Document From Siva Kumar Yadav

LAB MANUAL
ON
BUSINESS SIMULATION
Course Code: 14E00320
MBA III SEMESTER

(JNTUA-R14)
Dr ANITHA CUDDAPAH
Associate Professor
Department Of MCA
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CHADALAWADA RAMANAMMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CHADALAWADA NAGAR, RENIGUNTA ROAD, TIRUPATI (A.P) - 517506
Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 1

L C
3 2
(14E00320) BUSINESS SIMULATION LAB
Course aim: The course aims is to understand statistical tools learnt in MS-Excel and SPSS.
Learning Outcome: The learning outcome is that the students should be able to: Analyse the
data to draw inference for decision making. Understand application of statistical measures of
central tendency. Understand application of ANOVA. Analyse trends. Test hypotheses.
1. EXCEL Lessons:- Customizing the Quick Access Toolbar.- Creating and Using
Templates.-Working with Data: Entering, Editing, Copy, Cut, Paste, Paste Special.-
Formatting Data and Using the Right Mouse Click.- Saving, Page Setup, and Printing.- Using
Headers and Footers.- Manipulating Data, using Data Names and Ranges, Filters and Sort
and Validation Lists.- Data from External Sources.- Using and Formatting Tables.- Basic
Formulas and Use of Functions.-Data Analysis Using Charts and Graphs.- Managing,
Inserting, and Copying Worksheets.- Securing the Excel Document (Protect Cells and
Workbook).
2. Advanced excel lessons- Advanced Formulas and Functions.- Advanced Worksheet
Features.- Advanced Data Analysis using PivotTables and Pivot Charts.
3. Overview of SPSS, Uses, Data Analysis. Making students/Learn Familiar with Main
menu and other features of SPSS Package
4. Simulation of frequency distributions:- Binomial, poisson, exponential, weibull and
Normal Distributions
5. Statistical tools for execution using excel:- Tabulation, bar diagram, Multiple Bar
diagram, Pie diagram, Measure of central tendency-mean, median, mode, Measure of
dispersion: variance, standard deviation, Coefficient of-variation. Correlation, regression
lines.
IV t- test, F-test, ANOVA one way classification, chi square test, independence of attributes.
Text Book
Glyn Davis & Branko Pecar “Business Statistics Using Excel” Oxford University Press.
References
· David Whigham “Business Data Analysis Using Excel’’ Oxford University Press.
· Winstion “Excel 2010 Data Analysis and Business Modelling” PHI Learning Private
Limited.
· Bajpai “Business Statistics” Pearson.
· D P Apte : Statistical Tools for Managers USING MS EXCEL, Excel Books.
· David M Levine, David. F. Stephan & Kathryn A. Szabat, Statistics for Managers – Using
MS
· Bruce Bowerman, Business Statistics in Practice, TMH.
· Shelly, MS Office, 2007, Cengage.

LIST OF PROGRAMS
1) Customizing the Quick Access Toolbar
2) Creating and Using Templates.
3) Working with Data: Entering, Editing, Copy, Cut, Paste, Paste Special
4) Formatting Data and Using the Right Mouse Click.- Saving, Page Setup, and Printing
5) Using Headers and Footers
6) Manipulating Data, using Data Names and Ranges
7) Filters and Sort and Validation Lists
8) Data from External Sources
9) Using and Formatting Tables
10) Basic Formulas and Use of Functions.-Data Analysis
11) Using Charts and Graphs
12) Managing, Inserting, and Copying Worksheets
13) Securing the Excel Document (Protect Cells and Workbook).
14) Advanced Formulas and Functions
15) Advanced Data Analysis using PivotTables and Pivot Charts.
16) SPSS basics and features
17) Binomial Distribution
18) Poisson Distribution

EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 1 Date:
Customizing the Excel 2007 Quick Access Toolbar

AIM: Customizing the Quick Access tool bar.
Description: The Quick Access toolbar in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 appears
above the Ribbon, to the right of the Office button, and includes buttons for
commands you use often. By default, the Quick Access toolbar contains only
the Save, Undo, and Redo commands.
To display the Quick Access toolbar beneath the Ribbon, click the Customize
Quick Access Toolbar button (on the right end of the toolbar) and choose Show
Below the Ribbon on the drop-down menu.
Add buttons to the Quick Access toolbar

Click the Customize Quick Access Toolbar button to easily add other common
Excel 2007 commands to this toolbar. The resulting drop-down menu contains
the following commands: New, Open, E-mail, Quick Print, Print Preview,
Spelling, Sort Ascending, and Sort Descending.

