EXAM REVIEW SOLUTIONS 2

by Gregory Jerkiewicz

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Exercise 1
Identify the kinds of intermolecular forces that might arise between molecules of
each of the following substances: (a) NF3; (b) PH3; (c) HI; (d) HIO (O is the
central atom).

Solution
(a) NF3 dipole-dipole, London forces
(b) PH3 dipole-dipole, London forces
(c) HI dipole-dipole, London forces
(d) HIO (H–O–I) dipole-dipole, London forces, hydrogen bonding

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Exercise 2
In each pair, indicate which substance has the stronger intermolecular forces and
explain your reasoning: (a) Ne, Ar; (b) NF3, BF3; (c) SiH4, GeH4; (d) NaF, HF.

Solution
(a) Ar: only London forces exist; the strength increases with the number of
electrons (atomic number) and size (greater polarizability)
(b) NF3: dipole-dipole interactions and London forces; the BF3 molecule is planar
and has no dipole moment; NF3 has a permanent dipole moment
(c) GeH4: only London forces because both molecules are nonpolar; GeH4 has
more electrons and is larger, thus has greater polarizability than SiH4
(d) NaF: it is an ionic compound and has ion-ion interactions; the ionic bond, a
chemical bond, is stronger than intermolecular interactions

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Exercise 3
Calculate the ratio of the potential energies for the interaction of a water molecule
with a Ca2+ ion (rCa2+ = 100 pm) and with an In3+ ion (rIn3+ = 80 pm). Take the
center of the dipole to be located at rion + 100. pm. Which ion will attract a water
molecule more strongly?

Solution
zµ
Ep ∝ −
r2
z1 µ 2 2
−
(100 + 100)
2 2
r1 200 2 0.05
Ratio = = = = = 0.54
z2 µ 3 3 0.926
− 2
r2 (100 + 80) 2 180 2

Answer: Ratio = 0.54

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Exercise 4
Predict how each of the following properties of a liquid changes as the
temperature increases and explain your reasoning: (a) boiling point; (b) viscosity;
(c) surface tension.

Solution
(a) Tb: it is independent of any T variation; at T = Tb boiling takes place until the
entire liquid is converted into its vapor
(b) Viscosity decreases as T is raised – the molecules of the liquid have more
energy to move past one another
(c) Surface tension decreases as T is raised – the molecules of the liquid have
more energy and can separate from other molecules easier

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Exercise 5
Classify each of the following solids as ionic, network, metallic, or molecular: (a)
iron pyrite (fool’s gold), FeS2; (b) octane (a component of gasoline), C8H18; (c)
cubic boron nitride (a compound with a structure similar to that of diamond, but
with alternating boron and nitrogen atoms), BN; (d) calcium sulfate (gypsum),
CaSO4; (e) the chromium plating on a motorcycle.

Solution
(a) Ionic solid (ionic interactions between Fe2+ and S22–, disulfide)
(b) Molecular solid (London forces between the molecules)
(c) Network solid (covalent bonding between B and N)
(d) Ionic solid (ionic interactions between Cd2+ and SO42–)
(e) Metallic solid (metallic bonding between Cr atoms)

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Exercise 6
Calculate the density of strontium (M = 87.62 g mol–1) that adopts the fcc
structure and its atomic radius is 215 pm.

Solution
Mass of a single Sr atom: mat = M/NA = 87.62/(6.022 × 1023) = 1.455 × 10–22 g
Number of atoms in a unit cell: nuc = 8 × 1/8 + 6 × 1/2 = 4
Mass of a unit cell: muc = 4 mat = 5.820 × 10–22 g
Volume of a unit cell: Vuc = a3
2 a2 = (4r)2
a = √8 r = 608 pm = 6.08 ×10–8 cm
Vuc = 2.248 × 10–22 cm3
d = muc/Vuc = (5.820 × 10–22 g)/(2.248 × 10–22 cm3) = 2.589 g cm–3
Answer: d = 2.59 g cm–3

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Exercise 7
The density of vanadium (M = 50.94 g mol–1) is 6.11 g⋅cm−3 and its atomic radius
is 132 pm. Is the metal close-packed or body-centered cubic?

