Advanced Reading With The Economist PDF

Advanced Reading
with
by
Mohsen Askari & Mehrave Samadi Rahim
Copy Editor:
Amy Schirmer
Table of Contents
Introduction...................................................................................1
Tips for fluent reading...................................................................2
Chapter 1............ Gabriel García Marquez.....................................3
Chapter 2.......................Piketty fever.............................................11
Chapter 3....................... Into Thin Air...........................................18
Chapter 4 ........... Language and Morality......................................26
Chapter 5 ......................Ideas reinvenTED....................................34
Chapter 6....................... Let the light shine in...............................43
Chapter 7 ......................Wealth by degrees....................................53
Chapter 8 ......................Easeful Death..........................................62
Chapter 9 .................................New highs.....................................70
Chapter 10.....................Call him Queen Bee................................79
Chapter 11.....................The Mars and Venus question..................88
Chapter 12.......... Decluttering the company...................................96
Chapter 1....................... Corruption in FIFA.................................106
Chapter 14.....................Planetology comes of age.........................116
i
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Amy
Schirmer, our American CELTA instructor, for accepting
copy editing the book, despite her extremely busy
schedule.
We wish to thank Jennifer Batchelor, Senior Rights &
Syndication Executive of The Economist. She generously
granted the copyright of using the articles from the
magazine.
We owe a debt of gratitude to Mohsen Ghorbanpoor,
whose meticulous reading of the book on a very short
notice, provided us with ample practical hints and
suggestions.
We are especially indebted to Ms. Ashna Ghasemi without
whose concerted efforts in Aftab Alborz Publication the
book would not be published.
We also like to thank the following people for their
encouragement throughout the project:
Faculty members of Alborz university especially; DR.
Taherinia, Dr. Bahmani, and Dr. Ghomi, Kish-e Mehr
staff and colleagues especially the head of the institute,
Mr. Noori.
Finally, our family members who were patient with our
being away and not attending family occasions.
Introduction
Reading is one of the most complicated phenomena humans
ever have to engage in. When we read in another language, not
surprisingly, this can be even more convoluted and sometimes
frustrating. This complexity can be attributed to the fact that “we
were never born to read.” 1 As a result, we should learn this skill and
train our brain to decipher the message which is not coming from a
face to face communication rather from a written text.
The best method to learn reading skill is reading every day and
often. You should identify your interest and read as much as
possible around it. Some scholars argue that authentic materials will
arouse interest in many students which is the reason behind writing
this book. When every week my wife and I eagerly went through
brilliant stories of the prestigious magazine, The Economist,
It dawned on us why not sharing this pleasure of reading with
our students. Therefore, we collected about 15 up to date articles
and sought copyright for using the articles which generously was
granted.
The textbook contains 14 chapters. Chapters include one passage
each except for chapter three which is composed of two short
passages. The book comes with an audio CD which contains
recording of all passages.
Since this book is developed for class use, answer key is not
provided with the book. However, teachers can request the answer
key via the following email: mohsen_askari@rocketmail.com.
We hope you enjoy reading this book as much as we did developing
it.
Mohsen Askari & Mehrave Samadi Rahim
August 2014
1 Wolf, (2008)
Tips for fluent reading
Chapter Preview
CONTENT:
The biography of Gabriel
Chapter 1
García Marquez
READING SKILL:
“There is always something
Scanning:
– Gabriel Garcia Marquez
When you
need to find specific
information in a text, you
should scan it, or move your
eyes very quickly across the
text without reading every
word, stopping only to “pick
up” the information you are
looking for.
1
Advanced Reading with The Economist
Pre-Reading Questions Discuss these questions in pairs.
1. Do you prefer fiction or nonfiction? Why?

2. Have you ever heard the name of Gabriel García Marquez?
What genre is he famous for?
Match these terms from the reading with

Vocabulary Warm-up
their definitions.
1. immense a) respect
2. vent b) to try to end a quarrel between two people
c) to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to someone, especially
3. reinforce
for a long period of time
4. feud d) make it stronger
5. startling e) to express feelings of anger, hatred etc.
f) to continue quarrelling for a long time, often in a violent
6. revere
way
7. mediate g) very unusual or surprising
8. plagued h) extremely important
9. colossus i) extremely large
Reading Skill Scanning

Scanning is moving your eyes quickly over a page. You scan to find the
information you are looking for, such as the name of a person or a company.
When you scan, you do not read every word. If you are looking for names of
people, look only for words that begin with capital letters.
A. Read these statements about the Gabriel
García Marquez. Read and listen to the
following text. Then check if they are true (T) or
false (F):
T F
1. Marquez was in the cave with Mafia for 15 months.
2. Marquez was brought up in a village called Aracataca.
3. Marquez founded a new style named magical realism.
4. Marquez’s first profession was writing novels.
5. A crowd of banana workers were killed by the army in
Aracataca
2
Chapter 1: Scanning
7 literary among or surrounded by things

8 someone who looks for gold, minerals,
oil etch.
1 to keep yourself separate from other 9 a word meaning to have sex with some-
people one who you are not married to – used to
2 come out from somewhere show strong disapproval
3 to discuss something seriously 10 a bad or dishonest man, especially some-
4 a liquid that is frothy has lots of small one who cheats or deceives other people
bubbles on top 11 to breathe in air, smoke, or gas OPP
5 uncomfortable because there is not exhale
enough fresh air 12 a plant used in cooking, especially in
6 very long and boring Italian cooking
3
5 terrorism financed by profits from illegal

drug trafficking
1 a large network of paths or passages 6 small unofficial military groups that fight
which cross each other, making it very diffi- 7 very strange and difficult to understand,
cult to find your way SYN maze like something from a dream
2 Attracted 8 to completely understand
3 a cloth that is wrapped around a dead 9 someone who leaves their own coun-
person’s body before it is buried try to live in another, usually for political
4 appearance reasons
4
Chapter 1: Scanning
4 a young newspaper or television report-

er without much experience
5 sounding and looking completely serious
when you are saying or doing something
funny
6 someone who cannot sleep easily
7 Within the uterus or womb
8 a long narrow piece of land which sticks
1 a circle of light or something bright out into the sea
2 to have a fondness for someone, some- 9 done or made so smoothly that you can-
thing, or an animal. not tell where one thing stops and another
3 to make a straight narrow cut in cloth, begins
paper, skin etc 10 pure
5
1 makes a long high noise

2 a white or pink flower
3 with your mouth wide open
Reading Comprehension
B. Read each question and then scan the text to find the correct answers.
1. What happened to Gabriel García Márquez in 1965?
2. Which war Marquez’s grandfather had fought in?
3. How many languages One Hundred Years of Solitude has been translated
into?
4. Which groups did Marquez mediate with?
5. When did he win the Nobel Prize?
6. Who brought him up?
7. Who influenced Marquez in his writing?
8. What was his last major work?
C. Read each question and then scan the text to find the correct answers
among the options.
1. What is the main idea in the first paragraph?
A. Providing details about Marquez life
B. Setting the scene for one of Marquez’ critical stages in life
C. Giving chronological account of Marquez life
2. What is the intention of the author in writing the second paragraph?
A. Talking about the location of Marquez imprisonment
B. Describing geographical features of his birthplace
C. Providing a glimpse of ideas and imaginations that ran through
Marquez’ mind when writing in the room
3. The third paragraphs tries to define:
A. The reception of Marquez’ main novel
B. The conflicts of Buendía family
C. The scene of a manslaughter
4. The fourth Paragraph gives information on . . . . . . . activities of Marquez
6
Chapter 1: Scanning
A. Political
B. Military
C. Economic
5. Was he brought up in a safe domestic environment?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not given
Vocabulary Comprehension
D. From the list of words below, select the correct word for each blank space.
Use each word only once.
suffocating soft spot surreal shroud discoursing
guise colossus emerge into intrauterine inhaled
promontory deadpan labyrinth insomniacs interminable
1. We watched an.......................documentary on rice production.

2. It was very hot inside the car, and I felt as though I was ........................
3. Entertainment .......................MCA Inc. was purchased for $6.6 billion.
4. But a moment later, the ....................... reappears, driven together by the churning
of a deep distributed mob.
5. Iris was ....................... with animation, her hands describing sweeping patterns in
the air, her whole attention focused on her subject.
6. Every time he ......................., his lungs made an awful wheezing sound.
7. The doors opened and people began to ....................... the street.
8. Statues of angels, Madonnas, saints and saviors cram the skyline, creating a
.......................panoply of agony and ecstasy.
9. But the approach itself is never questioned, so the abuses simply resurface later in
a new ........................
10. I’ll confess that Echo Chambers has a ....................... for sports.
11. It was such a jolly little lighthouse, white, and standing at the very end of a
........................
12. “We’re out of gas, so I guess you’ll have to walk home,” he said, giving me a
....................... expression.
13. “Kimberly Ann” a primal client, rendered a series of stream of consciousness
paintings of her ....................... traumas.
14. Decisions are frequently delayed in the ....................... of Whitehall committees.
15. Some ....................... sleep best with two twin mattresses placed atop a king-size
frame.
7
Discussion Discuss the following questions with

a partner.
1. Why did Marquez lock himself away for writing the novel?
2. Why do you think he called the room in which he was writing “The Cave
of the Mafia”?
3. In what ways did Marquez’s childhood and hometown influence his works?
4. Did Marquez like power? How do you know?
5. Why did his grandfather say, “There is no shore on the other side?”
8
Piketty Fever
CONTENT:
Chapter 2
On a book popularity
READING SKILL:
“Earth provides enough to
Skimming: satisfy every man’s need, but
When you skim a reading
selection, you read it quickly – Mahatma Gandhi
to learn about its content and
organization. You don’t read
every word. Instead, your eyes
move very quickly over the
selection, trying to find general
information (e.g., the topic of a
reading).
9
1. Do you believe that the rich are growing richer, and the poor are growing
poorer?
2. Would you pay more taxes, if this eliminated poverty by creating jobs for
everyone?
3. Will there always be poverty in the world?
Vocabulary Warm-up Match these terms from the reading with
their definitions.
1. accumulate a) the speed at which something happens or is done
b) to reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing
2. boost
something that has the opposite effect
3. idle rich c) to increase or improve something and make it more successful
4. provoke d) more than is normal or reasonable
5. hostility e) to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one
6. pace f) strong or angry opposition to something often in a violent way
7. appropriation g) rich people who do not have to work
h) to gradually increase in numbers or amount until there is a large
8. counteract
quantity in one place
9. unduly i) an unfair situation
10. inequality k) the act of taking control of something without asking permission
Reading Skill Skimming
To skim a text, your eyes should move methodically and quickly across lines
and downwards, taking in groups of words, rather than individual words, if
possible. Skimming is to get the general sense of a passage or book, not specific
details.
A. Read these questions and then skim the
following passage for the answers. Work as
quickly as you can—no more than four minutes for the skimming.
a) Who is Piketty?
b) What is his book about?
c) What has made his book so controversial?
10
Chapter 2: Skimming
Piketty fever
1 unsteady or not straight or level

