Lakshya Business Plan

Competition
Organized by –

Centre for Entrepreneurship and Leadership

Amity Business School

Topic

Waste Management: Segregation of waste at the source and

enabling community development through efficient use of waste
resources

Presented By –

Gaurav Palkar (Contact: 09820035611)

and

Sneha Saraf

Institute: NMIMS

Team Name: Ektaa

 Table of Contents

Introduction to the concept of Waste Generation and Disposal..................................3

Significance of the problem........................................................................................5

Current Situation/Similar Initiatives............................................................................8

Technologies available for processing waste............................................................10

Enabling Community Development through Management of Waste........................12

Benefits to community .............................................................................................16

Social impact of our plan to different stakeholders..................................................17

References................................................................................................................18

2
 Introduction to the concept of Waste Generation and Disposal

Generation of Waste:

The urban households generate different kinds of waste (Appendix A1)

a) Hazardous waste like batteries, chemicals, perfume or spray bottles, shoe polish and
medicines.

b) Recyclable waste like newspapers, plastics, glass and metal objects

c) Organic waste like fruits, vegetables, leftover food and kitchen waste

Per capita waste generation is between 0.2 kg to 0.6 kg per day in most Indian cities. The total
waste generated accumulates to 1.15 lakh MT per day and 45 MT annually (Appendix B1 and
C1). The numbers are lower than other such similar income countries but the increasing
consumption patterns are leading to the use of more packaging material. The increase in per
capita waste generation is 1.3 percent per year. The urban population is growing at a rate of more
than 3 percent per year and hence the generation of solid waste is expected to increase at more
than 4 percent per year.

Collection of Waste:

There is a lack of an efficient system to collect waste from the primary source of waste
generation. Street sweeping is the principal method of waste collection. But even that is not
carried on a regular basis in India. No sweeping is done on Sundays generally and the
accumulated waste is cleared the next day. Some sanitation workers are overworked as the areas
allocated to them vary as compared to others. The tools used such as the broom with a short
handle are inefficient and result in loss of productivity.

Waste is collected through handcarts which can carry only a small amount of waste at a given
time and the waste is then carried to a common place (Waste Storage Depot) built out of cement
concrete bins which is used for temporary bulk storage. Segregation of waste is thus not possible
here also. Waste also spills over and is unhygienic for the neighborhood.

The waste is then carried from here to the disposal site through tractors, trucks or three wheelers.
But these vehicles are old and also open. They are loaded manually in the absence of any new
technology. Thus we see that at every stage of the system there is multiple manual handling of
waste.

3
Door-to-door collection of waste in the morning hours is done on a contract basis by the
contractor. This activity is labour intensive and generally taken up by small contractors or NGOs
at a low cost. Different models are adopted in different cities.

At some places, contracts are given to private operators for doorstep collection and transportation
based on wards allotted to each contractor, who appoints his own manpower, uses his own tools,
vehicles and equipment and is paid per month by the municipal corporation for the services
rendered (for example, Bangalore, Jaipur, and Nagpur).

In other cases, contracts are awarded to NGOs for door-to-door collection and supervision only
against a monthly payment. In some towns contracts are given to NGOs or individuals to collect
the waste from door-to-door but the contractor is expected to recover the user fee from the
citizens directly as prescribed by the local body.

In some cities like Ahmedabad, door-to door collection is entrusted to residents’ welfare
associations and associations of backward classes and they are given a monthly grant for
supporting sanitation workers and annual grants for purchase of tools, etc. On an average 200
houses are served by one part time sanitation worker in a four hour shift. Contract packages are
made by municipal authorities keeping in mind the work to be done and the minimum wages
payable under the law. The contractor is paid per month on the basis of the number of houses
served.

Processing of Waste:

Most of the cities do not process solid waste. Only a few cities have the processes in place to
carry out centralized or decentralized composting on a limited scale using aerobic or anaerobic
systems of composting. In other cities, the waste is dumped into pits and is allowed to decay for
more than six months and then is sold as compost. Some large cities also have aerobic compost
plants of 100 MT to 700 MT but they are mostly underutilized.

