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Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Define dislocation in crystals.
Sol. In crystals sometimes some of ions are shifted from their regular sites to interstitial spaces, this is called
dislocation.
2. Why is Frenkel defect not found in pure alkali metal halides?
Sol. Because the size of cations is quite similar to size of anion, which cannot fit into the void.
3. How does density of a solid get affected by Frenkel defect?
Sol. Density of solid is not affected by Frenkel defect. It remain same, because ions do not escape from crystal.
4. Why non-stoichiometry defect occurs in crystals?
Sol. In crystals some metal cations are lost form their lattices and their charges are balanced by metal cations
of same element in higher oxidation state. It causes metal deficiency and non-stoichiometric defect.
5. What is the radius for an ion to occupy tetrahedral site?
Sol. rT.void = 0.225 R (R = radius of ion forming lattice)
Radius of ion, which has to occupy void must be 0.225 R
6. What is coordination number of each type of ions in a rock salt type crystal structure?
Sol. In a rock salt type (i.e. NaCl) structure C.N. of each ion i.e. cation and anion is 6.
7. Name one solid which has both Schottky and Frenkel defects.
Sol. AgBr is the solid which has both Schottky and Frenkel defects.
8. Why common salt is sometimes yellow instead of being pure white?
Sol. Common salt (NaCl) is sometimes converted in yellow colour due to metal excess defect caused by anion
vacancy (F-center).
9. What is piezo electricity?
Sol. Some of the solids produces electricity upon applying pressure known as piezoelectricity.
10. How does temperature influence the conductivity of a semiconductor?
Sol. By increasing temperature conductivity of semiconductor increases.
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2 The Solid State Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
⎛ r+ ⎞
Sol. Radius ratio ⎜ r – ⎟ for an ion to occupy
⎝ ⎠
1
Zn 2e
+2 –
ZnO O2
2
Excess of Zn+2 ions formed are trapped in the interstitial space and electrons are trapped in neighbourhood.
These electrons (causing F-centre) are responsible for absorbing radiations and emitting yellow light.
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4 The Solid State Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
2 6.94
V= = 4.35 × 10–23 cm3
0.53 6.02 1023
33. The unit of an element of atomic mass 96 and density 10.3 g/cm3 is a cube with edge length of 314 pm. Find
the structure of crystal lattice (simple cubic, fcc or bcc).
Sol. Given, A = 96 = 10.3 g/cm3
a = 314 pm N0 = 6.023 × 1023
Z=?
A ×Z N0 a3
= N × V or a3 Z =
0 A
3
10.3 6.02 1023 314 10–10
Z= =2
96
Hence, it is BCC crystal lattice.
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) The Solid State 5
34. Sodium metal is quite soft whereas sodium chloride crystals are quite hard. Explain why.
Sol. Sodium metal has pure metallic lattice which contains weak metallic bond between kernels and mobile sea
of electrons. Its lattice is BCC whereas in NaCl, It is a three dimensional F.C.C. packing of Na+ and Cl–
(C.N. = 6 each) containing strong coulombic or electrostatic forces of attraction, which is quite stronger than
metallic bonding.
35. Sodium crystallizes in a cubic lattice and the edge of the unit cell is 430 pm. Calculate number of atoms in
the unit cell. (ANa = 23). Density of sodium metal is 0.9623 g/cm3.
3
N0 × a3 0.9623 6.02 1023 430 10 –10
Sol. Z = =
A 23
Z = 2 (BCC)
36. A metallic element x exists as a cubic lattice. Each edge of the unit cell is 2.9 Å and density of metal is
7.2 g/cm3. How many unit cells will be present in 100 g of the metal?
Z×W 1 100
Sol. N0 = a3 = 7.2 2.9 10 –8 3
3
3.12 6.02 1023 705 10 –10
Z= a = 705 × 10–12 m = 705 × 10–10cm
166
Z=4 M = 166 for KI
It means each unit cell has 4K+ and 4I– ions
39. Iron has body centred cubic unit cell edge of 286.65 pm. The density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3. Calculate Avogadro’s
number by using this information.
Z×M 2 56
3
Sol. N0 = a 3
7.87 286.65 10 –10
N0 = 6.022 × 1023
40. Copper crystallizes in an fcc lattice. Calculate the number of unit cells in 1.2g of copper (At. mass of Cu = 63.5 U.)
Sol. Cu in fcc unit cell means Z = 4
w ×N0
Number of atoms of Cu =
A
w N0
Number of unit cells of Cu = A Z
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
1
The number of effective particles per unit cell is = 8 =1
8
4 3
r
PE = 3 3 0.524
a or 2r
3
6
Percentage PE = 52.4%
Sol. (i) Unit cell : It is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice, which when repeated in different directions,
generate the entire lattice.
