RIPHAH INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY

Signals And Systems

Dr. Faraz Akram

Contents

Review of last lecture

Elementary signals

Unit Step Function

Unit Impulse

Ramp Signal

Rectangular Signal

Sinusoidal Signals
Some Basic Signals
Unit Step Function

Continuous-time unit step

• Unit step function is denoted by
𝑢(𝑡). It is defined as

1 𝑡≥0
𝑢 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0

Discrete-time unit step

• Step function is denoted by 𝑢[𝑛]

1 𝑛≥0
𝑢[𝑛] = ቊ
0 𝑛<0
Unit Impulse Function/ Delta Function
Continuous-time unit impulse
• Impulse function is denoted by 𝛿(𝑡). and
it is defined as
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = 0
𝛿 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡≠0

• 𝛿(𝑡) is the derivative of the unit step 𝑢(𝑡)

• It may be visualized as a very short duration pulse of unit area

Discrete-time unit impulse

• Impulse function is denoted by 𝛿[𝑛]

1 𝑛=0
𝛿[𝑛] = ቊ
0 𝑛≠0
Ramp Signal
• Ramp signal is denoted by 𝑟(𝑡), and it is defined as

𝑡 𝑡
Continuous-time
𝑟 𝑡 = න 𝑢 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 1 = 𝑡
−∞ −∞

𝑡 𝑡≥0 𝑑
𝑟 𝑡 =ቊ 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑟(𝑡)
0 𝑡<0 𝑑𝑡

Discrete-time

𝑛 𝑛≥0
𝑟 𝑛 =ቊ
0 𝑛<0
Rectangular Signal
• Let it be denoted as 𝑥(𝑡) and it is defined as

𝑥(𝑡)
Continuous-time
1

𝑡 𝑇
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 =ቐ 1 𝑡 <
𝑇 2
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 𝑇
−
2 2
𝑡

Discrete-time 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑛 𝑁 1
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = ቐ1 𝑛 <
2
𝑁
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑁 𝑁
−
2 2 𝑛
Sinusoidal Signal

Continuous-time
𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 ± 𝜙) or 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐴 s𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 ± 𝜙)

Discrete-time
𝑠[𝑛] = 𝐴 cos(Ω𝑛 ± 𝜙) or 𝑠[𝑛] = 𝐴 s𝑖𝑛(Ω𝑛 ± 𝜙)
Exponential Signal

Exponential signal is in the form of

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡
The shape of exponential can be defined by 𝛼

Case i: if <0

Case ii: if >0

Complex Exponential Signal

Exponential signal is in the form of

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0𝑡 Euler’s Formula:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔0 𝑡

Case i:
Exponentially increasing
sinusoidal signal

Case ii:
Exponentially decreasing
sinusoidal signal
Sinc Function

It is denoted as 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑡) and it is defined as

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡 =
𝜋𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