Disposal of Waste:

Municipal Authorities dispose the solid waste at a dumping ground situated in the outskirts of the
city. These sites are not disinfected and become breeding grounds for flies, rodents and pests.
Landfill sites also release landfill gas with 50 to 60 percent methane by volume. This also
aggravates the problem of global warming.

4
 Significance of the problem

Solid Waste Management in Mumbai

Mumbai generates waste to the tune of approximately 7,025 tonnes per day.

The waste consists of:

• 5,025 tonnes of mixed waste (bio-degradable and recyclable)
• 2,000 tonnes of debris and silt

The biodegradable waste (wet waste) is made up of vegetable and fruit remainders, leaves,
spoiled food, eggshells, cotton, etc. Recyclable (dry waste) consists of newspapers, thermocol,
plastic, battery cells, wires, iron sheets, glass, etc. Debris includes construction waste, renovation
waste, demolition waste, etc. Silt comprises earth and clay from drains and road corners. It is
estimated that by 2008 such waste will aggregate 9,000 tonnes per day due to increase in the
city's population.

The generation of waste by an individual depends on the socio-economic conditions to which the
person belongs. For example, a rich family will generate nearly four to five kg of mixed waste
per day; a middle class family will generate between one to three kg of mixed waste per day and
a poor family, in slums, will generate close to 500 grams per day.

The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) is formally responsible for the
management of waste in the city. The prevailing approach has been one of collection and
disposal that is, garbage is collected from communities by the municipal authorities and disposed
off at the three main dumping sites that are currently servicing the city.

Garbage collectors employed by various housing societies manually collect the waste generated
at the household level and dump it in the garbage bin at specified street corners. There are around
5,800 community bins in the city. In case of South Mumbai, trucks collect garbage from the
garbage bins and transport it to a transfer station which is located in Mahalakshmi. A separate
transport is arranged for transferring the garbage from Mahalakshmi to the northern part of
Mumbai where the dumping grounds are situated. From all other parts of the city, garbage is sent
directly to the dumping grounds. Nearly 95% of the waste generated in the city is disposed off in
this manner.

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Mumbai has three dumping grounds which are located in the northern part of Mumbai at Gorai
(Borivali), Mulund and Deonar. A fourth one at Chincholi has recently closed down. Amongst
the three, Deonar is the largest dumping ground. All the dumping grounds are nearly 30-40 km
from South Mumbai which explains the huge costs on transportation.

This largely manual operation involves 35,000 personnel employed by the MCGM and is
collected by a fleet of 800 vehicles, including vehicles hired from private contractors, that work
in shifts each day. MCGM spends about Rs 15-20 lakh per day on collecting and transporting
garbage and debris with municipal and private vehicles making about 2,000 trips every day.

The increase in the population of the city has forced people to settle near the dumping grounds.
This has led to the twin problems of people living in unhealthy conditions and protesting for the
closure of the dumping grounds, as dumping causes health hazards for the people in the vicinity.

When the waste is dumped, it does not decompose very quickly and makes way for the other
waste. The nature of waste being dumped and the time it takes to decompose, poses a serious
threat to the environment as well as human health. (Appendix D1)

The waste, which offers an incentive after selling like paper, metal, etc., is sold to informal
dealers by rag pickers. But the other organic waste like, old batteries, polystyrene (thermocol),
polythene bags, debris, do not have such incentives. Also, since it takes a long time to
decompose, when dumped, such waste occupies and fills the low-lying areas.

The waste at the dumping ground is covered with debris and spread evenly in layers. The organic
waste undergoes natural decomposition and generates a fluid, which is known a leachate, and is
very harmful to the ecosystem, if not treated properly. The leachate penetrates the soil and, if not
prevented, pollutes the ground water. Also, flies, mosquitoes and many other pests breed on the
waste and unless properly maintained, the dumps are a public health hazard.