2 a book or film that is very good or suc-
cessful
3 extreme excitement or interest, or some-
one or something that causes this
4 a person or business that sells goods to
customers in a shop
5 a book that has a strong stiff cover
6 an advantage that makes something 7 a nasty experience, feeling, or situation
better or more useful than something else is unpleasant
11
1 when a situation is not certain because

there is the possibility of sudden change
OPP stability
2 a statement in which someone com-
plains about something
3 something said or written that mentions
a subject, person etc indirectly
4 the most important piece of work by a
writer or artist 8 something that is wrong with some-
5 an innate quality or ability is something thing, which could be improved
you are born with 9 excessively sentimental
6 to be angry about something 10 to think or suppose something
7 change the appearance, sound, taste etc 11 bubble; drop
of something so that people do not recog- 12 language or words used by a particular
nize it group
12
Chapter 2: Skimming
1 a new business activity that involves

taking risks
2 a job or activity that is lucrative lets you
earn a lot of money SYN profitable 6 a group of people with experience or
3 to risk money on the result of a race, knowledge of a particular subject, who
game, competition, or other future event work to produce ideas and give advice
4 an official document promising that a 7 to greatly reduce an amount, price etc –
government or company will pay back mon- used especially in newspapers and adver-
ey that it has borrowed, often with interest tising
5 a basic ideas, features, or facts on which 8 to help an economy, industry, or govern-
something is based ment so that it can continue to exist
13
5 a strong opinion that someone express-

es
6 a natural tendency to behave in a partic-
ular way
7 to make a situation, attitude etc, espe-
cially a bad one, continue to exist for a long
1 a statement that something will happen time
in the future, especially one made by some- 8 more than is normal or reasonable
one with religious or magic powers 9 get/be given short shrift if you or your
2 in a particular style of speaking or writ- idea, suggestion etc is given short shrift,
ing about something you are told immediately that you are
3 to take someone’s attention away from wrong and are not given any attention or
something by making them look at or listen sympathy
to something else: 10 usually with over to avoid talking about
4 used to talk about something that has something unpleasant
been continuing for a long time 11 happy and having no worries
14
Chapter 2: Skimming
1 a very big change that often causes

problems
2 a large amount or quantity of something
3 to put all the parts of something togeth-
er
B. Look at the following statements and the list of people in the box below.
Match each statement with the correct person.
1. Financial capital earns a return is an idea having been long disliked.
2. The levels of future inequality have probably been exaggerated in Pickety’s
book.
3. Mr Piketty fails to take account of the variation in his analysis.
4. Mr Piketty’s pessimism is disproportionate.
5. Mr Piketty’s recommendations are motivated by ideology more than
economics. A Kevin Hassett
B Clive Crook
C Tyler Cowen
D Daniel Shuchman
E Jim Pethokoukis
F Greg Mankiw
C. Answer the following questions.
1. What was the author’s main purpose in writing this account?
2. What are the main categories for criticism of Mr Piketty’s book?
3. What does Mr Piketty mean by the statement “r > g”?
4. How does Mr Piketty illustrate his points?
5. What does Mr Piketty think about riskier ventures?
6. What has happened to wealth since 1700?
7. According to Mr Piketty, how the return on capital can be propped?
8. What is the topic of final section of the pikketty’s book?
9. What is the result of growing inequality in Pikketty’s idea?
15
D. From the list of words below, select the correct word for each blank space. Use each
word only once.
wonky prop blob blithely retailer
reckoned instability think-tank perpetuate venture
mass mushily glossed bedrock disguise
1. I still haven’t really settled to it because my nerves have gone all .......................
being in the house.
2. The average selling price for flats in the area was ....................... to be around
£200,000..
3. She carried with her the values of the eastern seaboard, sought to .......................
them, and succeeded
4. The government introduced measures to ....................... up the stock market.
5. There was a ....................... of people around the club entrance.
6. She ....................... over the details of her divorce.
7. Without a telescope, the comet will look like a fuzzy ........................
8. Cook for two minutes until soft but do not cook ........................
9. “There’s no way you can ....................... that southern accent.
10. He seems ....................... unaware of how much anger he’s caused.
11. Marriage and children are the ....................... of family life.
12. That coterie would also act, as they did for the 1991 event, very much as a
........................
13. Mattel would not disclose its investment in the new ........................
14. A big reason why ....................... file for bankruptcy is their inability to get credit.
15. There are fears that political ....................... in the region will lead to civil war.
Discussion
A. Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1. “Wealth generally grows faster than the economy.” Do you agree?
2. What is the consequence of this statement “greater wealth brings greater
opportunity to save and invest” ?
3. The statement “r > g” is central to the book’s argument that wealth tends to
accumulate over time. How is this true?
4. Discuss what message is communicated in the following cartoons?
16
Chapter 2: Skimming
17
Into Thin Air
CONTENT:
News on Nepalis’ loss
Chapter 3
and women’s hardship

at work
READING SKILL: “It is not the mountain we
Previewing
– Sir Edmund Hillary
The aim of previewing is to
find out what you are going
to be reading before you
actually read it. You preview
to get an idea of what you
will find in the text.
18
Chapter 3: Previewing

1. Have you ever climbed a mountain? How did you feel?
2. Do you believe mountain climbing can be dangerous?
3. Women have less chance of being a boss. Do you agree?
4. Women don’t have a good leadership talent. Do you agree?
Vocabulary Warm-up Match these terms from the reading with their
definitions.
a) someone who continues to live after an accident, war, or
1. altitude
illness
b) feeling angry, jealous, and upset because you think you have
2. survivor
been treated unfairly
c) a large mass of snow, ice, and rocks that falls down the side
3. bitter
of a mountain
d) to become stronger again after a period of weakness or
4. precipice
defeat
e) someone whose job is to carry people’s bags at railway sta-
5. pessimistic
tions, airports
6. rally f) the height of an object or place above the sea
g) expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that

7. avalanche
something will have a bad result
h) a dangerous situation in which something very bad could
8. porters
happen
Reading Skill Previewing

The aim of previewing is to find out what you are going to be reading before
you actually read it. You preview to get an idea of what you will find in the
text. By Previewing for just a few seconds, you can pick up a great deal of
information about the text you are going to read.
A. Preview the text I and text II. Look only at the title and pictures. Then
answer the following questions. Time limit: Sixty seconds to preview each
text.
a) Where do you think these stories originally appeared?
b) Where does the first story take place?
c) What is the second text about?
19
5 to carry people or things a short dis-

tance from one place to another in a boat
or other vehicle
6 to hit or fall against the surface of some-
1 a small piece of something solid, without thing
a particular shape 7 ground, roads, weather conditions etc
2 to break suddenly into very small pieces, that are treacherous are particularly dan-
or to make something break in this way gerous because you cannot see the dangers
3 causing death, or able to cause death very easily
4 the total number of people who die in an 8 an area of land or water, especially one
accident, war that is long and narrow
20
1 a large mass of ice which moves slowly

down a mountain valley
2 to become smaller, or to make some-
thing smaller, through the effects of heat or
water
3 relating to a particular race, nation, or
tribe and their customs and traditions
4 a death in an accident or a violent attack
5 a long and carefully organized journey,
especially to a dangerous or unfamiliar 8 a noisy quarrel or fight among a group
place, or the people that make this journey of people, especially in a public place
6 to ask for something very firmly, espe- 9 if fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it
cially because you think you have a right to starts suddenly
do this 10 when people have money and every-
7 money paid to someone because they thing that is needed for a good life
have suffered injury or loss, or because 11 to emphasize the fact that something is
something they own has been damaged important or true
21
Carly Fiorina
2 to carry out a particular activity or pro-

cess, especially in order to get information
1 to dismiss someone from their job or prove facts
22
1 to start being in charge of something

such as a business or organization
2 something that is exotic seems unusual 6 if a plan, idea, or event is in the pipeline,
and interesting because it is related to a it is being prepared and it will happen or be
foreign country – use this to show approval completed soon
3 too much or too little in relation to 7 to make a sudden military attack on a
something else place
4 to stop doing something, discussing 8 a person, group, or organization that
something, or continuing with something you compete with in sport, business, a fight
5 not as high as others of the same type etc
23
B. Answer the questions below using no more than three words from the
passages.
Text I
1. How many people are killed?
2. What was the job of the killed?
3. How high was the place of ice avalanche?
4. How much do climbers pay to climb Everest?
5. How much is paid to the families for their loss?
Text II
1. What is the percentage of female CEOs?
2. How much higher is the likelihood of female CEOs being forced to quit?
3. What percentage of female CEOs are hired from outside the company?
4. What happened to Carly Fiorina?
5. Who is Ginni Rometty?

Text I
1. Who are Sherpas? What defines them and what is significant about
them?
2. Why is Sherpas’ job more dangerous than that of soldiers in war zone?
3. Why the road for carrying equipment has become more dangerous?
4. What is significant about the incident?
Text II
1. Why do female CEOs gain more publicity when something goes wrong?
2. What is the message of the last paragraph?
word only once.
death toll protest treacherous sack conducting
expedition compensation underscores kicked out disproportionate
brawl lump rivals dropped exotic
24
1. Melt a ....................... of butter in your frying-pan.

2. The official ....................... stands at 53.
3. Strong winds and loose rocks made climbing ........................
4. The purpose of the .......................was to explore the North American coastline.
5. Thousands of people blocked the street, ....................... against the new legislation.
6. The workers were given 30 days’ pay as ........................
7. The report .......................the importance of childhood immunizations.
8. They couldn’t ....................... me – I’d done nothing wrong.
9. He was ....................... of the golf club.
10. We are not going to do anything ........................
11. Nationally, a ....................... 48 percent of all foster children are minorities.
12. We are ....................... a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food.
13. This gives the company a competitive advantage over its .......................
14. The proposal was ...................... after opposition from civil liberties groups.
15. Several witnesses said that Slatter started the .......................
Discussion Discuss the following questions with a

partner.
1. What is the motive of the author to choose “Into thin air” as the title of the
reading passage?
2. Paraphrase the following sentence “A deadly avalanche ends the spring assault on
Everest.”
3. Michelle Ryan says “women face nothing less than a “glass cliff ”. Can you link this
sentence with the pictures of the first text?
4. What is the message of the second text?
5. How do feel when you climb to the summit of a mountain?
25
Language and Morality
Chapter Preview
CONTENT:
Chapter 4
Language and Morality
READING SKILL: “Aim above morality. Be

Understanding Inference not simply good, be good
The aim of making – Henry David Thoreau
inference is to use the clues
in the text to guess about
text and about the writer’s
ideas.
26
Chapter 4: Understanding Inference

1. What would you do if you ran over a cat in a residential area of town?
2. What would you do if someone in a shop gave you a 50 $ bill instead of 5$?
Vocabulary Warm-up
their definitions.
a) to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about
1. moral a problem, a difficult question, or something that has
happened
b) a situation that could possibly happen
2. dilemma
c) not knowing that something bad is happening or going

3. utilitarian to happen
d) to become stronger again after a period of weakness or

4. hypothesize defeat
e) a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to

5. scenario do, because all the choices seem equally good or equally
bad
f) the political belief that an action is good if it helps the
6. rally largest number of people
g) relating to the principles of what is right and wrong

7. ponder behavior, and with the difference between good and evil
h) to suggest a possible explanation that has not yet been

8. unsuspecting proved to be true
Reading Skill Understanding Inference
Information in a reading passage can be found in two ways: by what is stated

directly and written clearly on the page, or by what we can infer. When we
infer, we use the information that is stated directly to draw conclusions about
events, or the writer’s opinion or purpose. Knowing how to infer can help you
to better understand the writer’s purpose and ideas. It is a useful skill to know
when reading for pleasure, and can help you better understand reading pas-
sages in exams.
27
A. Read through each of the following statements carefully. Scan through

the reading passage and decide if each statement is stated (S) or inferred (I).
Check () the correct column.
S I
a) People who are physically and emotionally far from a killing
scene would be more likely cause it.
b) The language in which the dilemma is asked can change the
way people respond.
c) In Dr Costa’s experiment, 13% of the answers would be
utilitarian when asked in a foreign language.
d) Dr Costa’s experiment has the same effect in every language.
e) Korean subjects are least likely to push fat man in compari-
son with other language speakers.
f) The subjects in the experiment were on average studying
language for 7 years.
g) The subjects’ language skills were pretty good.
LANGUAGE AND MORALITY
1 according to canon law 3 an electric vehicle for carrying passen-

2 a narrow bridge used by people who are gers which moves along the street on metal
walking tracks
28
1 to be afraid and show it by shaking a

little bit or moving back slightly
2 to push someone or something in a
rough or careless way, using your hands or
shoulders
3 to change the direction in which some-
thing travels
4 to gently persuade or encourage some-
one to take a particular decision or action
5 contrary to intuition or to common-sense
expectation
29
2 if two ideas, beliefs, opinions etc conflict,

they cannot exist together or both be true
3 a strong dislike of something or someone
4 to increase or improve something and
make it more successful
5 to be successful, unsuccessful etc.
1 related to the process of knowing, un- 6 something that is effortless is done in a
derstanding, and learning something very skillful way that makes it seem easy
30
1 the process of making something such

as a business operate in a lot of different
countries all around the world, or the result 2 making you feel less worried or fright-
of this ened
B. Complete the sentences below. Choose no more than two words and/or a
number from the text for each answer.
1. In the trolley moral dilemma you can push a .................. over the bridge
onto the tracks to save the five.
2. Dr Costa and his colleagues interviewed .................. people.
3. In Dr Costa’s experiment, half of each group were accidentally given the
dilemma in their .................. .
4. The language in which a dilemma is asked should make .................. to how
it is answered.
5. Normal people dislike the act of killing which is using .................. system.
6. Dr Costa and his colleagues’ findings will have big ..................
31

