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4 −5
𝐴=( )
2 −3
Primero se calculan los valores propios:
4−𝜆 −5
det(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) = | |
2 −3 − 𝜆
4−𝜆 −5
| | = (4 − 𝜆)(−3 − 𝜆) − 10
2 −3 − 𝜆
𝜆2 − 𝜆 − 2 = 0
𝜆=2
𝑠𝑜𝑙: {
𝜆 = −1
Con lo cual obtenemos dos valores propios:𝜆1 = −1, 𝜆2 = 2.
Buscamos ahora los correspondientes vectores propios:
Para 𝜆 = −1
𝑥
[𝐴 − (−1)𝐼]𝑉 = 0 → (5 −5) (𝑦) = (0)
2 −2 0
5 −5 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0
( | )≈( | )≈( | )
2 −2 0 1 −1 0 0 0 0
𝑥=𝑦
𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑚ú𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 (1, 1)
Para 𝜆 = 2
𝑥
[𝐴 − (−1)𝐼]𝑉 = 0 → (2 −5) (𝑦) = (0)
2 −5 0
2 −5 0 2 −5 0
( | )≈( | )
2 −5 0 0 0 0
2𝑥 = 5𝑦
1−λ 2 −1
|𝐴 − λI| = | 1 −λ 1 |= (λ-1)(λ-2)( λ-3)=0
4 −4 5 − λ
Donde los valores propios son: λ1 = 1 ; λ2 = 2 y λ3 = 3
Para calcular los vectores propios procedemos de la siguiente manera:
Si 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟏
0 2 −1 0 1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1 1 0 0
(1 −1 1 |0) ≈ (0 2 −1|0) ≈ (0 2 −1|0) ≈ (0 2 −1|0)
4 −4 4 0 4 −4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝐹1 ↔ 𝐹2 𝐹3 ← 𝐹3 − 4𝐹1 𝐹1 ← 𝐹1 + 𝐹2
𝑥+𝑦=0 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑧 𝑧
𝑥=− 𝑦=
2 2
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉λ1 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧/𝑥 = − , 𝑦 = 2}
2
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉λ1 = {− , 2 , 𝑧 /𝑧 ∈ 𝑅}
2
1 1
𝑉λ1 = {𝑍(− , 2 , 1)/𝑧 ∈ 𝑅}
2
1 1
𝑉λ1 =< {(− , 2 , 1)} >
2
Si 𝛌𝟐 = 𝟐
−1 2 −1 0 1 −2 1 0 1 −2 1 0 1 −2 1 0 1 2 0 0
( 1 −2 1 |0) ≈ (1 −2 1|0) ≈ (0 0 0 |0) ≈ (0 4 −1|0) ≈ (0 4 −1|0)
4 −4 3 0 4 −4 3 0 0 4 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝐹1 ← −𝐹1 𝐹2 ← 𝐹2 − 𝐹1 𝐹2 ↔ 𝐹3 𝐹1 ← 𝐹1 + 𝐹2
𝐹3 ← 𝐹3 − 4𝐹1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑧 𝑧
𝑥=− 2 𝑦=4
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉λ2 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧/𝑥 = − , 𝑦 = 4}
2
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉λ2 = {− , 4 , 𝑧 /𝑧 ∈ 𝑅}
2
1 1
𝑉λ2 = {𝑍(− , 4 , 1)/𝑧 ∈ 𝑅}
2
1 1
𝑉λ2 =< {(− , 4 , 1)} >
2
Si 𝛌𝟑 = 𝟑
1
−2 2 −1 0 1 −3 1 0 1 −3 1 0 1 −3 1 0 1 0 4 0
1
( 1 −3 1 |0) ≈ (−2 2 −1|0) ≈ (0 −4 1 |0) ≈ (0 1 − 4|0) ≈(0 1 − 1|0)
4 −4 2 0 4 −4 2 0 0 8 −2 0 4 0
0 8 −2 0 0 0 0
1
𝐹1 ↔ 𝐹2 𝐹2 ← 𝐹2 + 2𝐹1 𝐹2 ← − 4 𝐹2 𝐹3 ← 𝐹3 − 8𝐹1
𝐹3 ← 𝐹3 − 4𝐹1 𝐹1 ← 𝐹1 +3𝐹2
1 1
𝑥 + 4𝑧 = 0 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0
𝑧 𝑧
𝑥=− 𝑦=4
4
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉λ3 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧/𝑥 = − , 𝑦 = 4}
4
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉λ3 = {− , 4 , 𝑧 /𝑧 ∈ 𝑅}
4
1 1
𝑉λ3 = {𝑍(− , 4 , 1)/𝑧 ∈ 𝑅}
4
1 1
𝑉λ3 =< {(− , 4 , 1)} >
4