Disposing off the waste properly remains a concern, as there is very little space in Mumbai. It
has to be carted over long distances thus increasing transportation costs so significantly as to
make the entire “business” unprofitable. So it is dumped clandestinely in the creeks, thus,
destroying our valuable mangroves. As Mumbai has a coastal stretch of 603 sq. km, it has
numerous creeks. These are channels of water which occupy marshy land during high tide. The
salty water occupies the land during high tide and drains off during low tide. This nurtures plants
called mangroves. These plants, in turn, have leaves which provide oxygen to the water for fishes
to breed in the creeks. In many areas, like Versova, Gorai, Charkop and Mankhurd, the entire
eco-system of the creek has been destroyed as waste is dumped surreptitiously.

6
Problems in Disposing Waste Efficiently:

• lack of public awareness, motivation, education

• lack of wide publicity through electronic and print media
• lack of finances to create awareness
• resistance to change
• difficulty educating slum dwellers
• lack of sufficient knowledge on benefits of segregation
• non cooperation from households, trade and commerce
• unwillingness on part of citizens to spend on separate bin for recyclables
• lack of litter bins in the city
• non availability of primary collection vehicles and equipment
• lack of powers to levy spot fines
• lack of financial resources for procurement of tools and modern vehicles.

7
 Current Situation/Similar Initiatives

Initiatives in India

BOOT and BOT:

Waste management is currently being provided by the Municipal Authorities in India. The
responsibility of actually managing the waste is thrust on sanitary inspectors and the technologies
used are outdated and the tools used are inefficient. Most of the budget allocated for waste
management is spent on wages of the workers and little is spent on actual implementation. Only
in cities with a population of more than a million do we find health inspectors heading the Solid
Waste Management (SWM) department.

The community is also not involved to a large extent as Municipal Authorities have not been able
to educate the masses on basics of handling waste and good practices. Citizens hence are prone to
dumping waste on the streets, water bodies and drains.

There is no segregation of waste at the source. The organic and inorganic waste is not put in
separate bins and hence it becomes difficult and costlier later to recycle such waste.

Generally, municipal authorities in towns and cities are not equipped to handle treatment and
disposal of waste, which are highly technical operations. Private sector participation is thus
preferred and is gradually picking up in the country. Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT)
and Build, Own and Operate (BOT) are the most popular models of concession Agreements in
vogue in the country. Cities such as Kolkata, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Ahmedabad, Trivandrum,
and Thane are examples of such contracts for the construction of compost plants or waste to
energy plants. In most such cases the municipal authority provides land on a token lease rent and
free garbage at the plant site. The private firm invests money to build, own and operate the
facility for a term of normally 20 to 30 years sufficient for a reasonable return on investment. At
the end of the BOOT contract period the facility is to be transferred to the local body.

In case of BOO, the plant is dismantled and site is cleared in line with the concession agreement
between the service provider and the municipality. The private firm earns from marketing of
compost or power and recyclable material recovered during the process. Local bodies prefer
BOOT model as they do not have to invest any money and a facility created by private firm is
eventually transferred to them. In such contracts, the municipality does demand some payment in
the form of royalty from the private sector, which is of the order of Rs 10 per MT of raw waste or
Rs 20 to Rs 35 per MT of compost produced. The private entrepreneurs are, however, requesting
royalty waiver as the cost of composting has gone up with the MSW Rules 2000.