1. What changes the reactions of the people?
2. What is Dr Costa’s hypothesis?
3. What areas do foreign speaking people perform better in?
4. What cognitive system is boosted by speaking a foreign language?
5. How many cognitive systems are identified by Daniel Kahneman during
the decision making of the brain?
6. Who is Daniel Kahneman?
7. What may explain the different answers to a moral question when asked
in two different languages?
8. What do the findings reveal about th East Asians?
9. Why does the author use trolleyology?
Vocabulary Comprehension D. From the list of words below, select the

correct word for each blank space. Use
each word only once.
quailed globalization conflict cognitive effortlessly

utilitarian trolley fared canonical moral
footbridge reassuring divert counter-intuitive dilemma
1. It is a common ............... Should you stay where you have friends and family, or
take that good job in a far-away city?
2. Although Chicago has ............... better than some cities, unemployment remains a
problem.
3. On the street, the veterans are cited for loitering, jaywalking, riding the ...............
without paying.
4. Consequently, is the coefficient of in the equation of the ............... form in which
is basic?
5. Liberal approaches to modernization are closely linked to economic ................
6. She ............... visibly at the sight of the prison walls.
7. Canals ...............water from the Truckee River into the lake.
8. It’s ............... to know that problems are rare.
9. And the only reason why evolution would bind relationships together is if they
served a ............... purpose.
10. Cross the ............... and follow the steep zig-zag path up to the wall and the
ladder stile.
11. He dived ............... into the turquoise water
12. In other ways the activities of the councils tend to ............... with regional policy
and weaken its effects.
13. All the evidence points to dreaming being a highly complex ............... activity.
32
14. It is not easy to have an opinion on a ............... issue like the death penalty for
murder.
15. These results seem ................
Discussion
Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1. Talk about the moral dilemma in the text. what would your response be to
it?
2. Was the result of the study morally disturbing?
3. What is the implication of the study?
4. Have you ever faced with the same moral dilemmas?
33
CONTENT:
Ideas Reinvented
Chapter 5
on TED
READING SKILL: “If you are not prepared to

Arguing For and Against a be wrong, you will never
Topic come up with anything
Many
reading passages – Sir Ken Robinson
present two sides of an
argument –one argues for
the topic; the other argues
against it.
34
Chapter 5: Arguing For and Against a Topic
1. Are you technophobe or technophile ?

2. How often do you surf the net? And why?
3. Have you ever watched any videos on-line? What websites do you visit for
videos?
4. Have you ever visited or heard of TED.com?
their definitions.
a) someone who knows a lot about a particular subject,
1. damp squib
and gives advice to other people
2. guru b) good at judging what people or situations are really like
c) a film, music group etc. that has become very popular
3. backlash
but only among a particular group of people
d) something that is intended to be exciting, effective etc.,
4. middlebrow
but which is disappointing
e) books, television programs etc. are of fairly good quali-
5. pabulum
ty but are not very difficult to understand
f) a strong negative reaction by a number of people
6. cult against recent events, especially against political or
social developments
g) relating to a Christian church where people sing, shout,
7. shrewd show their emotions, and encourage other people to
join their church – used to show disapproval
8. happy-clappy h) intellectual nourishment
Reading Skill Arguing For and Against a Topic
Many reading passages present two sides of an argument –one argues for the
topic; the other argues against it. Phrases such as “advocates of,” “proponents
of” and “in favor of” signal that information that supports one side of the
argument will be introduced. Phrases like “advocates against,” “critics of,”
“septics of,” or “concerns about” signal that information against the topic is
coming. Also, words and phrases like “argues that,” “question,” “however,”
“though,” “in contrast,” and “ in spite of” signal that an opposite or different
opinion is about to be introduced.1
1 Anderson, Neil J. (2008)
35
A. Scan the reading passage and complete

the chart with information from the passage.
TED Talks
Criticisms Admiration
1 [plural] EXPERIENCED people who do 4 a punchy piece of writing or speech is

not have special knowledge or experience short but very clear and effective
of something 5 People who attend TED conferences
2 a person or organization that is very 6 used to talk about people of a particular
large and powerful. This name comes from type
a story in the Bible. 7 to make a series of things happen or
3 a company, organization, or business start to exist
36
6 It is a company that owns, operates,

and franchise restaurants, principally in the
United Kingdom.
7 A source of opinion; a critic:
8 completely unreasonable, stupid, or
wrong SYN ridiculous
1 a group of people or things, especially 9 television programmes that deal with
one that is large or impressive important subjects in a way that people
2 although can enjoy
3 a large building for storing large quanti- 10 a way of criticizing something such as a
ties of goods group of people or a system, in which you
4 not well known and usually not very deliberately make them seem funny so that
important people will see their faults
5 a US company that owns a chain of cof- 11 A satire of TED talks
fee shops selling good quality coffee. Many 12 This idiom means the moment when a
cities in the US and several other countries brand, design, or creative effort’s evolution
have a Starbucks. declines.
37
1 to make something less severe or ex-

treme
2 hide your light under a bushel to not
tell anyone that you are good at something
3 to become or to make something small-
er in amount, size, or value
4 a large part or amount of something
5 disruptive innovation is an innovation 8 one who has the care and superinten-
that helps create a new market and value dence of something
network, and eventually disrupts an exist- 9 another person, especially a more
ing market displacing an earlier technology. famous person, who has the same name as
6 to show your ability to do something, someone
especially your skill or power 10 A system through which something is
7 someone who takes part in an activity conducted, especially as a means of supply
very often 11 Refined; cultured
38
1 a lot of activity, noise, and excitement 8 a social system in which people with a
2 someone who is very interested in a lot of knowledge about science, machines,
particular activity or subject and computers have a lot of power
3 to cut words or designs on metal, wood, 9 An activist who attempts to make a
glass etc religion more popular
4 a phrase meaning ‘you shall’, used when 10 something that prevents or saves
talking to one person someone or something from danger, loss,
5 to give opinions, excuses, reasons etc or failure
that you have used too many times and 11 a group of people gathered together in
that do not seem sincere a church
6 the style of humour that a particular 12 someone who has been sent to a foreign
actor or comedian is typically known for country to teach people about Christianity
7 To interview and persuade them to become Christians
39
2 to talk about how good or important

1 unusual or interesting enough to be something is and try to persuade other
easily noticed people about this
Reading Comprehension B. Do the following statements agree with

the views of the writer in the passage?
Yes if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
No if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
Not Given if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
1. TED conferences did not have a strong start.

2. The conference has started other businesses which are started to making
money.
3. TED implies that all problems can be solved using computer and Internet.
4. Mr Anderson attended Vancouver University.
5. TED believes if you work hard toward your goal, with a little bit of chance
you will certainly achieve it.
6. Mr Anderson was born in India.

1. Why the title “reinvenTED” is capitalized at the end with the last three
letters?
2. What does TED stand for?
3. How often does TED hold conferences?
4. What is special about this years’ TED conference? How many people are
40
going to be there? And when?

5. How many talks are there at TED’s archive?
6. How many times have videos of TED been watched?
7. What is TEDx conferences and what have they done?
8. What is TED the best example of?
9. Why did BBC reject TED?
10. According to the writer’s opinion, what is the purpose of TED’s fee prod-
ucts purpose?
D. From the list of words below, select the correct
Vocabulary Comprehension word for each blank space. Use each word only
once.
punchy striking namesake pundit revivalist
To flex ......
obscure congregation curator spawned
muscles
trotted out shrinks Thou shalt buzz chunk
1. The ............... is that Jack is leaving.

2. There is a ............... contrast between wealth and poverty.
3. New technology has ............... new business opportunities.
4. The role will allow her ...............her acting ................
5. Like his famous ..............., young Washington had a brave, adventurous spirit.
6. The lines were written by an ............... English poet named Mordaunt
7. The city continued to ...............
8. The ............... knelt to pray.
9. If you believe the fashion ..............., we’ll all be wearing pink this year.
10. ............... not have a lie-in on Sunday morning?
11. The rent takes a large ...............out of my monthly salary.
12. He’s ............... of Prints at the Metropolitan.
13. Start with a ............... sentence, get them reading.
14. They attended a ............... meeting and became born-again Christians.
15. Steve ............... the same old excuses.
41

partner.
1. How are TED talks described by the author?

2. How important TED is in celebrity making?
3. Does the author believe the criticisms against TED are true? And if
yes, to what extent? And what is his support?
4. What do we learn about Mr. Anderson from the text?
5. Why TED is considered idealist based on the view of the writer?
42
CONTENT:
Chapter 6
Scientific Research
READING SKILL: “Information is not

Summarizing
– Albert Einstein
Summarizing is to make
a short statement giving
only the main information
and not the details of a
plan, event, report etc .
43
1. What is your favorite science subject? Biology? Physics? Chemistry? Why?

2. Do you think technological advances are always good?
3. Do you trust everything scientists say?
4. Which one is more accurate, scientists or scientific methods?
definitions.
1. peer-review a) to examine someone or something very carefully
b) an animal or human that has not yet been born,
2. anonymously and has just begun to develop
3. embryos c) unknown by name
d) to notice someone or something, especially when
4. scrutinize they are difficult to see or recognize
e) a poisonous substance, especially one that is pro-
5. fiddle about with duced by bacteria and causes a particular disease
f) to make small unnecessary changes to something
– used to show disapproval SYN mess around
6. toxin with
7. spot g) made dirty by a dangerous substance or bacteria

h) a process by which something proposed (as for
research or publication) is evaluated by a group
8. contaminated of experts in the appropriate field
A. Read the passage quickly and answer the

following questions.
1. What is the passage about?

2. What makes the recent scientific results look shaky?
3. What are the two questioned publications?
7. What is the main idea of inflation theory?
44
Chapter 6: Summarizing
WHEN SCIENCE GETS IT WRONG
5 Pluripotent stem cells are often termed

1 careful consideration or discussion of ‘true’ stem cells because they have the
something potential to differentiate into almost any
2 to choose someone for a position or a cell in the body.
job 6 a machine, system etc. that existed
3 an area of activity, interest, or knowl- before another one in a process of develop-
edge, especially one that a particular ment
person, organization etc. deals with 7 To carefully remove a substance from
4 an event, especially one that is unusual, something which contains it, using a ma-
important, or violent chine, chemical process etc.
45
Shrinking BICEPs
6 to work skilfully with information,

systems etc. to achieve the result that you
want
1 seeming to be false, dishonest, or not to 7 done deliberately and usually intended
be trusted to cause harm
2 needing to be done very carefully, while 8 bad or dishonest behavior by someone in
paying attention to small details a position of authority or trust
3 To suddenly start paying attention to 9 if you retract something that you said or
someone, because they have done some- agreed, you say that you did not mean it
thing surprising or impressive. 10 the science of the origin and structure
4 to press something firmly together with of the universe, especially as studied in
your fingers or hand astronomy
5 repeating the actual words that were 11 To officially tell people about something,
spoken or written especially about a plan or a decision
46
1 Energy in the form of heat or light that is 10 to make people say or do something as
sent out as waves that you cannot see a reaction
2 something that is closely related to an 11 if someone or something surfaces, they
event, person, or style suddenly appear somewhere, especially
3 existing at the beginning of time or the after being gone or hidden for a long time
beginning of the Earth 12 Carefully ant thoroughly
4 related to or resulting from the force of 13 to clean the inside of a place thoroughly
gravity 14 the person who is guilty of a crime or
5 a shape or pattern that looks like a wave doing something wrong
6 a continuing increase in prices, or the 15 happening or existing between the stars
rate at which prices increase 16 to look for someone or something very
7 to have a particular opinion or belief carefully
8 if you undergo a change, an unpleasant 17 an achievement that is greatly admired
experience etc, it happens to you or is done or respected, or makes you very proud
to you 18 if a process culminates in or with a par-
9 difficult to solve ticular event, it ends with that event
47
1 to claim to be or do something, even if

this is not true 6 To produce problems, ideas, results etc.
2 behavior, especially in business, that is 7 if something happens behind closed
dishonest but not illegal doors, it happens in private and the public
3 to officially criticize someone for some- are not allowed in
thing they have done wrong 8 a place or situation where you are
4 a solid achievement or solid work is of separated from the difficulties of ordinary
real, practical, and continuing value life and so are unable to understand them,
5 expressing great happiness or admira- used especially to describe a college or
tion – used especially in news reports university
48
Reading Skill Summarizing
Summarizing a long reading or lecture is a way of taking notes. It can help you
remember the most of important parts of what you read or heard.
When you summarize, you paraphrase the main points. Using your own words
makes you think about what you have just learned. Include only the most im-
portant ideas in a summary. Don’t include small details1.
1 Lnda Lee &Jean Bernard, (2011)
B. Complete the summary with the list of words A-I below.