This menu is used to add common commands to the Quick Access toolbar.
To add any of these commands to the toolbar, simply click the option on the
drop-down menu. Excel adds a button for that command to the end of the Quick
Access toolbar (and a check mark to its option on the drop-down menu).
To add any Ribbon command to the Quick Access toolbar, right-click the
command button on the Ribbon and then choose Add to Quick Access Toolbar
on the shortcut menu.
Add non-Ribbon commands to the Quick Access toolbar

To add a non-Ribbon command to the Quick Access toolbar, follow these steps:
1. Click the Customize Quick Access Toolbar button and then click the More
Commands option near the bottom of the drop-down menu.
Excel displays the Excel Options dialog box with the Customize tab selected.
On the right, Excel shows all the buttons currently on the Quick Access toolbar
in the order they appear on the toolbar.

Customize settings to add any Excel 2007 command to the Quick Access
toolbar.
2. Select the type of command you want to add from the Choose Commands
From drop-down list.
For example, if you want to display only the commands that do not appear on
the Ribbon, select Commands Not in the Ribbon.
3. Click the command you want to add to the Quick Access toolbar in the list
on the left.
4. Click the Add button.
The command button appears at the bottom of the list on the right.
5. Use the Move Up and Move Down buttons to reposition the newly added
command button.
6. Click OK.
The Excel Options dialog box closes, and the button appears in the Quick Access
toolbar.
Remove a button from the Quick Access toolbar.

To quickly remove a button from the Quick Access toolbar, right-click it and
then select Remove from Quick Access Toolbar on the shortcut menu. You can
reset the Quick Access toolbar to its original configuration by clicking the Reset
button on the Customize tab of the Excel Options dialog box.
Experiment Number: 2 Date:
Creating and Using Templates

AIM: To create an Excel template.
DESCRIPTION: A template in Excel is a spreadsheet file containing common data and
formatting options that is used as a model for other spreadsheets. The easiest way to create your
own template is to create an actual workbook prototype and then save the file using the template
file format (.xltx). Then you can open the file from the Templates folder to create new
workbooks as needed.
Steps to create an Excel workbook that contains all of the elements needed
for the template file
These elements can include text, data, comments, formulas, graphics, formatting, and macros
that it requires to function.
1. Click the Office button and choose Save As.

The Save As dialog box appears.
2. Type the name for the template in the File name box.
Make sure you use a descriptive name so you can easily pick it out in the future.
3. In the Save as Type drop-down list, select Excel Template (*.xltx).
If you recorded macros in your template, you need to select Excel Macro-Enabled Template
(*.xltm) instead.
4. 5Click the Save button.
The file is saved to the Templates folder (unless you specify another location). This allows
easy access to the file when you later need to create a workbook based on the template.
Steps to access the template:

To open a template you have created:
1. Click on the office button to open the drop down menu
2. Click on the New option to open the New Workbook dialog box
3. Click on the My templates option in the left hand pane to open the templates dialog box
4. Click on the template you wish to open
5. Click Ok to open the template in Excel.

EXPERIMENT NUMBER:3 DATE:
Working with Data: Entering, Editing, Copy, Cut, Paste, Paste Special
AIM: To perform Entering, Editing, Copy, Cut, Paste, Paste Special on data.
DESCRIPTION: While working in a worksheet, data can be moved from one location to
another. It can either remove it from it's original location and move it to another location OR can
copy the original information and paste it to another location.
There are several methods for moving the data. Each of these methods is explained below.
a) Drag-and-drop is the fastest method of moving and copying data in a worksheet.