(ii) Coordination number : Number of atoms to which a particular atom is linked in a crystal lattice in a
solid is called its coordination number.
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) The Solid State 7
9. How would you determine the atomic mass of an unknown metal if you know its mass density and dimensions
of unit cell of its crystal?
Mass of unit cell
Sol. Density =
Volume of unit cell
Z×M
Mass of unit cell = N0 gram
Z×M
= , a = Edge length in cm
N0 a3
9.2
Sol. nNa = 0.4
23
Number of atoms of Na = 0.4 × 6.022 × 1023 = 2.4088 × 1023
One BCC unit cell contains = 2 atoms
2.4088 1023
Number of unit cells in 9.2 g Na =
2
= 1.2044 × 1023
12. Give reasons
(a) Why is Frenkel defect found in AgCl?
(b) What is the difference between semiconductor formed when P-doped silicon and Ga-doped silicon
semiconductor?
Sol. (a) Frenkel defect is obtained in compound having low Coordination No. (smaller cation and larger anion) and
that is the case of AgCl, hence Ag+ ions get dislocated and cause Frenkel defect.
(b) A phosphorous doped is n-type semiconductor and Ga -doped is p-type semiconductor.
13. KF has ccp structure. Calculate the radius of atom if the side of the cube is 400 pm. How many F-ions and
octahedral voids are there in this unit cell?
2a
Sol. For ccp lattice, r=
4
1.414 400
r= 141.4 pm
4
There are 4F – ions and four octahedral voids.
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8 The Solid State Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
14. Three elements A, B and C crystallise into a cubic solid lattice. Atoms A occupy the corners, B occupy the
cube centres and C occupy the edges centre. What is the formula of the compound?
1
Sol. Element A occupying corners = 1 Effective Number of A per unit cell = 8
1
8
1
Element C occupying edge centres = 3 Effective Number of C per unit cell = 12 × =3
4
ZM ZM
Sol. = a3N a3 = N
A A
4 207
a3 = 11.35 6.02 1023 a = 4.948 × 10–8 cm
w 1.5
nw =
A 184
= 2.45 × 1021
17. Write two differences each for given pairs
(a) Crystalline solids and amorphous solids
(b) Ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic substances
(c) Schottky and Frenkel defects
Sol. (a) Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid
1. Have three dimensional regular geometrical 1. Have random arragement of constituent particles.
pattern of constituent particles.
2. Anisotropic long range order solids 2. Isotropic, short range order solids
e.g., NaCl, CsCl e.g., Rubber, glass
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) The Solid State 9
(b) Ferromagnetic Antiferromagnetic
1. Strongly attracted by magnetic field and 1. These substances lose their magnetic behaviour
show permanent magnetism. due to alignment of magnetic moments of
domain in compensatory.
2. They have alignment of magnetic moments 2. Magnetic moments of domains are aligned in
of domain in same direction antiparallel directions to cancel out each other
e.g., MnO, MnO2, Mn2O3
(c) Schottky Defect Frenkel Defect
1. It arises due to equal number of cations and 1. It is caused due to dislocation of certain ions from
anions missing from their regular sites. their regular sites to interstitial sites.
2. It decreases density and present in high 2. No decrease in density is observed and present
Co-ordination Number compounds in low Co-ordination Number compound
e.g., NaCl, KCl. e.g., AgCl, ZnS
18. (a) Explain with the help of figures-square close packing and hexagonal close packing of particles in a solid
in two dimensions
(b) What is Coordination Number of a particle in 2D packings?
Sol. (a) 2D
Z×M ZM
Sol. = a3 × N a3 = N
0 0
4 58
a3 = a = 5.375 × 10–10 cm
2.48 6.02 1023
= 537.5 pm
+ F
– –
a = 2 rF– + rk+
In KF +
+
– + K a 537.5
rF– rK +
– – 2 2
+
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10 The Solid State Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
20. (a) Mineral calcium fluoride has 4Ca+2 ion and 8F– ions in one unit cell. All Ca+2 are arranged in fcc lattice
–
and F ions fill all tetrahedral .voids. The edge of unit cell is 5.46 × 10 –8 cm. Density of solid is
3.18 g/cm3. Calculate the value of Avogadro’s number If molar mass of CaF2 = 78 g/mol.
(b) Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of metal crystal for body centred cubic.
Sol. (a) Number of molecules per unit cell = 4
Z×M 4 78
NA =
a3
NA = 5.46 10–8 3 3.18
NA = 6.03 × 1023
Volume occupied by lattice points
(b) Packing effeciency = Total volume of unit Cell
4 3 3
= 2× r = 0.68
3 8
3
⎛ 4r ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
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