Writ the correct letter A-I in the gaps.
Two revealing incidents
In science, peer review is a process which makes sure there is no 1............... with
the study. There are, however, some problems in the process. 2............... proved
to be very useful in the peer reviewing the published papers. This can be seen in
two recent cases: one in 3............... and the other in 4................
The first case was about pluripotent stem cells which was published in
5................ . In a couple of papers Haruko Obokata, 6................ and her team,
claimed to have created pluripotent cells by a much simpler process compared
to its 7................ . The results of these papers are found to be suspicious
when some tried to repeat the experiment and others found inaccuracies,
manipulation, even 8................ in the study. These discussions all went on-line
and finally made Obokata apologize for misconduct.
The second case happened in cosmology when John Kovac and his team
publicly announced to have observed the 9................ of early waves in space
formed right after the Big Bang. This observation was very 10................ as it
supported the inflation theory. When the data was made public by the team,
serious 11................ were found in the study by researchers from New York
University, Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study.
These two cases show that internet could bring about good results with its
power of reviewing after 12................ .
49
A traces H Nature
B plagiarism I Internet
C cosmology K peer review
D predecessors J publication
E biology L significant
F Japanese scientist M flaws
G mistake
C. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the

passage? Check () the correct colum:
True (T) if the statement agrees with the information
False (F) if the statement contradicts the information
Not Given (NG) if there is no information on this
T F NG
a) Peer review is supposed to recognize the mistakes.
b) Scientists know that who reviews their work.
c) All of the body cells are generated from pluripotent cells..
d) Other scientists trying to repeat Dr Obokata’s method, were
successful.
e) Bokata’s co-workers were divided on to retract their papers
formally.
f) There are direct evidence for the approve of inflation
theory.
g) A number of teams are searching for primordial waves.
h) The alleged gravitational waves may be stronger than the
team’s first claim.(
i) Like Dr Obokata, Dr Kovac was criticized by everybody for
his honesty.
j) Paul Knoepfler, is a biologist at the University of California
50
D. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the main role of peer review?
2. How can everybody call herself peer and criticize scientific results?
3. When the extraction of pluripotent cells from embryos is dodgy?
4 How did Dr Haruko Obokata and her team claim to be able to produce
pluripotent cells?
5. What did happen to Dr Bokata on June 4th?
6. Why the existence of primordial waves was important?
7. What was the probable problem with Antarctic telescope?
E. From the list of words below, select the correct word for each blank
space. Use each word only once.
shaky finicky scrubbed rapturous misconduct

predecessor verbatim culminated interstellar primordial
dodgy gravitational purported inflation squeezed
1. ............... is now at over 16%

2. One girl thought the men looked ................
3. But most agreed, too, that the foundations of the show were ...............
4. I get really ............... and picky.
5. The new BMW has a more powerful engine than its ................
6. The rooms are all ............... out once a week.
7. He was fired for serious ................
8. The second main source of internal energy is heat from ............... separation.
9. Their stories were taped and transcribed ................
10. A series of events for teachers and students will ............... in a Shakespeare festival
next year.
11. The document is ............... to be 300 years old.
12. He was given a ............... welcome.
13. I always enjoy the restful times of ............... travel.
14. The Blue Mountains like a photograph of ............... ocean.
15. She smiled as he ............... her hand
51
Discussion

1. What makes the recent scientific results look shaky?
2. What was the importance of publication of the Nature’s papers?
3. What does research misconduct mean?
4. What is the main message of the text?
5. Have you ever lost trust in science?
6. Discuss Regan’s statement. “Trust, but verify”
52
CONTENT:
Chapter 7
University degree
return
READING SKILL: “The value of a college

Identifying Fact Versus education is not the
Opinion learning of many facts but
the training of the mind to
A fact is something that
can be checked and proven. – Albert Einstein
An opinion is one person’s
personal belief or feeling
about something.
53

1. Which is more important, skills learned by experience or degrees earned in
universities? Why?
2. Should education be free?
3. What are some important factors in determining which college to attend?
4. Do you think that most parents influence what university their children will
attend?
definitions.
a) Showing the ability to make good judgments, especially about

1. worse off
art, music, style
2. nil b) to produce a result, answer, or piece of information

3. yield c) In the proper or expected way
d) to produce large quantities of something, especially without
4. return
caring about quality
5. duly e) the amount of profit that you get from something:
6. roughly f) when you have less money
7. discern g) nothing
8. churn out h) not exactly, approximately
Reading Skill Identifying Fact Versus Opinion
A fact is something that can be checked and proven. An opinion is one

person’s personal belief or feeling about something. In writing, opinions are
often expressed using words and phrases like “in my opinion,” a”believe,” and
“should,” or speculative language such as “could,” “may,” and “might”. being
able to distinguish between fact and opinion is important reading skill, as
much of what we read can be a mixture of both. Using this skill can help you
to better understand a reading, become a more critical reader, and put the
information you have read to good use.1
1 Anderson, Neil J. (2008)
54
Chapter 7: Identifying Fact Versus Opinion
A. Read each of the following statements

carefully. Scan through the reading passage
and decide if each statement is Fact (F) or Opinion (O). Check () the
correct colum.
F O
a) In rich countries, educated have better high paying opportunities..
b) Ms Crivellaro believes that “European labor markets that they
became “saturated ” with new graduates”.
c) Previous generations of American workers are much better educated
than their peers elsewhere in the rich world
d) In 2011, the OECD says, American graduates earned 77% more a year
than those who completed secondary school
e) Past generation pay rise was because of the rising premium on a
college education.
f) Investing in a university degree may still look like a gamble.
g) Between 1993 and 2012, loans taken by students has increased
dramatically.
h) Demand for engineers seems endless.
FREE EXCHANGE
1 likely to develop into a particular type of

person or thing in the future
55
1 Money that is paid by a government or

organization to make prices lower, reduce
the cost of producing goods etc.
2 the opinion that most people consider
to be normal and right, but that is some-
times shown to be wrong
3 pay a lot of money
4 the group of European countries that
use the euro as a standard unit of money 7 an additional amount of money, above a
5 if a long statement, argument etc. boils standard rate or amount
down to a single statement, that statement 8 to become firm, steady, or unchanging,
is the main point or cause. or to make something firm or steady
6 the relationship between the quantity 9 to try to achieve or get something
of goods for sale and the quantity of goods 10 To move jerkily
that people want to buy, especially the way 11 in a regular or steady way
it influences prices 12 to gradually disappear
56
1 or are responsible for

2 To improve and reach the same stan-
dard as other people in your class, group
etc.
3 Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development
4 not worthy of notice
5 the edge of an area
6 the people looking for work and the jobs 9 A discount is a reduction. A discount in
that are available at that time value means a reduction in value
7 to put a lot of something into a partic- 10 Present value describes how much a
ular place, especially so that you could not future sum of money is worth today
add any more 11 In business, what remains after subtract-
8 to guess a number or amount, without ing all the costs.
calculating it exactly 12 the money you pay for being taught
57
1 likely to have been caused by something

2 an action or plan that involves a risk but
that you hope will succeed
3 a continuing increase in prices, or the
rate at which prices increase
4 a job or activity that is lucrative lets you
earn a lot of money
5 if something you do pays off, it is suc-
cessful or has a good result
6 if a result hinges on something, it de-
pends on it completely
7 if an organization or someone in an 8 big and very impressive
official position issues something such as 9 to become or make something become
documents or equipment, they give these smaller or less
things to people who need them 10 Take something away completely.
58
4 an amount of money that you get

1 to make something flat and smooth unexpectedly
2 someone’s education, achievements, 5 to put on a hat, coat
experience etc. that prove they have the 6 It is a graduation outfit, which dates
ability to do something back hundreds of years, was originally
3 an enterprise, idea, person, or thing that conceived as a practical ensemble rather
is a source of wealth than a symbolic one.
B. read each question and then scan the text to find the correct answers
among the options.
1. What is the value of a degree dependent on?
A. The level of your studies
B. The subject of your studies
C. The amount of market needs and availability of educated employee
2. Why did the big premium graduates earned in the early 20th century
vanish in America?
A. Because after war businesses went through economic crisis.
B. Because universities produced a lot of graduates.
C. Because the demand for educated workers decreased.
3. What will happen if graduates are from low ranking institutions
A. Their return will be less than their peers from better institutes.
B. They wouldn’t be accepted in companies.
C. Their education would be cheaper.
1. What is the conventional wisdom’s point of view on university degrees?
2. How much is the unemployment rate in America and Euro zone for
graduates?
3. What does college wage premium mean?
4. How does OECD define older American workers?
59
5. How college wage premium was kept flat in Europe?

6. According to the OECD how much did American graduates earn in 2011?
7. What was the main cause of past generation’s rise in inequality within the
American labor force?
8. How did the share of American graduates taking out student loans
change between 1993 and 2012?
9. How much is the return bachelor’s degree for grand places?
10. How much was the premium earned by postgraduates relative to college
graduates in 1963?
D. From the list of words below, select

the correct word for each blank space.
subsidy churning out reckon Bounce around credentials

gamble pay handsomely premiums boils down donned
occur Level off hinges on melt away diminish
1. Customers are willing to ............... for anti-ageing cosmetic products.

2. A third of accidental deaths ............... in the home.
3. It was a big ............... for her to leave the band and go solo.
4. But the women of Zurich ............... armor, marched to the Linden of and manned
the battlements.
5. Her determination to take revenge slowly ............... .
6. And for two days officials from the General Council discussed with the
Government the possibility of extending the ...............
7. These drugs ............... blood flow to the brain.
8. Unfortunately, when you write, your thoughts ............... the page in a similar
fashion.
9. His political future ............... the outcome of this election.
10. Her academic ............... include an MA and a PhD.
11. We ............... that sitting in traffic jams costs us around $9 billion a year in lost
output.
12. She’s been ............... novels for 20 years.
13. It ............... to a question of priorities.
14. Cover with a layer of sand and ............... it ...............
15. Neither can they raise ............... if an existing customer takes a test which proves
to be positive.
60

partner.
1. What is the author’s idea about making an investment in higher

education?
2. What will happen if the number of university graduates grows faster
than that of less educated?
3. Which factors are crucial in making the degree lucrative?
4. Do you think we still have a good reason to go to university?
5. What does education mean to you?
61
CONTENT:
Chapter 8
Assisted Suicide
READING SKILL: “There is a certain right by

Identifying Main and which we may deprive a
Supporting Ideas man of life, but none which
Paragraphs often use we may deprive him of
supporting ideas to
give more information – Friedrich Nietzsche
about the main idea of a
paragraph. Supporting
ideas usually follow the
main idea.
62
Chapter 8: Identifying Main Ideas
1. What comes to mind when you hear the word ‘euthanasia’?

2. Do you understand why people choose euthanasia to end their life?
3. Is there any difference between euthanasia and suicide?
4. Do governments have the right to keep suffering people alive?