Dragging refers to the action of pressing the left mouse button on a cell and moving the mouse
pointer without releasing the left mouse button. Dropping refers to the action of releasing the
left mouse button after taking the mouse pointer to the desired location.

You can move or copy data using the Edit menu or the Standard toolbar. You can move an entire
cell or a part of the cell's content into another cell.
Excel also has a fast and easy way to copy date or formulas down a column or across or row.
b) Move Data using Cut & Paste
When you move data to another location, the data is removed from its original location and
placed at the location you specify.
Steps to move the entire content of a cell using the Edit menu:
1. Open the worksheet you want to modify.

2. Select the cell you want to move.
3. From the Edit menu choose Cut.
4. Select the cell you want to move the data to. This cell is called the destination cell.
5. From the Edit menu choose Paste.
c) Copy Data using Copy & Paste
You may want to have the same information in several places within the worksheet. It is best to
Copy and Paste the information instead of retyping it.
To copy the entire content of a cell using the Edit menu:
1. Open the worksheet you want to modify.

2. Select the cell you want to move.
3. From the Edit menu choose Copy.
4. Select the cell you want to copy the data to. This cell is called the destination cell.
5. From the Edit menu choose Paste.
The information is in the original cell is placed in the destination cell.

d) Move Data using the Drag & Drop method
Drag-and-drop is another way to move data around in the worksheet.
1. Select the cell that contains the data you want to move
2. Point to the edge of the cell. The pointer will take the shape of an 4-headed arrow
(Windows) or an arrow (Mac).
3. Drag the cell where you want to move the data. As you drag, a cell outline will show
where the data will go when you release the button.
4. Release the mouse button when the pointer reaches the destination cell.
The data is removed from its original location and placed in the destination cell.
e) Copy Data using the Drag & Drop method
The directions above moved the information from one cell to another, but what if you want to
copy the information using the drag and drop method. It can be done but you need a special key
to help you through the process.
1. Select the cell that contains the data you want to move
2. Point to the edge of the cell. The pointer will take the shape of an 4-headed arrow
(Windows) or an arrow (Mac).
3. WINDOWS: Press and hold the Control key. The pointer will have a little plus sign
beside it.
4. MAC: Press and hold the Option key. The pointer will have a little plus sign beside it.
5. Drag the cell where you want to move the data. As you drag, a cell outline will show
where the data will go when you release the button.
6. Release the mouse button when the pointer reaches the destination cell.
The data is copied from its original location and placed in the destination cell.

f) Using the Fill Handle to copy information
When you need to copy data or formulas down a column or across a row, you can easily use a fill
handle to complete your task. A fill handle is located at the bottom right corner of a selected cell.
It appears as a small box. When you select the fill handle, your cursor changes to a plus sign.
1. Select the cell that contains the data or formula you want to copy.
2. Point to the bottom right edge of the cell. The pointer will change to a plus sign.
3. Drag the fill handle to the adjacent cells where you want the data or formulas to be
copies.
4. Release the mouse button.
The data is filled to the appropriate cells. If you had copied a formula, the results should be
correct.
Formatting Data, Saving, Page Setup, and Printing
AIM: To demonstrate the following in Excel:

DESCRIPTION:
A) Formatting Data.
Steps to create a cell style to highlight cells:
1. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Cell Styles.

2. Click New Cell Style.
3. In the Style name box, type an appropriate name for the new cell style.
4. Click Format.
5. In the Format Cells dialog box, on the Fill tab, select the color that you want to use for
the highlight, and then click OK.
6. Click OK to close the Style dialog box.
The new style will be added under Custom in the cell styles box.
7. On the worksheet, select the cells or ranges of cells that you want to highlight.
Steps to select a cell or a range
To select Do this
A single cell Click the cell, or press the arrow keys to move to the cell.
Click the first cell in the range, and then drag to the last cell, or
hold down SHIFT while you press the arrow keys to extend the
selection.
A range of cells
You can also select the first cell in the range, and then press F8
to extend the selection by using the arrow keys. To stop
extending the selection, press F8 again.
Click the first cell in the range, and then hold down SHIFT
A large range of cells while you click the last cell in the range. You can scroll to make
the last cell visible.
Click the Select All button.
All cells on a worksheet