8
Cities such as Mysore, Calicut, Kochi, Shillong, and Puri have adopted the design, build and
operate (DBO) model for setting up compost plants. Under this arrangement, funds, land, and
garbage are provided by the municipal authorities whereas the private firm is responsible for
designing, building, and operating the facility. The ownership of the plant remains with the ULB
(municipality). The private firm is given time-bound contracts on mutually agreed terms and
conditions

Initiatives in Mumbai

Advanced Locality Management

Advanced Locality Management (ALM) is local management of solid waste by citizens who
organize themselves to manage their waste. Wet waste is segregated at household level and
composted locally in any available area, planters, etc., and sweepers or rag pickers take dry waste
away. There are in all 643 ALMs along with 276 vermi-compost pits spread over six zones of the
MCGM's jurisdiction. This way, approximately 20-25 tonnes of garbage per day are prevented
from reaching the dump yards. An encouraging fact is that women run 80% of these ALMs. The
MCGM has also established vermi-compost projects on its own, one each in the eastern and
western suburbs, respectively, to demonstrate to the citizens, the benefits of vermi-culture
technology.

The success of any ALM depends entirely upon people's participation. Organization of the
community, training and initiation is done jointly by residents and MCGM, and is initially
funded by residents and the Corporation. At later stages, the activities are completely funded by
the residents.

Recycling Debris

Debris is recycled to make new construction-related products like bricks, interlocking pavers.
City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) and YUVA, an NGO, have collaborated
on this effort to convert the debris and reduce the load on dumping grounds. Presently, the plant
in Navi Mumbai converts three tonnes of debris per day. Set up in 1999, this plant is one of its
kind in the whole of India and has been successful in developing products conforming to Indian
Standard Codes of practice of the Central Government. The plant has successfully completed
recycling more than 1,000 tonnes of debris till date.

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 Technologies available for processing waste

The main technological options available for processing/ treatment and disposal of MSW are
composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion/biomethanation, incineration, gasification
and pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as
pelletization and sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery. Some of these have been described
below.

1) Composting is the method of decomposition of organic matter by microorganism in a

warm and moist environment which could be aerobic or anaerobic. The compost made
out of urban waste has higher nutrient value than that made out of cow dung and waste.
Such compost generated from the project can be used as soil conditioners in parks,
agricultural lands, tea gardens, and also has applications in improvement in soil texture
and augmenting of micronutrient deficiencies. It also increases moisture-holding capacity
of the soil and helps in maintaining soil health. It also aids in recycling nutrients to the
soil.
It is simple to adopt and does not require large capital investment, compared to other
waste treatment options. There have been numerous composting projects in India but
many have been closed or are functioning at a lower capacity. The capital investment for
such projects is around Rs.1.5 crore per 100 MT per day plant.

2) Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the excreta of earthworms
fed on scientifically semi-decomposed organic waste. A few vermi composting plants
generally of small size have been set up in some cities and towns in India, the largest
plant being in Bangalore of about 100 MT/day capacity. Normally, vermi-composting is
preferred to microbial composting in small towns as it requires less mechanization and it
is easy to operate

3) Biomethanation is a well-established technology for disinfections, deodorization and

stabilization of sewage sludge, farmyard manures, animal slurries, and industrial sludge.
It leads to bio gas/power generation in addition to production of compost. This method
provides a value addition to the aerobic (composting) process and also offers certain other
clear advantages over composting in terms of energy production, compost quality and net
environmental gains.
This method is suitable for kitchen wastes which may be too wet and lacking in structure
for aerobic composting. It is a net energy producing process (100–150 kWh per tonne of
waste input). A totally enclosed system enables all the gas produced to be collected for

10
 use. A modular construction of plant and closed treatment needs less land area. This plant
is free from bad odour, rodent and fly menace, visible pollution, and social resistance.
The plant can be scaled up depending on the availability of the waste. The biogas
technology developed at BARC has been implemented at the Nisarguna Biogas Plant.