Vocabulary Warm-up
their definitions.
a) a very small number of people or things
1. succumb
b) a serious illness that affects your lungs and makes it
2. vulnerable difficult for you to breathe
c) something difficult or worrying that you are responsi-

3. absolute ble for
d) when a doctor or someone else helps a person who is
4. burden
very ill to kill themselves in order to end their suffering
5. blinking e) a feeling that you have no hope at all
f) to stop opposing someone or something that is stron-

6. despair ger than you, and allow them to take control
g) to shut and open your eyes quickly

7. latter
8. Assisted suicide h) someone who can be easily harmed or hurt
i) something that is considered to be true or right in all

9. pneumonia
situations
j) being the second of two people or things, or the last in
10. handful
a list just mentioned
Reading Skill Identifying Main Ideas

In a typical piece of writing, the author expresses two or three main ideas,
general messages, about a topic. When you are looking for the main ideas in a
piece of writing, consider the author’s purpose. If the author wants to express
an opinion or examine multiple sides of an issue, the main ideas will be the
general arguments about the issue.1
1 Lee & Bernard (2011)
63
A. Scan the reading passage and complete

the chart with information from the passage.
Easeful death
For Against
Assisted Suicide
1 if someone has a stroke, an artery 2 It is a condition in which a patient is

(=tube carrying blood) in their brain sud- aware but cannot move or communicate
denly bursts or becomes blocked, so that verbally due to complete paralysis of nearly
they may die or be unable to use some all voluntary muscles in the body except for
muscles the eyes
64
1 if a situation or feeling imprisons peo-

ple, it restricts what they can do
2 relating to the body, rather than to the 7 to officially accept a law or proposal,
mind, feelings, or spirit especially by voting
3 a very difficult, unpleasant, or frighten- 8 to think about something that you might
ing experience or situation do in the future
4 to be based on a particular idea or set 9 a written proposal for a new law, that
of facts is brought to a parliament so that it can be
5 Determination of one’s own fate or discussed
course of action without compulsion; free 10 to feel or say that you oppose or disap-
will. prove of something
6 the process of finding out what people 11 a formal and very serious promise
think about something by asking many 12 someone who disagrees with a plan,
people the same question, or the record of idea, or system and wants to try to stop or
the result change it
65
1 to make something such as time, money,

or workers available for someone, especial-
ly when this is difficult for you to do
2 someone who looks after an old or ill
person at home
3 to put pressure on someone in order to
make them do what you want 10 the promise made by doctors that they
4 used to talk about a process or habit will obey the principles of the medical
that is difficult to stop and which will devel- profession
op into something extremely bad 11 to start a company, organization, com-
5 not serious, important, or valuable mittee
6 an argument etc. that makes you feel 12 a robust system, organization etc. is
certain that something is true or that you strong and not likely to have problems
must do something about it 13 to continue to do something that has
7 when people of many different races, already been planned or started
religions, and political beliefs live together 14 to reduce the amount of limit you put
in the same society, or the belief that this on something
can happen successfully 15 a situation in which it is very difficult to
8 to force someone to have the same decide what to do, because all the choices
ideas, beliefs etc. as you seem equally good or equally bad
9 a genuine feeling, desire etc. is one that 16 the limit of what is acceptable or
you really feel, not one you pretend to feel thought to be possible
66
1 to make or create

2 to develop and change gradually over a
long period of time
3 a terminal illness cannot be cured, and
causes death
4 the quality of including a lot of different
people, things, or ideas
5 making people have strong feelings
6 causing a lot of argument and disagree-
ment between people 8 to give someone a medicine or medical
7 a custom that says you must avoid a treatment
particular activity or subject, either be- 9 causing death, or able to cause death
cause it is considered offensive or because 10 An event that is imminent, especially an
your religion does not allow it unpleasant one, will happen very soon.
67
B. Reading Passage has eight paragraphs, 1-8. Which paragraph contains the
following information?
A. Conditions under which assisted suicide would be applicable in the new
bill
B. Arguments against the main topic
C. Describes the role politicians should take on this issue
D. Arguments in favor of the main topic
E. Setting the scene for presenting the topic

1. What do people prefer in western world?
2. What should be the role of law facing with will of people based on the
text?
3. What happened to Tony Nicklinson?
4. What kind of disease is locked-in syndrome?
5. What is the current Britain law regarding assisted suicide?
6. What can be done in the case of vulnerable people regarding assisted
suicide?
7. Why do many doctors object to assisted suicide?
8. What are the main reasons for people’s disagreement on assisted suicide?
9. What can be done in the case of vulnerable people in relation to assisted
suicide?
10. What did Netherlands and Belgium do about assisted suicide?
68
word only once.
administered dilemma bully contemplated stroke
terminal slippery slope breadth lethal proceed
contentious bill corporeal rest on robust
1. Many women are faced with the ............... of choosing between work and family
commitments
2. Painkillers were ............... to the boy.
3. Ideally, someone with a ............... illness should at least have the right to work
part-time as long as they are able.
4. Animal welfare did not become a ............... issue until the late 1970s
5. The formerly ............... economy has begun to weaken
6. The job wasn’t giving him the ............... of experience he wanted
7. He is on the ............... to a life of crime.
8. The House of Representatives passed a new gun-control ...............
9. He had even ............... suicide
10. Don’t let them ............... you into working on Saturdays.
11. The government was determined to ............... with the election
12. The case against my client ............... circumstantial evidence
13. And then there is our own body, our own ............... instrument, which we’re
awfully proud of now
14. I looked after my father after he had a ............... .
Discussion

1. What is the condition required to do assisted suicide in Britain?
2. What is the reaction of societies when they face with dilemmas?
3. Do you know any famous case of euthanasia?
4. Do you agree with euthanasia? Discuss your views.
5. The Ancient Greek for euthanasia is “good death”. what do you think of this
meaning?
69
Recreational drug
Chapter 9
use
READING SKILL: “Every form of addiction
Identifying Meaning is bad, no matter whether
from context the narcotic be alcohol,
When reading, you will
– Carl G. Jung
often encounter words
you don’t know . Paying
attention to the context
could help you guess the
correct meaning.
70
Chapter 9: Identifying Meaning from context
1. Do you think marijuana should be legal or illegal? Support your opinion

with facts.
2. Do you think tobacco companies would like to sell marijuana?
3. Why do you think that tobacco is a legal drug?
4. Is there any difference between “soft” drugs such as marijuana and
“hard” drugs like crack, heroin, cocaine etc?
5. Is ecstasy a soft or a hard drug?
6. Should there be punishments for using drugs?
7. Are some people more easily addicted to drugs than others?
Match these terms from the reading with their
Vocabulary Warm-up definitions.
a) a product or service that does not exist, so that there
1. high is an opportunity to develop that product or service
and sell it
b) a plant that has brightly colored, usually red, flowers

2. gap in the market
and small black seeds
c) a drug (as cocaine, marijuana, or

methamphetamine) used without medical
3. veterinary justification for its psychoactive effects often in the
belief that occasional use of such a substance is not
habit-forming or addictive
4. poppy d) to add a small amount of something
e) a feeling of pleasure or excitement produced by
5. crack down
some drugs
f) something that attracts people, or the quality of

6. Recreational drug
being able to do this
g) to become more strict in dealing with a problem and

7. lace
punishing the people involved
h) relating to the medical care and treatment of sick

8. lure
animals
71
Reading Skill Identifying Meaning from context
You can guess the meaning of important but unfamiliar words in a reading
passage by using the following strategy:
1 Think about how the new word is related to the topic of what you are reading
about.
2. Identify which part of speech the new word is by looking at how it fits with
the other words in the sentence.
3. Look at how the word relates to the rest of information in the paragraph
surrounding it.
4. Use your knowledge of prefixes, suffixes, and word roots to identify the basic
meaning of the word.
A. Read and listen to the following text, and

check if the following statements are True (T),
False (F), or Not Given (NG)
NG T F
1. New drugs are replacing the traditional ones.
2. Glow is a new movie by Ned Beauman.
3. Cannabinoids produce stronger response than marijuana.
4. Between 2010 and 2012 seizures of older synthetic
amphetamine has increased dramatically.
5. Heroin addiction is diminishing because of its
accessibility.
6. Cocaine has been sold with higher quality.
7. Ketamine is mainly used in surgical procedures for

animals.
8. Most drug takers prefer traditional drugs.
72
Recreational drug use
1 an illegal drug that makes you very

active SYN amphetamine
2 Monosodium glutamate, also known
as sodium glutamate, is the sodium salt of
glutamic acid
3 Anxiety disorders are a group of men-
tal disorders characterized by feelings
of anxiety and fear
4 to succeed in recording, showing, or de-
scribing a situation or feeling, using words
or pictures
5 mood-altering drugs or substances
affect your mind and change the way you
think or feel
6 an official book giving information about
medicines 8 psychoactive drugs have an effect on
7 produced by combining different artifi- your mind
cial substances, rather than being naturally 9 to behave or operate in exactly the
produced same way as something or someone else
73
1 a drug or substance that makes you feel

more active and full of energy
2 when the police or government officers
take away illegal goods such as drugs or
guns
3 a drug that gives you a feeling of
excitement and a lot of energy
4 an illegal drug that gives a feeling of
energy
5 the illegal drug methamphetamine
6 to carry out a particular activity 11 to increase or decrease an amount,
or process, especially in order to get value, or number
information or prove facts 12 The strategy to reduce internal para-
7 involving a big increase or decrease SYN sites.
sharp 13 18 a quantity of food, medicine etc that is
produced or prepared at the same time
8 the business of selling goods in large 14 a serious disease affecting cattle and
quantities at low prices to other business- sheep, which can affect humans
es, rather than to the general public 15 a range of food, especially of a particular
9 to completely get rid of something such type
as a disease or a social problem 16 to find or borrow something so that you
10 to strictly limit the amount of money can use it
that is available to a company or organiza- 17 a drug used for making someone feel
tion less anxious
74
1 an illegal drug that is usually smoked

SYN marijuana
2 someone who buys and sells a particular 6 vacuum-packed food is in a contain-
product, especially an expensive one er from which most of the air has been
3 to put liquid, especially a drug, into removed, so that the food will stay fresh
someone’s body by using a special needle for longer
4 insincerely 7 when one group, person, or thing is
5 things that are for sale, usually not in a separate from others
shop 8 to be very popular or fashionable
75
Old war, new fronts4
1 To supply with necessities or nourish-

ment
2 The practice of repeatedly getting rid of
something, only to have more of that thing
appear. For example, deleting spammers’ 4 the area where fighting happens in a
e-mail accounts, closing pop-up windows in war
a web browser, etc. 5 to change something or to make it
3 an illegal drug that gives a feeling of change so that there is more variety
happiness and energy. Ecstasy is especially 6 to do something wrong or illegal
used by people who go out to dance at 7 a strong desire to have or achieve some-
clubs and parties thing
76
Reading Comprehension B. Answer the following questions.
1. What does the first scene of the book at the beginig of the text imply?
2. What are replacing traditional drugs?
3. What does the latest report of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime say?
4. Why has cocaine price risen sharply over the past decade?
5. What kind of cocaine is used in Europe nowadays?
6. How do the young feel about Ketamine in Argentina?
7. How is New Zealand’s government treating new drugs?
8. How was the Czech Republic trend regarding drug addiction in the past?
C. From the list of words below, select

mood-altering
capture stimulant diversified isolation
substances
psychoactive dealer mimics push aspirations
wares synthetic rage sustain seizure
1. These photographs .............. the essence of working-class life at the turn of the
century.
2. It is not a direct .............. , like a shot of adrenaline
3. User requirements have .............. over the years.
4. There is evidence that, in the kivas at least, .............. plants may have been
ingested.
5. The drug .............. the action of the body’s own chemicals.
6. That .............. is now a stockbroker.
7. Trees are a renewable resource that when managed properly can .............. our
needs indefinitely.
8. Slow sales have .............. down orders.
9. It is through other black kids that some .............. are fostered and others snuffed
out by stories of racialism.
10. DiCaprio became all the .............. after starring in the film ‘Titanic’.
11. The judge ordered .............. of his assets totalling £36,200 or Fraser would serve a
further 18 months in jail.
12. Scarlet fever victims had to go to the .............. hospital.
13. It is this disorder of the human spirit that leads the sufferer to seek ..............or
behaviors.
14. Many old herbal remedies have disappeared and been replaced by .............. drugs.
15. Craftspeople selling their ..............
77
Discuss the following questions with a

Discussion
partner.
1. What are the main reasons for high price of drugs?
2. Do you think the author agrees with the legalization of drugs?
3. What should be the government role in controlling drug abuse?
4. How should we behave with the addicted?
5. Why does the author say “not all drug-taking is harmful, but trying to stop
it has proved extremely so.”?
78
CONTENT:
Chapter 10
USA Presidential
Power
READING SKILL: “A government big enough
to give you everything you
Paraphrasing
want, is strong enough to
Paraphrasing is saying
the same thing with – Thomas Jefferson
different words. You
paraphrase when you
take notes.
79
1. Can you name the President of the United States?