To select Do this
To select the entire worksheet, you can also press CTRL+A.
Note: If the worksheet contains data, CTRL+A selects the

current region. Pressing CTRL+A a second time selects the
entire worksheet.
Select the first cell or range of cells, and then hold down CTRL
while you select the other cells or ranges.
You can also select the first cell or range of cells, and then press
SHIFT+F8 to add another nonadjacent cell or range to the
Nonadjacent cells or cell
ranges selection. To stop adding cells or ranges to the selection, press
SHIFT+F8 again.
Note: You cannot cancel the selection of a cell or range of cells

in a nonadjacent selection without canceling the entire selection.
Click the row or column heading.
An entire row or column

1. Row heading
2. Column heading
You can also select cells in a row or column by selecting the

first cell and then pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ARROW key

To select Do this
(RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW for rows, UP ARROW or
DOWN ARROW for columns).
Note: If the row or column contains data,

CTRL+SHIFT+ARROW key selects the row or column to the
last used cell. Pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ARROW key a second
time selects the entire row or column.
Drag across the row or column headings. Or select the first row
Adjacent rows or
or column; then hold down SHIFT while you select the last row
columns
or column.
Click the column or row heading of the first row or column in
Nonadjacent rows or your selection; then hold down CTRL while you click the
columns column or row headings of other rows or columns that you want
to add to the selection.
Select a cell in the row or column, and then press
The first or last cell in a
CTRL+ARROW key (RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW for
row or column
rows, UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW for columns).
Press CTRL+HOME to select the first cell on the worksheet or
The first or last cell on a
in an Excel list.
worksheet or in a
Microsoft Office Excel
Press CTRL+END to select the last cell on the worksheet or in
table
an Excel list that contains data or formatting.
Cells to the last used Select the first cell, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+END to
cell on the worksheet extend the selection of cells to the last used cell on the
(lower-right corner) worksheet (lower-right corner).
Cells to the beginning of Select the first cell, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+HOME to
the worksheet extend the selection of cells to the beginning of the worksheet.
More or fewer cells than Hold down SHIFT while you click the last cell that you want to
the active selection include in the new selection. The rectangular range between the

To select Do this
active cell and the cell that you click becomes the new
selection.
8. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Cell Styles.

9. Under Custom, click the new cell style.
Steps to use Format Painter to apply a highlight to other cells
1. Select a cell that is formatted with the highlight that you want to use.
2. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, double-click Format Painter , and then
drag the mouse pointer across as many cells or ranges of cells that you want to highlight.
3. When you're done, click Format Painter again or press ESC to turn it off.
Page Setup
Page Setup dialog box is used to set up layout and print options of a page.
Page tab options
Orientation Choose between landscape and portrait.
Scaling Enlarges or reduces the worksheet or selection when you print so that it fits on the
specified number of pages.
 Adjust to When you select Adjust to, you can enter a percentage in the % normal size
box.
 Fit to When you select Fit to, you can enter a number in the page(s) wide by box and the
tall box. To fill the paper width and use as many pages as necessary, type 1 in the
pages(s) wide by box and leave the tall box blank.
Paper size In this box, click Letter, Legal, or other size options to indicate the size that you
want to use for your printed document or envelope.

Print quality In this box, click a resolution to specify the print quality for the active worksheet.
Resolution is the number of dots per linear inch (dpi) that appear on the printed page. Higher
resolution produces better quality printing in printers that support high-resolution printing.
First page number In this box, enter Auto to start numbering pages at "1" (if it is the first page
of the print job) or at the next sequential number (if it is not the first page of the print job). Enter
a number to specify a starting page number other than "1."
Margins tab options
Enter margin settings and see the results in the Preview box.
 Top, Bottom, Left, Right Adjust measurements in the Top, Bottom, Left, and Right
boxes to specify the distance between your data and the edge of the printed page.
 Header or Footer Enter a number in the Header box or the Footer box to adjust the
distance between the header and the top of the page or between the footer and the bottom
of the page. The distance should be smaller than the margin settings to prevent the header
or footer from overlapping the data.
Center on page Center the data on the page within the margins by selecting the Vertically check
box, the Horizontally check box, or both. Header/Footer tab options
Header Click a built-in header in the Header box or click Custom Header to create a custom
header for the worksheet that you want to print. The built-in header is copied to the Header
dialog box, where you can format or edit the selected header.
Footer Click a built-in footer in the Footer box or click Custom Footer to create a custom
footer for the worksheet that you want to print. The built-in footer is copied to the Footer dialog
box, where you can format or edit the selected footer.
Different odd and even pages Select the Different odd and even Pages check box to specify
that the headers and footers on odd-numbered pages should be different from those on even-
numbered pages.

