3/18/2010

Carl Jung
Analytical Psychology

Overview
• Emphasized understanding the psyche through
dreams, art, mythology, world religion, and
philosophy.
• Too much reliance on logic and science

• Contributions
• Collective unconscious
• Theory of synchronicity
• Archetypes
• Notion of psychological personality types

Biography
• Born in Switzerland 1875
• Eldest child of protestant minister and “down-to-
earth” wife
• Parents were opposites
• Introverted child and adolescent
• Impoverished background
• Interest in the occult

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Relationship with Freud

• Close personal relationship from 1906 – 1913
• Freud called Jung his “prodigal son”

• Disagreed on:
• The content and origin of the unconscious
• The nature of psychic energy: Jung objected to
Freud’s emphasis on sex
• The interpretation of dreams
• Opposite views of religion
• Personal differences

Jung & Freud

Levels of the Psyche

• Conscious and unconscious levels:
• unconscious divided into personal and collective.

• The Conscious
• conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego.
• saw the ego as the center of consciousness
• NOT the core of personality.

• The self is the core of personality

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Jung’s Unconscious: Personal

• Refers to those psychic images not sensed by the
ego.

• The Personal Unconscious

• Repressed,
R d forgotten,
f tt or subliminally
bli i ll perceived
i d
experiences.
• Unique individual experiences
• Contents called complexes— or emotionally toned
groups of related ideas

Jung’s Unconscious: Collective

• The Collective Unconscious

• Ideas that are beyond our personal experiences and
that originate from the repeated experiences of our
ancestors
• Responsible for myth, legends, and religious beliefs, as well
as certain types of dreams that have meaning beyond the
individual.
• Images refer to innate action tendencies
• Forms without content that emerge as archetypes

Archetypes
• Patterns of perception, apprehension, and understanding
common to all human beings

• Instincts (inborn, unlearned tendencies) originated in the

collective unconscious for the basis of the archetypes.

• Like a psychic mold into which individual and collective

experiences are poured and where they take shape

• Believed that archetypes originate through repeated

experiences of our ancestors and that they are expressed
in certain dreams, fantasies, delusions, and hallucinations

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Archetypes II
• Persona
• the side of personality that we show to others

• To Achieve psychological Maturity we must acknowledge the

following aspects of our personality (our archetypes):

• The Shadow
• the dark side of our personality: those qualities that we do not wish to
acknowledge but attempt to hid from self and others

• The Anima
• A man’s feminine side that originated from early experiences with women
• Irrational moods and feelings.

• The Animus
• A woman’s masculine side
• Symbolic of thinking and reasoning

Jung’s Depiction of the Shadow

Other common archetypes

• Originate from repeated ‘collective’ experiences
of our ancestors:
• The Hero (vanquishes evil but has a fatal flaw)
• The Great Mother ((nourishment & destruction))
• Wise old Man (Philamon) (wisdom & meaning)
• Archetypal figures: mother, father, child, god, trickster
• Archetypal motifs: apocalypse, great flood, creation
• Cultural variations, but each society has some description of
these types of events.

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Jung’s Depiction of ‘Philamon’– wise old man

Modern Archetypes

The Self
• The most comprehensive archetype
• Includes the images we have of fulfillment, completion, or
perfection.
• Consists of conscious, personal unconscious, and collective
unconscious and unites opposing elements of the psyche
(anima,
( i animus,
i shadow,
h d andd persona).
)

• Ultimate in psychological maturity is self-realization

• Acceptance of the self
• Symbolized by the mandala, or perfect geometric figure.
• Mandala is a universal symbol depicting the strivings of the
collective unconscious for unity, balance, and wholeness.

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The Mandala

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Jung’s drawing of the Mandala

Manalas

Dynamics of Personality
• Complex energy systems:
• principle of equivalence -- a limited quantity of psychic energy
exists
• principle of entropy --the greater the difference between two
opposing poles, the greater the tension created by them.

• Personality is motivated by the innate tendency toward

balance of opposing forces
• E.g., inner and outer world; introversion vs. extroversion, etc.,

• Overarching goal is reconciliation of life with the world

of supra-personal archetypes (engage with the
unconscious, nurture art, religion, symbolism)
• Neurosis = disharmony between individual’s consciousness and
the archetypal world (collective unconscious)

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Symbols of Balance

Typology of the Psyche

• Delineation of psychological types
• Emerge from the union of two basic attitudes— introversion
and extroversion
• Four separate functions— thinking, feeling, sensing, and
intuiting.
intuiting
• These remain the primary “personality types” identified by the
Myers-Briggs

Attitudes & Functions

• Attitudes are predisposition to act or react in a characteristic
manner.
• Introversion— is the turning of psychic energy inward and an orientation
toward subjectivity.
• Extroversion— A turning outward of psychic energy, with an orientation
toward the objective world.

• Four possible functions can combine with introversion and

extroversion to form eight general personality types.
• Thinking-- enables us to recognize the meaning of stimuli.
• Feeling— placing a value on something.
• Sensation— perception of sensory stimuli.
• Intuition— the perception of elementary data that are beyond our awareness.
• Thinking and feeling = rational functions
• Sensation and intuition = irrational functions

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Development of Personality
• Jung believed that personality develops through a series of four stages that
culminate in individuation or self-realization.

• Childhood
• (1) the anarchic – no awareness of self
• (2) the monarchic– begin to form ego + develop verbal communication
• (3) the dualistic– separation between self and world

• Youth
• Extraverted development. conservative principle– overcome tendency to live in the
past

• Middle Life
• Adopt a more introverted attitude and prepare for old age.
• Religion comes to the forefront during this stage

• Old Age
• Opportunity for psychological rebirth, self-realization, and preparation for death.

Cole: Childhood

Cole: Youth

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Cole: Manhood

Cole: Old Age

Self-Realization
• Self-realization or individuation involves a
psychological rebirth and an integration of
various parts of the psyche into a unified whole
individual.
• Represents highest level of human development
and is the ultimate goal of the self archetype—
represented as the mandala.

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Critique & Concept of Humanity

• Critique of Jung
• Moderate rating on its ability to generate research and
to organize knowledge
• Low on falsification, guiding action, internal
consistency, and parsimony.

• Concept of Humanity
• Moderate rating on the issues of free will,
optimism/pessimism, and causality/teleology
• High on unconscious influences
• Low on uniqueness and social influences.

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