The nitrite ion reacts in an acidic medium
with sulfonic acid to form an intermediate diazonium salt. The salt
couples with gentilic acid to form an amber coloured solution. Test
results are measured at 430 mm.
c) Objective: To determine ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in
water.
d) Apparatus:
i. Ammonia Cyanurate Reagent Powder Pillows-2
ii. Ammonia Salicylate Reagent Powder Pillows-2
iii. NitraVer 5 Nitrate Reagent Powder Pillows-1
iv. HACH Spectrophotometer DR/2400 @ DR/2800
v. Rounded/Square sample cell, 10 mL
vi. Measuring cylinder, 25 mL
vii. Beaker, 50 mL

e) Procedure
1. Start program 380 N, ammonia, Ness. For information
sample cells, adapters or light shields.
2. Fill a mixing cylinder to the 25 mL line with sample.
3. Fill a mixing cylinder to the 25 mL line with deionized
water.
4. Add 3 drops of mineral stabilizer to each mixing cylinder.
5. Put the stopper on the mixing cylinders, Invert the mixing
cylinders several times to mix.
6. Add 3 drops of Polyvinyl Alcohol Dispersing Agent to each
mixing cylinder.
 7. Put the stopper on the mixing cylinders. Invert the mixing
cylinders several times to mix.
8. Use a pipet to add 1.0 mL of Nessler Reagent to each
mixing cylinder.
9. Put the stopper on the mixing cylinders. Invert the mixing
cylinders several times to mix
10. Start the instrument timer. A one-minute reaction times
starts.
11. Pour 10 mL from the blank cylinder into a sample cell.
12. When the timer expires, clean the blank sample cell.
13. Insert the blank into the cell holder.
14. Pour 10 mL from the sample cylinder inti a second cell.
15. Clean the prepared sample cell
16. Insert the blank into the cell holder.
17. Push read. Result show in mg/l NH3-N.

f) Data:

Table 10: Data observation for Ammonia

Sample (different sources) NH3-N, mg/L NO3--N, mg/L

Result of TSS

Sample
1 Volume of Sample (ml) 50
2 Weight of filter paper (g) 0.093
Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at 103oC - 105oC
3 0.080
or at 180oC
4 Weight of suspended solid (g) 0.027
5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) (mg/L) 0.26

X = Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at 103oC - 105oC or at 180oC = 0.080
Y = Weight of filter paper (g) = 0.093

Total suspended solid =

(𝑋 − 𝑌) × 1000
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑚𝑙)
= 0.26 𝑚𝑔/𝐿

Result of BOD

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

Analyst:
Date: 19/11/21018

Time: 2.00 pm

Sample Details:

Source:

pH 0C

6.40 24.9

Pre-treatment: Comments:

Alkalinity/Acidity Neutral. This is because the sample water has a pH of 7.08

Sample Volume: 200 mL

which is considered as neutral. (6.5 – 7.5) = neutral
 I N NaoH : ____0______mL
I N N2SO4:____0_____mL

Volume
DO
Sample Sample Sample Dilution Initial DO Final DO BOD
Depletion
Type ID (mL) Factor (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L)

Blank 300 0.03 8.90 8.73 0.17

300 0.03 8.89 8.30 0.59
BOD10
14.17

Blank 300 0.05 8.90 8.79 0.17

300 0.05 8.89 7.63 1.26
BOD15
21.97

Blank 300 0.08 8.90 8.79 0.17

300 0.08 8.88 7.35 1.53
BOD25
27.37

Average BOD
(show the calculation)
14.17 + 21.97+27.37
Cancelled Data/ Result: Average = = 21.17
3

BOD10 = 14.17 mg/L

BOD15 = 21.97 mg/L

BOD25 = 27.37 mg/L

[(𝐷𝑂𝑖 − 𝐷𝑂𝑓 )−(𝐵𝑖 − 𝐵𝑓 )(1−𝑃)]

BODm = 𝑃

P = dilution factor = volume sample/ total volume

Bi, Bf = initial and final DO concentrations of the seeded diluted water (blank)

DOi, DOf = initial and final DO concentrations of the diluted sample

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
0.59 −(0.17 )(1 − 0.03)
𝐿 𝐿
BOD10 = = 14.17 mg/L
0.03
 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
1.26 −(0.17 )(1 − 0.05)
𝐿 𝐿
BOD15 = = 21.97 mg/L
0.05

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
1.53 −(0.17 )(1 − 0.08)
𝐿 𝐿
BOD10 = = 27.37 mg/L
0.08

(14.17+21.97+27.37) 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
Average BOD = = 21.17 mg/L
3