Different first page Select the Different first page check box to remove headers and footers
from or to create custom headers and footers for the first printed page. To create a custom header
or footer for the first page, select this check box, click Custom Header or Custom Footer, and
then on the First Page Header or First Page Footer tab, you can add the header or footer
information that you want to appear on the first page.
Scale with document Select the Scale with document check box to specify whether the headers
and footers should use the same font size and scaling as the worksheet. This check box is
selected by default. To make the font size and scaling of the headers or footers independent of
the worksheet scaling to create a consistent display across multiple pages, clear this check box.
Align with page margins Select the Align with page margins check box to make sure that the
header or footer margin is aligned with the left and right margins of the worksheet. This check
box is selected by default. To set the left and right margins of the headers and footers to a
specific value that is independent of the left and right margins of the worksheet, clear this check
box.
Sheet tab options
Print area Click the Print area box to select a worksheet range to print, and then drag through
the worksheet areas that you want to print. The Collapse Dialog button at the right end of this
box temporarily moves the dialog box so that you enter the range by selecting cells in the
worksheet. After you finish, you can click the button again to display the entire dialog box.
Print titles Select an option under Print titles to print the same columns or rows as titles on
every page of a printed worksheet. Select Rows to repeat at top if you want specific rows as
your horizontal title for each page. Select Columns to repeat at left if you want vertical titles on
each page. Then on the worksheet, select a cell or cells in the title columns or rows you want.
The Collapse Dialog button at the right end of this box temporarily moves the dialog box so
that you enter the range by selecting cells in the worksheet. After you finish, you can click the
button again to display the entire dialog box.

Print Specifies what is printed from the worksheet, whether the printout is in color or black and
white, and what the print quality is.
 Gridlines Select the Gridlines check box to include worksheet gridlines in the printout.
Gridlines are not printed by default, regardless of whether they are displayed on the
worksheet or not.
 Black and white Select the Black and white check box when you use a color printer but
you want to use black and white only when printing. This option is off by default. You do
not have to select it when you are using a printer that prints black and white only.
 Draft quality Select the Draft quality check box to print faster by using less print
quality when the printer that you use has a draft-quality mode. This option has no effect
when the printer has no draft-quality mode.
 Row and column headings Select the Row and column headings check box to include
these headings in the printout.
 Comments In this box, select the location where you want annotations that you added to
worksheet cells to appear in the printout. Select At end of sheet to combine all
annotations and print them together on a page that is added at the end of the printout.
Select As displayed on sheet to print the annotations in their original location on the
worksheet. Annotations are not automatically included in the printout, because None is
selected by default.
 Cell errors as In this box, select how you want cell errors that appear on the worksheet
to be displayed in the printout. By default, errors are displayed as they appear, but you
cannot display them by selecting <blank>, display them as a double hyphen by selecting
--, or display them as #N/A.
 Page order Click Down, then over or Over, then down to control the order in which
data is numbered and printed when it does not fit on one page. The sample picture
previews the direction your document will print when you choose one of these options.
Print a worksheet or workbook
You can print entire or partial worksheets and workbooks, one at a time, or several at once.