2. What is the minimum voting age in your country?
3. What different types of governments are there?
4. Is voting an important responsibility of a citizen?
5. Have your political views changed much during your lifetime?
6. What are the main political parties in your country?
7. What politicians represent you in local and national government?
8. How are government officials chosen in your country?
9. What do you think of American politics?
Vocabulary Warm-up their definitions.
a) to speak to someone severely about something
1. pollinate
they have done wrong
b) when you imagine or pretend that something is
2. overturn real or true
c) to give a flower or plant pollen so that it can

3. make-believe produce seeds
d) shared or made by every member of a group or
4. unconstitutionally
society
e) extremely important and necessary for something
5. rebuke
to succeed or exist
f) to change a decision or result so that it becomes
6. omnipotent the opposite of what it was before
g) able to do everything
7. vital
h) not allowed by the constitution (=set of rules or
8. collective principles by which a country or organization is
governed)
80
Chapter 10: Paraphrasing
Reading Skill Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is saying the same thing with different words. You paraphrase
when you take notes. You also paraphrase when you write summaries and
research papers.
When you paraphrase a sentence, follow these steps:
1. Read the original sentence until you clearly understand the meaning.
2. Without looking at the original , write a paraphrase.
3. Compare your paraphrase to the original. Make sure that your
paraphrase has the same meaning as the original. You may have to use
some of the same words as the original, but be careful not to use all the
same words or the same grammatical structure.
4. Make revisions to your paraphrase as necessary to adjust the meaning,
words, or structure.
When you paraphrase, you may have to change the pronouns, or other parts of
speech.
A. Read the first two paragraphs in the

passage quickly and read the sentences from it
and write a paraphrase for each of them. Your
paraphrase must be concise and to the point.
1. For anyone who doubts that America is the land of the free, the ability of the Supreme
Court to turn a question posed by a Pepsi distributor into a ruling that restricts
presidential power ought to be reassuring.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. That the decision was unanimous must have stung the constitutional law professor in the
White House as much as it delighted Republicans.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Bees are important, but Mr. Obama would not be so interested in apiarian workers if he
were able to effect more change for the human sort.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
81
1 the most important court of law in some

countries or some states of the US
2 to ask a question, especially one that
needs to be carefully thought about
3 National Labor Relations Board
4 versus
5 not allowed by the constitution (=set of
rules or principles by which a country or
organization is governed)
6 to choose someone for a position or a
job 11 if you are stung by a remark, it makes
7 a group of people in a company or other you feel upset
organization who make the rules and im- 12 to give someone great satisfaction and
portant decisions enjoyment
8 relating to the central government of 13 a member or supporter of the Republi-
a country such as the US, rather than the can Party in the US → Democrat
government of one of its states 14 to make a legal claim against someone,
9 a formal meeting or group of meetings, especially for money, because they have
especially of a law court or parliament harmed you in some way
10 a unanimous decision, vote, agreement 15 to react to something with too much
etc. is one in which all the people involved emotion, or by doing something that is
agree unnecessary
82
1 to make something happen or force

someone to do something
2 a king or queen
3 a ruler who has complete power and
uses it in a cruel and unfair way 10 a spurious statement, argument etc. is
4 to say that something is true or that not based on facts or good thinking and is
someone has done something wrong, likely to be incorrect
although it has not been proved 11 having wings
5 Erratic in behavior or degree of unpre- 12 money that the government receives
dictability from tax
6 an idea, belief, or opinion 13 of or relating to beekeeping or bees
7 a book in which a business, bank etc. 14 a lot of something
records how much money it receives and 15 to be in a position of authority so that
spends you can give orders and make decisions
8 if you are underwhelmed by something, 16 tale
you do not think it is impressive – used 17 The collection of memories shared by a
humorously common culture.
9 something successful or impressive that 18 affecting or relating to the best or most
is achieved after a lot of effort and hard suitable people or things from a larger
work group
83
9 when something develops in a very

1 Outstanding in size, degree, or quality successful way
2 used when you admit that something is 10 help that is provided for people who
true SYN admittedly have personal or social problems
3 fierce emotions are very strong and 11 the possibility that something will
often angry happen
4 an attempt to persuade someone to do 12 to give someone information or ideas
something that they do not want to do over a period time
5 happening or done only once, not as 13 to make a formal, usually public, prom-
part of a regular series ise that you will do something
6 a private house where you pay to sleep 14 relating to the job of managing a busi-
and eat SYN guesthouse ness or organization and making decisions
7 to destroy a building or part of a build- 15 an official order or decision, especially
ing one made by the ruler of a country:
8 ability to understand a situation only 16 someone who takes a job or position
after it has happened previously held by someone else
84
7 to avoid something that is difficult or

causes problems for you
8 time during the day or year when no
1 to complete or finish something suc- work is done, especially in parliament, law
cessfully, in spite of difficulties courts etc.
2 o plan or invent a new way of doing 9 one of the two parts of a parliament or
something of the US Congress. For example, in Britain
3 a particular quality which people have the upper chamber is the House of Lords
4 to avoid obeying a rule, system, or and the lower chamber is the House of
someone in an official position Commons
5 to cause a reaction or feeling, especially 10 if a meeting, parliament, law court etc
a sudden one adjourns, or if the person in charge ad-
6 someone who has been officially sug- journs it, it stops for a short time
gested for an important position, duty, or 11 to prevent someone from doing what
prize they are trying to do
85
1 a problem or complaint that a person or

organization brings to a court of law to be
settled 2 to gradually disappear
1. What is the intention of the author by mentioning the story of Pepsi

distributor?
2. Why did the court sentence Barak Obama to acting unconstitutionally?
3. What was the reaction of different groups in white house to court’s
decision on June 26th?
4. Who is John Boehner?
5. What did John Boehner suggest for Mr. Obama’s decision?
6. How do opponents of Obama define his character?
7. How much was the presidential power from 1930 to 1960?
8. How did Johnson’s own party react when he pushed his great civil-rights
reforms?
9. What was the core of Obama’s speech on July 1st?
10. What does executive actions mean to Obama?
Vocabulary Comprehension C. From the list of words below, select the

tyrants decree thwart fade session

hindsight get around heaps thumped lawsuit
bypass recess one-off call the shots granted
1. ....................., the music is not perfect, but the flaws are outweighed by the sheer joy
of the piece.
2. The children have .....................of energy.
86
3. With ....................., I should have seen the warning signs.

4. The story has received ..................... attention in the press.
5. The Emperor issued the ..................... repealing martial law.
6. Francis ..................... his manager and wrote straight to the director.
7. Fierce opposition ...................... the government’s plans.
8. Bush got a significant boost in the final days before the ..................... from two
votes in the House of Representatives.
9. A Pennsylvania state appeals court also has said a state airbag ..................... can
proceed despite federal safety rules.
10. Hopes of a peace settlement are beginning to ......................
11. She ..................... the table with her fist.
12. It was a job in which she was able to ......................
13. Board members met in closed ......................
14. It’s yours for a ..................... payment of only £200.
15. The country had long been ruled by .....................

partner.
1. How does Obama define his power?

2. What will cause a more limited form of government?
3. Do you believe in all powerful government or power limited one?
4. How should governments powers should be checked?
5. Why do you think the author says “Unfortunately the idea of the omnipotent
president is harder to kill.”?
87
Chapter 11
Gender Differences
READING SKILL: “One is not born, but

Discovering Topics of
paragraphs – Simone de Beauvoir
Knowing th topic of a
paragraph is necessary
in order to comprehend
what you read.
88
Chapter 11: Discovering Topics of paragraphs
1. Are you happy being the gender you are?

2. Are men and women very different?
3. What do you think people study in gender studies classes?
4. Do you think men and women have different brains?
5. Are there different laws in your country depending on your gender?
6. Do men and women live in different cultures?
7. Is it OK for boys to play with girls’ toys and vice versa?
8. Why do you think men are more aggressive than women?
9. Are there differences in the ways men and women communicate?
10. Are gender roles changing in your country?

Vocabulary Warm-up
their definitions.
a) related to the process of knowing, understanding, and
1. multitask learning something
b) to do several things at the same time

2. amalgam
c) a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or

3. cognitive thing is like
d) a mixture of different things

4. mortality
e) the number of deaths during a particular period of

5. stereotype time among a particular type or group of people
89
Reading Skill Discovering Topics of paragraphs
When you read a paragraph you should always ask yourself, “What is this
about?” That question will lead you to the topic of the paragraph. When decid-
ing on the topic of each paragraph, the topic should not be too specific- that
is, it should cover the whole paragraph and not just a part of it. And the topic
should not be too general - that is, it should cover only the sentences in the
paragraph and not other possible ideas and sentences. Like a piece of clothing,
the topic needs to fit the paragraph just right.
A. Reading Passage has eleven paragraphs,

1-11. Match the following topics to the
paragraphs.
A. Introducing Criteria for the cognitive performance in the

experiment...........
B. Procedures of an experiments conducted by MS Weber...........
C. Recent findings on factors in cognitive performance of women...........
D. The possible reasons for different cognitive styles between men and
women ...........
E. Previous findings about different brain structures...........
F. possible effect of the roles a society assign to the genders on the cognitive
performances
90
Gender differences
1 someone who illegally enters a building

or area, usually in order to steal something
2 to be very likely to do or feel a particular
thing.
3 to bravely accept or deal with a painful,
difficult, or upsetting situation SYN stand:
4 a difference between two or more
things, especially an unfair one 6 connect
5 a place where young children are taken 7 to guess about the possible causes or
care of during the day while their parents effects of something, without knowing all
are at work the facts or details
91
1 a set of actions for achieving something

in the future, especially a set of actions
that has been considered carefully
2 To expose to something 6 an episodic story or memory is one in
3 a standard by which the level of some- which a lot of different events happen that
thing can be judged or measured do not follow on from each other
4 the total value of all goods and services 7 the ability to do calculations and under-
produced in a country, in one year, except stand simple mathematics
for income received from abroad 8 ingrained attitudes or behavior are
5 the length of time that a person or ani- firmly established and therefore difficult to
mal is expected to live change
92
1 unpleasantly clear and impossible to

avoid
2 very unusual or surprising 3 up to this time
93
B. Answer the following questions.

1. . What is the possible explanation for men and women having different
way of thinking?
2. What is the function of the cerebrum?
3. What does cognitive performance of women benefit from according to
Daniela Weber?
4. What does RDI stand for?
5. What kind of memory is called episodic?
6. Which gender is better in numeracy performance?
7. Which group performed well in category fluency?
8. How does the brain remember unconnected words?
9. What was the surprising discovery of the test?
10. What is the relationship between development of a country, and women’s
cognitive abilities?
Vocabulary Comprehension C. From the list of words below, select the

disparities episodic stark bound to ingrained

speculated numeracy startling stereotype wired
amalgam intruder hitherto life expectancy initiative
1. The police think the ............... got in through an unlocked window.
2. They rejected the sexual ............... of blue for a boy and pink for a girl, and dressed
their baby in other colors instead.
3. Some analysts ............... that jobs will be lost.
4. These ............... are matters of concern
5. History is an ............... of fact and action.
6. The problem is especially serious for an ............... memory, which is a unique
category that ties together a series of elements.
7. The report suggests that students need to improve their ............... skills.
8. The movie shows the ............... realities of life in the ghetto.
9. Paddy’s words had a ............... effect on the children.
10. They have ............... been the most generally used in clinical trials.
11. The idea of doing our duty is deeply ............... in most people.
12. Don’t lie to her. She’s ............... find out.
13. Another key set of ............... bonds is that between adult males.
94
14. In fact, women at all ages spent proportionately more of their remaining ...............
in residential care than men.
15. A recent ............... on recycling was extremely successful.

partner.
1. What part of the reading surprised you?