Solution
Mass of a single V atom: mat = M/NA = 50.94/(6.022 × 1023) = 8.459 × 10–23 g
(a) Closed-packed cubic (face-centered cubic)
Number of atoms in a unit cell: nuc = 8 × 1/8 + 6 × 1/2 = 4
Mass of a unit cell: muc = 4 mat = 3.384 × 10–22 g
Volume of a unit cell: Vuc = a3
2 a2 = (4r)2
a = √8 r = √8 × 132 pm = 373 pm = 3.73 ×10–8 cm
Vuc = 5.19 × 10–23 cm3
d = muc/Vuc = (3.384 × 10–22 g)/(5.19 × 10–23 cm3) = 6.520 g cm–3
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(b) Body-centered cubic
Number of atoms in a unit cell: nuc = 8 × 1/8 + 1 = 2
Mass of a unit cell: muc = 2 mat = 1.692 × 10–22 g
Volume of a unit cell: Vuc = a3
a2 + (√2 a)2 = (4r)2
a = (4√3)r = (4/√3) × 132 pm = 305 pm = 3.05 ×10–8 cm
Vuc = 2.84 × 10–23 cm3
d = muc/Vuc = (1.692 × 10–22 g)/(2.84 × 10–23 cm3) = 5.958 g cm–3

Answer: Vanadium crystallizes adopting the body-centered cubic structure.

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Exercise 8
Calculate the density of each of the following solids: (a) magnesium oxide (rock-
salt structure), distance between centers of Mg2+ and O2− ions is 212 pm;
(b) calcium sulfide (cesium chloride structure), distance between the centers of
the Ca2+ and S2− ions is 284 pm. MMg = 24.31 g mol–1, MCa = 40.08 g mol–1, MO =
16.00 g mol–1, and MS = 32.06 g mol–1.

Solution
(a) Number of Mg2+ and O2– ions per unit cell:
nMg = 8 × 1/8 + 6 × 1/2 = 1 + 3 = 4
nO = 12 × 1/4 + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4
Mass of each atom:
mat,Mg = 24.31/(6.022 × 1023) = 4.037 × 10–23 g
mat,O = 16.00/(6.022 × 1023) = 2.657 × 10–23 g

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Mass of a unit cell: muc = 4 (mat,Mg + mat,O) = 4 (4.037 × 10–23 + 2.657 × 10–23) =
2.678 × 10–22 g
rMg2+ + rO2– = 212 pm
Side length: a = 2 × 212 pm = 424 pm = 4.24 × 10–8 cm
Volume of a unit cell: Vuc = (4.24 × 10–8 cm)3 = 7.62 × 10–23 cm3
Density: d = (2.678 × 10–22 g)/(7.62 × 10–23 cm3) = 3.51 g cm–3
Answer: d = 3.51 g cm–3

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 (b) Number of Ca2+ and S2– ions per unit cell:
nCa = 1 nS = 8 × 1/8 = 1
Mass of each atom:
mat,Ca = 40.08/(6.022 × 1023) = 6.656 × 10–23 g
mat,O = 32.06/(6.022 × 1023) = 5.324 × 10–23 g
Mass of a unit cell: muc = mat,Ca + mat,S = 6.656 × 10–23 + 5.324 × 10–23 =
muc = 1.198 × 10–22 g
rCa2+ + rS2– = 284 pm
Side length: a2 + (√2a)2 = (2 × 284)2
3 a2 = (568)2 a = 328 pm = 3.28 × 10–8 cm
Volume of a unit cell: Vuc = a3 = (3.28 × 10–8 cm)3 = 3.53 × 10–23 cm3
Density: d = (1.198 × 10–22 g)/(3.53 × 10–23 cm3) = 3.39 g cm–3
Answer: d = 3.39 g cm–3

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