4) Sanitary landfills are another means of disposal of all types of residual, residential,
commercial and institutional waste as well as unutilized municipal solid waste from waste
processing facilities and other types of inorganic waste and inerts that cannot be reused or
recycled in the foreseeable future. Its main advantage is that it is the least cost option for
waste disposal and has the potential for the recovery of landfill gas as a source of energy,
with net environmental gains if organic wastes are landfilled. The gas after necessary
cleaning can be utilized for power generation or as domestic fuel for direct thermal
applications.
Highly skilled personnel are not required to operate a sanitary landfill. But an inefficient
gas recovery process emits two major green house gases, carbon dioxide and methane,
into the atmosphere. It requires large land area and there is a risk of spontaneous
ignition/explosion due to possible build up of methane concentrations in the air within the
landfill or surrounding enclosures if proper gas ventilation is not constructed. Urban
Local bodies generally find it very difficult to locate a suitable landfill site, due to public
resistance as invariably, no one wants landfills close to their property.
The cost of construction and operation and maintenance of an engineered landfill is also
high as compared to the minimal expenditure incurred today in the crude dumping of
waste. Smaller landfills with overhead costs turn out to be much more expensive as
compared to regional landfills run on a cost-sharing basis. A small landfill may cost over
Rs 1000 per MT of waste as compared to Rs 200 per MT of waste disposed at a
commonly shared facility. Some landfill sites have been constructed in Maharashtra,
Gujarat and Karnataka.

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 Enabling Community Development through Management of Waste

The private sector participation results in cost savings and improvement in efficiency and
effectiveness in service delivery mainly due to financial and managerial autonomy and
accountability in private sector operations. Besides, it brings in new investment and better
technologies. In developed countries too, the private sector manages most of the Solid Waste
management services.

In India, it is the municipal authorities which provide the solid waste management services
departmentally. Resistance from labour unions and interpretations of labour laws have
discouraged city administrations from contracting out services to private operators. Some
experiments to privatize certain Solid Waste Management services have demonstrated
improvement in the level of services in a cost-effective manner.

The decision to implement any particular technology needs to be based on its techno-economic
viability, sustainability, as well as environmental implications, keeping in view the local
conditions and the available physical and financial resources.
The key factors are:
• the origin and quality of the waste;
• presence of hazardous or toxic waste;
• availability of outlets for the energy produced;
• cost of alternatives, land price and capital and labour cost;

It needs to be ensured that any proposed facility fully complies with the environmental
regulations as laid down in the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests.

Implementation

It has to be ensured that these households are made aware of the impact of letting this waste go
unprocessed. The objective of the project will be to initiate the following

1) Creating a value chain

The single point of contact will be established where the collectors of waste can come and
pick up the segregated waste from the community. The waste will then be recycled and the
benefits will be passed on to the community. The community can keep the environment free
of such toxic and hazardous waste and also get some benefits in return.

12
Papers and plastic will be sold to the Kabadiwala (waste paper mart). They will then recycle
the waste. Sewage waste will be sold to the authorities who will use it as manure. Natural
decomposition of organic waste will also be used as manure. Compost pits will be formed in
the vicinity where the decomposition can be carried out.

All the disposal and recycling will be done through points of contact created by us so that the
value chain is created to provide maximum benefit to the community. We will tie-up with
dustbin manufacturers who will provide color coded bins at a discount to all the households.
Local Government permissions will be taken to set up the entire value chain.

2) Setting up the Infrastructure

A biodiesel plant will be installed in the community and the biodiesel generated from the
waste accumulated from the households will be used as an alternative fuel. Biodiesel
generated will also be used to avail of carbon credits and the returns generated will benefit
the community.

The plant will recycle vegetable and fruit waste, domestic kitchen waste, paper, garden waste,
animal waste etc. The waste like coconut shells, egg shells, big bones, plastic/polythene,
glass, metal, sand, silt, debris and building materials, wood, cloth/clothes, ropes, nylon
threads, batteries, tyres/rubber, hazardous and chemical industries waste are to be strictly
avoided and segregated before recycling.