Before you print a worksheet that contains large quantities of data or charts, you can quickly
fine-tune the worksheet in the Page Layout view to achieve professional-looking results. In this
view, you can see your data in the context of printed pages. You can easily add or change page
headers and footers, hide or display row and column headers, change the page orientation of
printed pages, change the layout and format of data, use the rulers to measure the width and
height of the data, and set margins for printing.
Column sizing
Row sizing
To make your data easy to read or scan, you may want to apply different formatting to help draw
attention to important information. However, keep in mind that some formatting (such as colored
text or cell shading) that looks good on the screen may not produce the printed results that you
expect when you print on a black-and-white printer. If you use colored text or cell shading, be
sure to use colors that contrast well for printing on a black-and-white printer.
Print a partial or entire worksheet or workbook
1. Do one of the following:

o To print a partial worksheet, click the worksheet, and then select the range of data
that you want to print.
o To print the entire worksheet, click the worksheet to activate it.
o To print a workbook, click any of its worksheets.
2. Click File, and then click Print.
Keyboard shortcut You can also press CTRL+P.
3. Under Settings, select an option to print the selection, the active sheet or sheets, or the
entire workbook.
Print several worksheets at once
1. Select the worksheets that you want to print.

How to select multiple worksheets
To select Do this
Click the sheet tab.
A single sheet
If you don't see the tab that you want, click the tab scrolling buttons to
display the tab, and then click the tab.
Two or more Click the tab for the first sheet. Then hold down SHIFT while you
adjacent sheets click the tab for the last sheet that you want to select.
Two or more
Click the tab for the first sheet. Then hold down CTRL while you
nonadjacent
click the tabs of the other sheets that you want to select.
sheets
All sheets in a Right-click a sheet tab, and then click Select All Sheets on the
workbook shortcut menu.
Print several workbooks at once
All workbook files that you want to print must be in the same folder.
1. Click File, and then click Open.
Keyboard shortcut You can also press CTRL+O.
2. Hold down CTRL and click the name of each workbook that you want to print.
3. On a computer that is running Windows Vista
o Right-click the selection, and then click Print.
Print an Excel table
1. Click a cell within the table to activate the table.


3. Under Settings, click Selected Table.
Print a workbook to a file
2. Under Printer, select the printer on which you want to print the file.
3. Click Print to File, and then click Print.
4. In the Print to File dialog box, under Output File Name, type a name for the file that
you want to print.
Experiment Number:5 Date:
Use of Headers and footers in a worksheet
AIM: To create Header and Footer in Excel.

DESCRIPTION: You can add headers or footers at the top or bottom of a printed worksheet in
Microsoft Excel. For example, you might create a footer that has page numbers, the date, and the
name of your file. You can create your own or use many built-in headers and footers.
Headers and footers are not displayed on the worksheet in Normal view — they are displayed
only in Page Layout view and on the printed pages. You can also use the Page Setup dialog box
if you want to insert headers or footers for more than one worksheet at the same time. For other
sheet types, such as chart sheets, you can insert headers and footers only by using the Page
Setup
Add or change the header or footer text in Page Layout view
Click the worksheet that you want to add headers or footers, or that contains headers or footers
that you want to change.
1. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Header & Footer.
Excel displays the worksheet in Page Layout view. You can also click Page Layout
View on the status bar to display this view.

o To add a header or footer, click the left, center, or right header or footer text box
at the top or the bottom of the worksheet page (under Header or above Footer).
o To change a header or footer, click the header or footer text box at the top or the
bottom of the worksheet page, and then select the text that you want to change.
3. Type the new header or footer text.

Add or change the header or footer text in the Page Setup dialog box
1. Click the worksheet or worksheets, chart sheet, or embedded chart to which you want to
add headers or footers, or that contains headers or footers that you want to change.
How to select multiple worksheets
To select Do this
A single sheet
Two or more Click the tab for the first sheet. Then hold down Shift while you click
adjacent sheets the tab for the last sheet that you want to select.
Two or more
Click the tab for the first sheet. Then hold down Ctrl while you click
nonadjacent
the tabs of the other sheets that you want to select.
sheets
All sheets in a Right-click a sheet tab, and then click Select All Sheets on the shortcut
workbook menu.
When multiple worksheets are selected, [Group] appears in the title bar at the top of the
worksheet. To cancel a selection of multiple worksheets in a workbook, click any
unselected worksheet. If no unselected sheet is visible, right-click the tab of a selected
sheet, and then click Ungroup Sheets.
2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click the Dialog Box Launcher .