2. In what way gender studies like the one in the passage is useful?
3. What does the title bring to your mind?
4. Modern times require modern thinking. Discuss this sentence.
5. Who do the children go to for emotional support? For financial support? Why?
6. Why the responsibilities of parents are different?
95
Chapter Preview
Chapter 12
Decluttering the company
READING SKILL: “If a cluttered desk is a

Inferring Cause and sign of a cluttered mind, of
Effect what then is an empty desk
While reading, realizing
cause and effect – Albert Einstein
relationship can help you
better understand and
organize the information
in a reading passage.
96
Chapter 12: Arguing FoInferring Cause and Effect
1. Do you have a part time job? If so, what do you do?

2. Do you like to work in an office?
3. Do you think government offices run well in your country?
4. What is annoying about going to government offices?
5. Do you ever get fed up of the red tape in local and national governments?
6. Do think you ever would like to be in a lot of meetings for your work?

their definitions.
a) a detailed examination of something in order to check
1. debilitate
if it is good enough
b) an amount of something that someone is expected to

2. sixfold
do or achieve
3. relentless c) a large part or amount of something
d) a complicated official system that is annoying or con-

4. audit
fusing because it has a lot of rules, processes
e) if a situation spirals, it gets worse, more violent etc. in a
5. chunk
way that cannot be controlled
f) to make an organization or system less effective or

6. quota
powerful
g) something bad that is relentless continues without ever

7. spiral
stopping or getting less severe
8. bureaucracy h) by six times as much or as many
i) to make a place tidy by removing things you do not

9. declutter
want or need
97
Reading Skill Inferring Cause and Effect
Often you read, you recognize a cause-and-effect relationship because the

writer directly states that relationship, using words and phrases such as because,
due to, as a result, so, therefore, etc. At other times, the relationships are less
obvious, and you have to make inference-and educated guess based on your
own knowledge and experience- about the causes or the effects.
Writers organize their explanations of cause-and-effect relationships by
focusing on causes, on effects, or on causal chains. (Casual chains begin with
the first cause and follow with a series of intermediate actions or events to the
final effect.) For example, an essay focusing on effects identifies and explains
several effects resulting from one cause. An essay focusing on causes identifies
and explains several causes of one effect 1
1 Holt, Rinehart and Winston
A. Read the passage quickly and identify the causes for the following results.
1.________ 1.________
Clutter 2________
2________
3________
98
1 someone who knows a lot about a

particular subject, and gives advice to other
people:
2 to discuss something in order to reach
an agreement, especially in business or
politics
3 a large number of things that are scat-
tered somewhere in an untidy way
4 to stick out in a rounded shape, espe- 8 one of several levels in an organization
cially because something is very full or too or system
tight 9 to guess a number or amount, without
5 something that you are trying hard to calculating it exactly
achieve, especially in business or politics 10 a sudden or quick increase in the num-
6 to make something such as a business, ber or amount of something:
organization etc. work more simply and 11 to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion,
effectively religion
7 a lean organization, company etc. uses 12 to try very hard to do something using
only as much money and as many people all your strength or ability
as it needs, so that nothing is wasted 13 of a good enough standard or quality
99
1 to expect or ask someone to do some-

thing for you when this is not convenient 3 a short official note to another person in
for them the same company or organization
2 if a situation spirals, it gets worse, 4 the place that someone comes from or
more violent etc. in a way that cannot be lives in
controlled 5 to become worse
100
1 a very bad effect that something has on

something or someone over a long period 9 a large business organization consisting
of time. of several different companies that have
2 the level of confidence and positive joined together.
feelings that people have, especially people 10 money spent regularly on rent, insur-
who work together, who belong to the ance, electricity, and other things that are
same team etc. needed to keep a business operating
3 to be interrupted by something, espe- 11 money that a business or organization
cially when this is repeated receives over a period of time, especially
4 to work together with a person or group from selling goods or services
in order to achieve something, especially in 12 someone or something that has the
science or art. same job or purpose as someone or some-
5 happening a number of times, usually at thing else in a different place
regular times 13 international car registration for Geor-
6 when you clean a house thoroughly, gia
usually once a year 14 A principal rival
7 to clean the dust, dirt etc. from the floor 15 to officially end a law, system etc. espe-
or ground, using a brush with a long handle cially one that has existed for a long time
8 a series of actions intended to achieve 16 To take control of something.
a particular result relating to politics or 17 if a group of people call for something,
business, or a social improvement they ask publicly for something to be done
101
Wasting time, wasting money

1 used to tell someone to stop saying
things that are completely wrong
2 someone who takes a job or position
previously held by someone else
3 by being in charge of a meeting or
directs the work of a committee or organi-
zation.
4 to give support to an opinion, idea, or
feeling, and make it stronger
5 to gradually increase in numbers or
amount until there is a large quantity in 8 a system for making things in a factory
one place in which the products move past a line of
6 to prevent someone or something from workers who each make or check one part
continuing. 9 to notice someone or something,
7 to begin to deal with a new subject especially when they are difficult to see or
rather than the main one which was being recognize
discussed. 10 to reduce something by a half:
102
1. What is PETER DRUCKER’s idea about management?

2. What do employees have to do before they can focus on their real work?
3. Why did manufacturers battle for over past 50 years?
4. What does BCG stand for?
5. What kind of company is Bain & Company?
6. Has the amount of time that managers spend on meeting been increased
since 2008?
7. What kind of changes have happened in external communications since
1970?
8. How does employing a senior vice-president influence the amount of
work in a company?
9. Based on Amabile study when do employees work well?
10. What is the solution for getting rid of clutter?
11. What is the aim of “culture of simplification”?
12. How did a manufacturer make saving based on Bain study?
103
C. From the list of words below, select the correct word for each blank
space. Use each word only once.
bulging overheads cut the crap guru assembly-line

embrace punctuated decent conglomerate lean
toll streamlining explosion halt degenerate
1. The silence was occasionally ............... by laughter.

2. The conference ............... into a complete fiasco.
3. Their offices are in London so the ............... are very high.
4. Nobody contends that reforms and ............... are not useful.
5. He was proud of his fully mechanized ............... and wanted to show it off.
6. Just ............... and tell me what really happened.
7. An ............... of conflict last month left at least six people dead in the town.
8. Don’t you have a ............... jacket?
9. He fell heavily to the floor, his eyes ............... wide with fear.
10. Operating efficiency ratios show that Techno systems runs a ............... op-
eration, with all ratios above the industry averages.
11. We hope these regions will ............... democratic reforms.
12. Years of smoking have taken their ............... on his health.
13. A vast American ............... has announced plans to buy the site at a cost of
well over a billion dollars.
14. More often, we opted for the quick fix or the solution offered by the man-
agement ............... of the month.
15. The government has failed to...............economic decline.
D. Read and listen to the text, and check if the following statements are
True (T), False (F), and Not Given (NG)
NG T F
1. Other businesses should do the same action like
manufactures.
2. The BCG has been improved the organizational complexity.
3. The Fortune 500 list was created in 2001.
4. The complexity of organizations has decreased sixfold.
5. Performance imperatives has not been changed since 1995.
104
NG T F
6. Senior managers spend less time than usual managers in
meeting.
7. Complexity probably is the result of over-planing.
8. Co-ordination has a tendency to degenerate into clutter.
9. Meeting has a negative impact on creative thinking.
10. Employees will work better if they collaborate with more

colleges.
Discuss the following questions with a

Discussion
partner.
1. What can be done in order to stop accumulating of clutter?

2. What tips did you find useful in the passage?
3. Do you think meetings are effective?
4. What do you think is the best approach in managing the staff?
105
Chapter 13
Corruption in FIFA
READING SKILL: “Don’t quit. Suffer now

and live the rest of your
Recognizing Sources
Writers often refer to other – Muhammad Ali

sources of information
on a subject in order to
support their main points.
106
Chapter13:RecognizingSources
1. Why do you think football is the world’s most popular sport?

2. Is there anything else that joins the world in celebration like the football
World Cup?
3. In 30 seconds, can you explain what football is?
4. “Some people believe football is a matter of life and death…I can assure
you it is much, much more important than that.” What do you think of
the thoughts of this famous football manager?
5. How can football authorities change the rules to make the game more
exciting?
6. Do you think there should be more technological help for referees such as
video check?
7. Do you think football is a corrupt sport?
definitions.
a) one of the two parts of a parliament or of the US Con-

1. sidestep
gress
2. adjudicatory
b) a group of vehicles that are controlled by one company.
chamber
c) a competition in which players compete against each

3. fleet
other in a series of games until there is one winner
4. stink d) to make someone extremely angry
e) something that shows who is responsible for some-

5. bigwig
thing bad or how something really happened
6. smoking gun f) used to say that something is bad, unfair, dishonest etc
7. infuriate g) an important person
8. tournament h) to avoid dealing with something difficult
107
Reading Skill Recognizing Sources
Writers often refer to other sources of information on a subject in order to

support their main points. These sources may include other writers, research
reports, or surveys.
Example:
When a group of Nebraska students sought to match faces and nationalities
of 15 European countries, they were scored wrong in 93 percent of their
identifications. (Reference to a research report)1
1 Linda Lee & Jean Bernard
A. Read through each of the following

statements carefully. Scan through the
reading passage and decide if each statement is From the Writer (W) or
From Another Source (S). Check () the correct colum.
W S
a) Mohamed bin Hammam has had extensive complaining for
World Cup 2022..
b) Sepp Blatter is very complacent.
c) Sepp Blatter has accepted and been supervisor of a very bad

deal.
d) Mr bin Hammam seek the support of African footballing
authorities with a $5m fund and other treatments..
e) Qatari bidding team had no connection with Mr bin
Hammam.
f) Mr bin Hammam’s private office and the bid team shared
the same building
g) The case for a new contest for hosting the world Cup 2022
will be hard to resist
h) Summer heat will be dangerous for football players.
i) When Games start on June 12th, attention will be shifted
away from Mr Blatter to the games
108
The growing stink at FIFA
1 a feeling you have that someone is

probably guilty of doing something wrong
or dishonest 9 if an event or fact tarnishes someone’s
2 a place where an organized meeting, reputation, record, image etc, it makes it
concert etc takes place worse.
3 to succeed in getting something, espe- 10 to offer to pay a particular price for
cially something difficult to get goods, especially in an
4 a surprising fact about someone or 11 too great to be described in words
something that was previously secret and is 12 pleased with a situation, especially
now made known something you have achieved, so that you
5 large, impressive, or expensive stop trying to improve or change things –
6 to lead or take part in a series of actions used to show disapproval
intended to achieve a particular social or 13 clever at getting what you want, espe-
political result cially by tricking people
7 to do something so bad that you make 14 designating or of an activity carried on
other people feel ashamed in or as in a backroom; behind-the-scenes
8 extremely hot 15 a feeling of great anger and shock
109
1 A medieval servant who supervised the

serving of meals 7 difficult to believe and therefore unlikely
2 a manager in an organization or compa- to be true
ny who helps make important decisions 8 someone who has a very detailed
3 to ask someone for money, help, or knowledge of law
information 9 a statement that someone has done
4 undercover work is done secretly by the something wrong or illegal, but that has not
police in order to catch criminals or find out been proved
information 10 to dishonestly arrange the result of an
5 a secret plan by a group of people to do election or competition before it happens
something harmful or illegal 11 if a meeting, event, or a football game
6 happy and having no worries kicks off, it starts
110
1 he worry, disappointment, or unhappi-

ness you feel when something unpleasant
happens
2 to try to persuade someone to do
something such as buy something from you,
vote for you, or work for you – used in news
reports
3 an amount of money kept for dishonest
purposes, especially in politics 7 someone whose job is to help someone
4 an expensive trip paid for by government who has an important job, especially a
money or by a business for people they politician:
employ – used to show disapproval 8 to say that something is true or that
5 someone who tells people in authority or someone has done something wrong, al-
the public about dishonest or illegal practic- though it has not been proved
es at the place where they work 9 to try to persuade the government or
6 an offer to pay a particular price for someone with political power that a law or
something, especially at an auction bid for situation should be changed
111
4 a circle made of gold and decorated with

jewels, worn by kings and queens on their
heads
5 a set of clothes and equipment that you
use for a particular purpose such as playing
1 to refuse to consider someone’s idea, a sport
opinion etc., because you think it is not 6 to remove something that is covering the
serious, true, or important surface of something else
2 not proved or tested 7 not able to be criticized, made weaker,
3 all the time from the beginning, while or beaten
something was happening 8 to
112
1. Who is Mohamed bin Hammam?

