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Geometrical Tolerancing
Reference Standards
BS ISO 1101:1983 Technical Drawings - Geometrical tolerancing - Tolerancing of form, orientation,
location and run-out - Generalities, definitions, symbols, indications on drawings

BS ISO 5459:1981 Technical Drawings - Geometrical tolerancing - Datums and datum-systems for
geometrical tolerances

Introduction
The notes below relate to use of geometric tolerances on drawing. The notes are outline in nature to
provide general guidance. This subject is complex and it is wise to consult the standards and have a
clear understanding of what is required when including geometric tolerances on technical
drawings. There are clear differences between ANSI Y14.5 and the above noted ISO standard. The
notes below do not address this difference or refer to the ANSI standard in any way.

Geometric Tolerances
Geometric tolerances specify the maximum variation that is allowed in form or position from true
geometry. The geometric tolerance is, in essence, the width or diameter of tolerance zone within
which a surface or axis of hole or cylinder can lie which results in resulting feature being acceptable
for proper function and interchangeability.
If a tolerance of form is not specified on a drawing for a feature, then the feature as made will be
acceptable regardless of form variation. The tolerances of form control straightness, flatness,
parallelism, angular displacement etc. etc.

The tolerance zone will be one of the following:

The area within a circle

The area between two circles

The area between two equidistant lines or between two parallel straight lines

The space within a cylinder

The space between two coaxial cylinders

The space between two equidistant surfaces or two parallel planes

The space within a bent pipe

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Tolerance Frame with Symbol identifications

Indication of datum

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Supplimentary Symbols

Tolerance Frame Variations


The tolerance frame can be divided into two or more compartments.
These compartments include from left to right

The symbol for the feature to be toleranced

The tolerance value..If the tolerance zone is circular or cylinderical it is preceded with a

Letters for datums when the toleranced feature is specified in relation to one, or more datums.

When multiple datums are referenced in the tolerance box they are indicated as below:

Maximum Material Indication in Tolerance Frame


The maximum material condition, when used, is indicated by a symbol placed after the tolerance value, after
the datum letter, or both.

See the figures below:

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Additional Frames- Notes
If a single frame cannot convey sufficient information it is acceptable to stack additional frames and/or provide
additional notes..

Positioning of Frames /Datum triangles


The datum triangle is placed on a feature or on an extension of the outline ( but clearly separated from the
dimension line) when the datum feature is the line or surface itself

The datum triangle is place on the extension of a dimension arrow when the datum feature is the axis or
medium line.
When two datums are indicated they relate to the common axis of the two features
The datum triangle can replace a dimension arrow if there is not enough room.

The datum can be located on the axes or median line when


The axis or median line is clearly for a single feature

The axis or median line is clearly formed by two features

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Geometrical Tolerancing Examples

Examples of Form Control

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Examples of Maximum Material Condition

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Examples of Profile Tolerancing

t Updated 19/07/2005

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Flatness

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Roundness

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Straightness

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Form

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Angularity

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Squareness

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Symmetry

Last Updated 19/07/2005

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Examples of parallelism

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Examples of position

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Examples of Concentricity

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Examples of Cylindricity

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Examples of Runout

Note: Runout is a composite tolerance including the effects of Cylindricity, and Concentricity.
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Example of Total Runout

Note: Total runout is a composite tolerance including the effects of cylindricity, and concentricity, co-axiality, straightness
and parallism along the axis.

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