Excel displays the Page Setup dialog box.
If you select a chart sheet or embedded chart, clicking Header & Footer in the Text
group on the Insert tab also displays the Page Setup dialog box.
3. On the Header/Footer tab, click Custom Header or Custom Footer.

4. Click in the Left section, Center section, or Right section box, and then click the
buttons to insert the header or footer information that you want in that section.
5. To add or change the header or footer text, type additional text or edit the existing text in
the Left section, Center section, or Right section box.
o To base a custom header or footer on an existing header or footer, click the header
or footer in the Header or Footer box.
Manipulating Data, using Data Names and Ranges
AIM: To manipulate data and demonstrate the usage of data names and ranges.
DESCRIPTION:
Define a name for a cell or cell range on a worksheet
1. Select the cell, range of cells, or nonadjacent selections that you want to name.
2. Click the Name box at the left end of the formula bar.
Name box
3. Type the name that you want to use to refer to your selection. Names can be up to 255
characters in length.
4. Press ENTER.
Define a name by using a selection of cells in the worksheet
You can convert existing row and column labels to names.
1. Select the range that you want to name, including the row or column labels.
2. On the Formulas tab, in the Defined Names group, click Create from Selection.
3. In the Create Names from Selection dialog box, designate the location that contains the
labels by selecting the Top row, Left column, Bottom row, or Right column check box.
A name created by using this procedure refers only to the cells that contain values and
does not include the existing row and column labels.
Define a name by using the New Name dialog box
1. On the Formulas tab, in the Defined Names group, click Define Name.

2. In the New Name dialog box, in the Name box, type the name that you want to use for
your reference.
Note: Names can be up to 255 characters in length.
3. To specify the scope of the name, in the Scope drop-down list box, select Workbook or
the name of a worksheet in the workbook.
4. Optionally, in the Comment box, enter a descriptive comment up to 255 characters.
5. In the Refers to box, do one of the following:
o To enter a cell reference, type the cell reference.
o To enter a constant, type = (equal sign) and then type the constant value.
o To enter a formula, type = and then type the formula.
6. To finish and return to the worksheet, click OK.
Manage names by using the Name Manager dialog box
Use the Name Manager dialog box to work with all of the defined names and table names in the
workbook. For example, you may want to find names with errors, confirm the value and
reference of a name, view or edit descriptive comments, or determine the scope. You can also
sort and filter the list of names, and easily add, change, or delete names from one location.
To open the Name Manager dialog box, on the Formulas tab, in the Defined Names group,
click Name Manager.

Resize columns
 To automatically size the column to fit the largest value in that column, double-click the
right side of the column header.
Sort names
 To sort the list of names in ascending or descending order, alternately click the column
header.
Change a name
If you change a defined name or table name, all uses of that name in the workbook are also
changed.
1. On the Formulas tab, in the Defined Names group, click Name Manager.
2. In the Name Manager dialog box, click the name that you want to change, and then click
Edit.
3. In the Edit Name dialog box, in the Name box, type the new name for the reference.
4. In the Refers to box, change the reference , and then click OK.
5. In the Name Manager dialog box, in the Refers to box, change the cell, formula, or
constant represented by the name.
o To cancel unwanted or accidental changes, click Cancel , or press ESC.
o To save changes, click Commit , or press ENTER.
The Close button only closes the Name Manager dialog box. It is not required to commit
changes that have already been made.

Delete one or more names
1. On the Formulas tab, in the Defined Names group, click Name Manager.
2. In the Name Manager dialog box, click the name that you want to change.
3. Select one or more names by doing one of the following:
o To select a name, click it.
o To select more than one name in a contiguous group, click and drag the names, or
press SHIFT and click the mouse button for each name in the group.
o To select more than one name in a noncontiguous group, press CTRL and click
the mouse button for each name in the group.
4. Click Delete. You can also press DELETE.
5. Click OK to confirm the deletion.
The Close button only closes the Name Manager dialog box. It is not required to commit
changes that have already been made.
Filters and Sort and Validation Lists