Major components of the plants are a mixture/pulper (5 HP motor) for crushing the solid
waste, pre-mix tank(s), predigester tank, air compressor, slow water heater, main digestion
tank, gas delivery system, manure pits, tank for recycling for water and water pump and gas
utilization system. The waste is homogenized in a mixer using water. This slurry enters the
predigesting tank where aerobic thermophilic bacteria proliferate and convert part of this
waste into organic acids. The slurry then enters the main tank where it undergoes mainly
anaerobic degradation by a consortium of archaebacteria belonging to the Methanococcus
group. These bacteria are naturally present in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals
(cattle). They produce mainly methane from the cellulosic materials in the slurry. The
undigested lignocellulosic and hemi-cellulosic materials then are passed on in the settling
tank.

After about a month, high quality manure can be dug out from the settling tanks. There is no
odour to the manure at all. The organic contents are high and this can improve the quality of
humus in soil, which in turn is responsible for the fertility. As the gas is generated in the main
tank, the dome is slowly lifted up. This gas is a mixture of methane (70–5 per cent), carbon
dioxide (10–15 per cent) and water vapours (5–10 per cent). Drains for condensed water
vapour are to be provided on line.
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Operational requirements:

The waste to be processed is brought to the plant site every day. Two workers are needed for
the operation of the plant. The important tasks to be done are:

• Transport of waste materials

• Processing the waste in mixer
• Routine operations for predigester and digester tanks
• Manure pits

Infrastructure requirements:

Infrastructure required to set-up a Bio gas plant of a capacity of 1 tonne/day

• Area of Plot : 300 m2

• Manpower : Two unskilled persons

This gas burns with a blue flame and can be used for cooking. The gas generated in this plant
is used for gas lights fitted around the plant. It can also be used to produce electricity in a
dual fuel biogas–diesel engine. The manure generated is high quality and can be used for
gardening and agricultural purposes.

The plant should be closer to source of waste being produced and the point of utilization of
biogas power. The site should be free from underground cables, drainage pipes etc. and water
table should be below 3 metres.

The life of the plant is around 20 years and payback period is around 1 year (Appendix E1).
Similar plants have been also constructed in some parts of India (Appendix F1).

3) Imparting education

Various communities will be educated about the different approaches to segregate waste at
the source level. The various requirements like color coded bins, knowhow about various

14
waste collection techniques and creating a link between the community and the various
points of waste recycling sources will be provided.

The color codes used for the bins would be:

Organic - Green, Glass - Yellow, Paper - White,

Metal - Grey, Plastic - Blue, Hazardous - Red

We will hold workshops in the community to educate the people of the importance of such a
plant. Posters and direct mailers will be circulated in the community to create awareness.
Opinion leaders (Secretary, Treasurer, doctors, etc in the community) will be identified and
intimated about the program so that they can influence people to participate.

The citizens of Mumbai will be trained in various benefits of the management of waste. As
the budget of the Municipal Corporation indicates, as much as 28% is spent only on
transportation of waste. There is an urgent need to reduce the waste by cutting down on
transportation. The reduction of waste can happen only when the citizens of Mumbai, reduce
waste generation in the first place.

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 Benefits to community

A biogas plant of a capacity of 1 tonnes/day will be set up in the community. This will cater to a
community of 500 middle class households. The average biodegradable waste generated by a
middle class household is 2 kgs/day. 1 tonne biogas plant will cost around Rs. 6 lakhs to set up
with a monthly maintenance cost of Rs. 8000.

The biogas plant will produce 120 cu.metres of biogas per day, which is equivalent to 70.6 litres
of gasoline (1.7 cu.m of biogas = 1 litre of gasoline). The prevailing rate of gasoline is 70 cents
per litre (Rs.28/litre). Hence, the revenue generated per day from biogas is Rs. 1977.

Revenue generated per month = 1977 * 30 = Rs. 59310

Maintenance Cost / month = Rs.8000

Income generated / month = Rs.51310

Payback Period = 600000 / 51310 = 12 months approx.

Hence the payback period for setting up the biogas plant is 1 year approx.

