LTE-Advanced (LTE Rel. 10 and beyond) was the next milestone in mobile network standardization.

With the rapid spread of smartphones and tablets, the exponential growth in data and control traffic
necessitated further enhancements to LTE Rel. 9. The next level of system performance needed to
be achieved, while also maintaining backwards compatibility with legacy devices, as well as 2G and
3G network infrastructure. ITU-T announced new requirements for radio access interface
technologies and specifications.

DL/UL Acceleration Technologies

LTE-Advanced comprises an array of new technologies, as shown in Figure 1, but the two key
technologies for boosting UL/DL speeds are Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), and Carrier
Aggregation (CA). Working in combination, these technologies will dramatically increase the effective
bandwidth, providing enhanced communication performance and enabling potential max downlink
speeds up to 3Gbps, as shown in Figure 2.
Carrier Aggregation

Carrier Aggregation (CA) is an innovative approach to create wider bandwidth by using multiple
aggregated Component Carriers (CCs). LTE Rel. 10 adopts the CA technique to increase spectral
bandwidth up to 100 MHz using multiple CCs as shown in Figure 3. The aggregated CCs must be on
compatible spectral bandwidth supported by LTE Rel. 8 (i.e. 1.4 MHz/3 MHz/5 MHz/10 MHz/15
MHz/20 MHz). It allows seamless migration into LTE Rel. 10 by re-utilizing LTE Rel. 8 eNBs along
with standards for radio frequencies (Figure 3), Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR), Spectrum
Emission Mask (SEM), Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) and blocking.As LTE Rel. 10 UEs are
backwards compatible with LTE Rel. 8 standards, the CA provides the advantage of reducing
redundant implementation. An LTE Rel. 10 UE that is CA-enabled would achieve higher user
throughput than an LTE Rel. 8 UE.There are three types of CA, depending on the CC combination
as shown in Figure 4.
1. Intra-band Contiguous CAContiguous bandwidth wider than 20 MHz is used in this scenario. For
example, wideband such as the 3.5 GHz band would fit this model.
2. Inter-band Non-contiguous CANon-contiguous bandwidth over multiple bands is used in this
scenario. Networks with two spectrum bands (e.g., 2 GHz and 800 MHz) would fit this model. This
scenario has the advantage of achieving higher throughput simply by using two carriers, while also
improving transmission stability by using two different spatial paths on different spectrum bands.
3. Intra-band Non-contiguous CAThis scenario uses non-contiguous bandwidth in the same band.
This model would fit operators in North America or Europe, who use fragmented spectrum in one
band or share the same cellular network.
CA Deployment ScenariosThere are four possible CA Scenarios for real LTE-Advanced
deployment.
New MIMO Techniques

LTE Rel.8 supported up to 4-layer downlink MIMO and no uplink MIMO. LTE-Advanced supports
Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) schemes up to 8-layer downlink MIMO (8x8 MIMO) and 4-layer
uplink MIMO (4x4 MIMO). Using this technology, networks can achieve a peak spectral efficiency of
30 bit/s/Hz for downlink and 15 bit/s/Hz for uplink. In other words, 20MHz of bandwidth can achieve
up to 600 Mbps downlink speed.
Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) is another important technology for increasing peak data rates, system
capacity, and cell edge user throughput. MU-MIMO and CoMP transmission, described below, apply
various advanced signal processing techniques such as beamforming, adaptive transmission power
control, and multi-cell simultaneous transmission.

CoMP Techniques

Coordinated Multi-Point transmission/reception (CoMP) is a DL/UL technique for improving system

capacity and cell edge user throughput. Currently, there are two different approaches for CoMP
(Figure 1). One approach uses autonomous, decentralized control and an architecture with
independent eNBs. The second approach uses centralized control and an architecture based on
Remote Radio Equipment (RRE).

In the approach with independent eNB architecture, CoMP is performed by signaling between eNBs.
This technique can utilize legacy cells, but the disadvantages include signaling delay and other
overheads.
In the second approach that integrates RRE, the eNB can centralize and control all radio resources
by transmitting baseband data directly between the eNB and RRE on optical fiber connections.
There is little signaling delay or other overheads in this technique, and intra-cell radio resource
control is relatively easy. However, optical fibers may require significant CAPEX, and the central eNB
must be able to handle higher loads according to the number of RRE. Therefore, both approaches
are under consideration for LTE-Advanced.

Downlink CoMPDownlink CoMP also has two approaches under consideration for LTE-Advanced:
Coordinated Scheduling/Beamforming (CS/CB) (Figure 2), and Joint Processing (Figure 3).

In CS/CB, transmission to a single UE is performed by the serving cell, just as in non-CoMP

transmission. However, the scheduling of transmissions is dynamically coordinated between the
cells, including any beamforming functionality. In that way, the interference between different
transmissions can be controlled and reduced. In principle, schedule optimization will be based on the
set of users being served, so that the transmitter beams are constructed to reduce interference with
other neighboring users while increasing the served users’ signal strength.

In Joint Processing, the Joint Transmission scheme transmits data to a single UE simultaneously
from multiple transmission points. The multi-point transmissions will be coordinated as a single
transmitter with multiple antennas that are geographically separated. This scheme offers potentially
higher performance gains compared to CS/CB, but also places a high signaling overhead on the
backhaul network.
Uplink CoMPUplink CoMP uses geographically separated antennas for receiving signals from UEs,
and scheduling decisions are coordinated by multiple cells to control interference. The UE is not
aware that multiple cells are receiving its signal, so the impact on radio interface specifications is
minimal. Implementation of uplink CoMP largely depends on the scheduler and receivers in the cells.