2. Why Sepp Blatter is under pressure?
3. What does EXCO stand for?
4. What has been the reason or forcing out of committee for several
members of FIFA’s executive in recent years?
5. What was the intention of Mr. Blatter’s setting up an independent
governance committee?
6. When will Mr. Garcia complete the first stage of his investigation?
7. What was Mr. Garcia’s purpose of traveling around the world?
8. What was the content of e-mails obtained by the Sunday Times?
9. What does Hassan al-Thawadi say about Mr. Bin Hammam?
10. How does Mr Pieth have described the Sunday Times e-mails?
11. Which team is supported by Mr. Sarkozy?
12. What are FIFA’s six biggest sponsors?

T F NG
a) Qatar is going to host the 2022’s world cup.
b) Qatar is the best place for football.
c) Mr. Blatter will be president for a fifth four-year term at the
head of FIFA.
113
d) Mr. bin Hammam was banned from football administration

for short time
e) Mark Pieth will be the head of independent governance
committee.
f) Mr. Garcia wont examine the e-mails obtained by the
Sunday Times.
g) FIFA’s own technical committee, described America as the
only high-risk bidder.
h) Mr Platini denies all of the allegations.
D. From the list of words below, select

soliciting lobbying bid allegations slush fund

revelations strip wooed kit unassailable
unproven tarnished aides whistle-blower dismay
1. Morgan is accused of illegally .................. campaign contributions.

2. Upon taking office, Chavalit, a former army chief, .................. the military to try
to shore up his political power.
3. He resigned after .................. about his affair.
4. The result gave the team an .................. lead.
5. I told the children to put on their gym .................. and go outside.
6. Perhaps he was viewed less as a courageous .................. than as an irritating gad-
fly.
7. He claimed the atomic theory of crystal shape was .................. .
8. .................. the beds and wash the sheets.
9. It also stated that Stans maintained a secret .................. of cash in his office total-
ing at least $ 350, 000.
10. The group is .................. for a reduction in defence spending.
11. A committee will investigate .................. of racial discrimination.
12. They put in a .................. for the house.
13. They stared at each other in .................. .
14. Bernstein was trying to explain his headline problems to Ruby when Gerstein
strode past with a retinue of .................. .
15. His regime was .................. by human rights abuses.
114
Discussion Discuss the following questions with

a partner.
1. Do you believe we can get rid of corruption in football?

2. How do you feel about football after reading this article?
3. What do you think is the main culprit in football corruption?
4. Is there any sport related corruption in your country?
115
Chapter 14
Planetology comes of age
“Somewhere, something
incredible is waiting to be
Recognizing Analogies
An analogy is a comparison – Carl Sagan

between two things that are
similar in some respects
but different in others.
Writers often use analogies
to explain something in an
interesting way.
116
Chapter 14: Recognizing Analogies
1. Would you like to be an astronaut? Why or why not?

2. Would you like to go to the moon or travel into space?
3. Which country do you think will be first to send astronauts to Mars?
4. A group of stars is called a constellation. Some examples are Orion, the
Big Dipper, and Cassiopeia. What are the names of some constellations in
your language? How did they get these names?
5. Have you ever used a telescope? What did you look at?
6. Can you name the planets in English? Try.

Vocabulary Warm-up
their definitions.
a) hard work
1. veteran
b) used to emphasize that something is extremely large
2. crude
c) to increase the amount or size of something

3. colossal
4. graft d) an idea or opinion formed by guessing
e) to give someone a false idea about something

5. conjecture
f) the study of the origin, composition, and distribution
6. scale-up of matter in the planets
g) someone who has had a lot of experience of a

7. belie particular activity
h) not exact or without any detail, but generally correct
8. Planetology and useful
117
Reading Skill Recognizing Analogies
An analogy is a comparison between two things that are similar in some

respects but different in others. Writers often use analogies to explain
something in an interesting way.
Example:
Our intellectual interests like a tree or flow like a river. So long as there is
proper sap, the tree will grow anyhow, and so long as there is fresh current from
the spring, the water will flow.
(The way intellectual interests grow is compared to the way trees grow and the
way rivers flow.)
By making this analogy, the author suggests that intellectual growth is a natural
occurrence rather something forced or mechanical. 1
1 Linda Lee & Jean Bernard
A. Read the first paragraph of the reading and identify the two things or
activities that are being compared and explain how they are similar.
1.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
118
1 the central part of an atom, made up of

neutrons, protons, and other elementary
2 to think of an idea, answer etc.
3 a small bird with a short beak
4 a quick increase of business activity 6 the distance from the centre to the edge
5 a planet which orbits a star outside the of a circle, or a line drawn from the Centre
solar system. to the edge
119
Testing the boundaries
1 not definite or certain, and may be

changed later
2 an opinion that everyone in a group
agrees with or accepts
120
7 to send a weapon or spacecraft into the

sky or into space
8 close to the point at which something
different, especially something bad, will
1 to deliberately disobey a law, rule etc, happen
without trying to hide what you are doing 9 to take a photograph
2 a substance that is dense has a lot of 10 to fasten two things together using a
mass in relation to its size bolt
3 soft and full of air: 11 to make a liquid thicker by removing
4 to keep something so that it can be used some of the water
by a particular person or for a particular 12 To spoil the beauty or appearance of;
purpose disfigure
5 relating to the Earth rather than to the 13 to reduce or prevent the bad effect of
moon or other planets something, by doing something that has the
6 when a liquid boils, or when you boil it, it opposite effect
becomes hot enough to turn into gas 14 to make something dirty with mud
121
2 to make the difference between two

ideas, subjects etc. less clear
3 Used to express sorrow, regret, grief,
compassion, or apprehension of danger or
evil
1 a cover that is put over the flame of 4 something that is likely to make some-
a gas or oil lamp to make it shine more one upset or angry when you talk about it
brightly. 5 to spread something out
122
1 a moribund organization, industry etc

is no longer active or effective and may be
coming to an end
B. Answer the following questions.

1. How did LORD RUTHERFORD define science?
2. What is the basic step for developing a theory?
3. How many planets have been studied by planetary science?
4. Where does a wealth of data come from in planetary science?
5. What is Kepler?
6. What does intermediate size planet mean?
7. What are gaseous Earths called?
8. What does make Kepler 314c one of the lightest planet in the world?
9. Where does the Kepler’s formation hypothesis infer from?
10. According to Dr Kipping how the formation hypothesis be confirmed?
11. Which features make super-Earths habitable?
12. What was the intention behind using space probe?

T F NG
a) LORD RUTHERFORD discovered atomic bomb.
b) Much of the planetary data has come from a specially de-
signed space camera called Kepler.
c) Solar system has three “ice giants”.
d) There is not any intermediate size planet in the local solar
system.
123
e) Larger worlds are rocky, and their surfaces is buried beneath

deep blankets of fluids.
f) Theory of evaporating atmospheres is confirmed.
g) Powerful telescope can determine how much of alien plan-
et’s surface was solid and how much liquid.
word only once.
flouted reserved mantles on the edge of consensus

muddy wealth of moribund radius bolted
sore subject snapped launched boom nucleus
1. There is a .................. information available about pregnancy and birth.

2. Level above the cloud tops. The group also looked for John Deere equipment in a
20-mile ...................
3. The union had openly .................. the law.
4. Just don’t mention it – it’s always been a .................. with him.
5. The region’s heavy industry is still inefficient and ...................
6. Within the .................. an atomic nucleus is very small; less than 10 -15 meters in
diameter.
7. The cell contained an iron bed frame .................. to the floor.
8. From beginning to end, each cycle of .................. and slump lasts, Kondratiev
argued, for about fifty years.
9. Lizzy walked around the edge of the field, taking care not to .................. her new
shoes.
10. Dave .................. a picture of me and Sonia.
11. Their economy is .................. collapse.
12. A test satellite was .................. from Cape Canaveral.
13. A separate room is .................. for smokers.
14. A lack of .................. about the aims of the project.
15. In this view, hot, insulated .................. wells up beneath a supercontinent, causing it
to balloon upward.
Discussion

1. Did you feel overwhelmed by the facts describing the size of the universe?
2. What are the implications of having such an enormous universe? What
does it tell us about the possibilities that are out there?
124
Ackert, P., and L. Lee. 2006. Cause and effect. United States of
America: Thomson Heinle.
Anderson, N. J. 2008. Active skills for reading. Canada:

Thomson Heinle.
Carter, R. 2013. Applied linguistics and material development.

India: Bloomsbury Academic.
Geyte, E. V. 2011. Reading for IELTS. Trento: HarperCollins.
Lee, L., and J. Bernard. 2011. Select readings. New York:

Oxford.
Mikulecky, B. C., and L. Jeffries. 2004. More reading power.

United States of America: Longman.
Lindeck, J. , J. Greenwood., and K. OSullivan.2011. Reading

and writing skills. Australia: Macmillan.
Scrivener, J. 2011. Learning teaching: The essential guide to

English language teaching. Australia: Macmillan.
Richards, J. C. 2009. Curriculum development in language

teaching. New York: Cambridge university press.

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Advanced Reading

Pre-Reading Questions Discuss these questions in pairs.

1. Do you prefer fiction or nonfiction? Why?

Match these terms from the reading with

Reading Skill Scanning

7 literary among or surrounded by things

5 terrorism financed by profits from illegal

4 a young newspaper or television report-

1 makes a long high noise

1. We watched an.......................documentary on rice production.

Discussion Discuss the following questions with

Pre-Reading Questions Discuss these questions in pairs.

Reading Skill Skimming

1 unsteady or not straight or level

1 when a situation is not certain because

1 a new business activity that involves

5 a strong opinion that someone express-

1 a very big change that often causes

A. Discuss the following questions with a partner.

Into Thin Air

and women’s hardship

Pre-Reading Questions Discuss these questions in pairs.

g) expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that

Reading Skill Previewing

5 to carry people or things a short dis-

1 a large mass of ice which moves slowly

2 to carry out a particular activity or pro-

1 to start being in charge of something

C. Answer the following questions.

expedition compensation underscores kicked out disproportionate

brawl lump rivals dropped exotic

1. Melt a ....................... of butter in your frying-pan.

Discussion Discuss the following questions with a

Language and Morality

Language and Morality

READING SKILL: “Aim above morality. Be

Pre-Reading Questions Discuss these questions in pairs.

c) not knowing that something bad is happening or going

d) to become stronger again after a period of weakness or

e) a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to

g) relating to the principles of what is right and wrong

h) to suggest a possible explanation that has not yet been

Reading Skill Understanding Inference

Information in a reading passage can be found in two ways: by what is stated

A. Read through each of the following statements carefully. Scan through

LANGUAGE AND MORALITY

1 according to canon law 3 an electric vehicle for carrying passen-

1 to be afraid and show it by shaking a

2 if two ideas, beliefs, opinions etc conflict,

1 the process of making something such

C. Answer the following questions.

Vocabulary Comprehension D. From the list of words below, select the

quailed globalization conflict cognitive effortlessly

Discuss the following questions with a partner.

READING SKILL: “If you are not prepared to

Pre-Reading Questions Discuss these questions in pairs.

1. Are you technophobe or technophile ?

Reading Skill Arguing For and Against a Topic

1 Anderson, Neil J. (2008)

A. Scan the reading passage and complete

1 [plural] EXPERIENCED people who do 4 a punchy piece of writing or speech is

6 It is a company that owns, operates,

1 to make something less severe or ex-