The proposal would be to get the investment for the Biogas Plant from the households (outlay of
Rs.1200 approx per household to set up the plant) and use the income generated in community
building initiatives like parks, education, health, youth development and crime prevention.

16
 Social impact of our plan to different stakeholders

• Hazardous waste will be segregated efficiently which will reduce the chances of health
problems due to pollutants.

• Waste will be discarded in the right manner and will be provided to the
suppliers/collectors who are capable of recycling the waste. This will prevent
accumulation of waste and also avoid calamities like the Mumbai floods of 2005 which
were caused mainly due to sewage accumulation in drainage systems.

• Communities will be educated regarding waste management and this will ensure that the
city becomes cleaner. Education of processes such as composting methods, waste
segregation, creating storage places and creating a strong community linkage in recycling
the waste will be imparted to the communities.

• Improper disposal of waste creates landfills in the vicinity which attracts lots of insects
and may be the cause of diseases. A single point of contact will be established to ensure
collection and disposal of waste in the community.

• Communities will be discouraged from buying any products in a polythene bag and help
the environment as a whole. Simple habits like carrying a cloth bag while going shopping
will be helpful to reduce the need for plastic bags.

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 References

1) India Infrastructure Report 2006 – Solid Waste Management by P.U.Asnani

2) The Bombay Community Public Trust - Solid Waste Management in Mumbai by Bejoy
Davis

3) Public, Private and Voluntary Agencies in Solid Waste Management – Krithika

Srinivasan

4) Reforming Delivery of Urban Services in Developing Countries – Kala Seetharam

Sridhar

5) Municipal Solid Waste (Prohibition of Littering and Regulation of Segregation, Storage,

Delivery and Collection) Rules 2006

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 Appendix A1

Biodegradable Waste Recyclable waste Hazardous Waste

Kitchen Waste including: tea Newspapers Batteries from flashlights and

leaves, egg shells, fruit and button cells
vegetable peels

Meat and bones Paper, books and magazines Bleaches and household
kitchen and drain cleaning
Agents

Garden and leaf litter, Glass Car batteries, oil filters and
including flowers car care products and
consumables

Animal litter Metal objects and wire Cosmetic items, chemical-

based Insecticides and their
empty containers

Soiled paper Plastic Light bulbs, tube-lights and

compact fluorescent lamps
(CFL)

House dust after cleaning Cloth Rags Medicines, discarded

Coconut shells Rubber and Leather Paints, oils, lubricants, glues,

thinners, and their empty
containers

Ashes Wood /furniture and Thermometers and mercury-

packaging containing products

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 Appendix B1

Avg per capita

Population (in mn)
waste grams/day
0.1 to 0.5 210
0.5 to 1.0 250
1.0 to 2.0 270
2.0 to 5.0 350
5.0 plus 500

Waste Generation per Capita in Indian cities

Source : NEERI

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 Appendix C1

Generation
Waste Rate
City
(MT/day) (kg/capita/da
y)
Lucknow 474.59 0.21
Guwahati 166.25 0.21
Gandhinagar 43.62 0.225
Jabalpur 216.19 0.23
Ranchi 208.27 0.246
Nagpur 503.85 0.25
Indore 556.51 0.35
Bhubaneshwar 234.46 0.36
Patna 510.94 0.37
Ahmedabad 1302 0.37
Bangalore 1669 0.39
Visakhapatanam 600 0.62

Waste generation in Cities with population of 1mn plus

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 Appendix D1

Time taken for various materials to decompose

22
 Appendix E1

Treatment Installation Monthly Methane

Manure Production
Capacity Cost Maintenance Cost Generation
(Tonnes/day)
(Tonnes/day) (Rs in lakhs) (Rs) (Cu m)
1 6 8000 0.1 120

2 10 12000 0.2 240

4 22 15000 0.3 480

5 30 22000 0.5 600

10 70 50000 2.5 1200

Cost Details of a Biogas Plant

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 Appendix F1

Composting Plants in India

24