AIM: To demonstrate the use of sort and filter in Excel
DESCRIPTION:
Sort data in a range or table. Sorting data is an integral part of data analysis. You might want
to arrange a list of names in alphabetical order, compile a list of product inventory levels from
highest to lowest, or order rows by colors or icons. Sorting data helps you quickly visualize and
understand your data better, organize and find the data that you want, and ultimately make more
effective decisions.
Note: To find the top or bottom values in a range of cells or table, such as the top 10 grades or
the bottom 5 sales amounts, use AutoFilter or conditional formatting.
You can sort data by text (A to Z or Z to A), numbers (smallest to largest or largest to smallest),
and dates and times (oldest to newest and newest to oldest) in one or more columns. You can
also sort by a custom list (such as Large, Medium, and Small) or by format, including cell color,
font color, or icon set. Most sort operations are column sorts, but you can also sort by rows.
Sort text
1. Select a column of alphanumeric data in a range of cells, or make sure that the active cell
is in a table column containing alphanumeric data.
2. On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, do one of the following:
3. To sort in ascending alphanumeric order, click (Sort A to Z).
4. To sort in descending alphanumeric order, click (Sort Z to A).
Optionally, you can do a case-sensitive sort:
1. On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click Sort.

2. In the Sort dialog box, click Options.
The Sort Options dialog box appears.

3. In the Sort Options dialog box, select Case sensitive.
4. Click OK twice.
5. To reapply a sort after you change the data, click a cell in the range or table and then, on
the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click Reapply.
Sort numbers
1. Select a column of numeric data in a range of cells, or make sure that the active cell is in
a table column containing numeric data.
3. To sort from low numbers to high numbers, click (Sort Smallest to Largest).
4. To sort from high numbers to low numbers, click (Sort Largest to Smallest).
Sort dates or times
1. Select a column of dates or times in a range of cells, or make sure that the active cell is in
a table column containing dates or times.
2. Select a column of dates or times in a range of cells or table.
4. To sort from an earlier to a later date or time, click (Sort Oldest to Newest).
5. To sort from a later to an earlier date or time, click (Sort Newest to Oldest).
Sort rows
1. Select a row of data in a range of cells, or make sure that the active cell is in a table
column.
2. On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click Sort.

The Sort dialog box appears.
3. Click Options.
4. In the Sort Options dialog box, under Orientation, click Sort left to right, and then
click OK.
5. Under Column, in the Sort by box, select the row that you want to sort.
6. To sort by value, do this:
a. For text values, select A to Z or Z to A.
b. For number values, select Smallest to Largest or Largest to Smallest.
c. For date or time values, select Oldest to Newest or Newest to Oldest.
7. To sort by cell color, font color, or cell icon, do this:
a. Under Sort On, select Values.
b. Under Order, do one of the following:
c. Under Sort On, select Cell Color, Font Color, or Cell Icon.
d. Click the arrow next to the button, and then select a cell color, font color, or cell
icon.
e. Under Order, select On Left or On Right.
Note: When you sort rows that are part of a worksheet outline, Excel sorts the highest-level
groups (level 1) so that the detail rows or columns stay together, even if the detail rows or
columns are hidden.
Filter data in a range or table

Using AutoFilter to filter data is a quick and easy way to find and work with a subset of data in a
range of cells or table. Once you have filtered data in a range of cells or table, you can either
reapply a filter to get up-to-date results, or clear a filter to redisplay all of the data.
Filter numbers
Range of cells
a. Select a range of cells containing numeric data.

b. On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click Filter.
Table
c. Make sure that the active cell is in a table column that contains numeric data.
2. Click the arrow in the column header.
Select from a list of numbers
a. In the list of numbers, select or clear one or more numbers to filter by.
The list of numbers can be up to 10,000. If the list is large, clear (Select All) at
the top, and then select the specific numbers to filter by.
To make the AutoFilter menu wider or longer, click and drag the grip handle at
the bottom.
Create criteria

b. Point to Number Filters and then click one of the comparison operator
commands or click Custom Filter.
For example, to filter by a lower and upper number limit, select Between.
c. In the Custom AutoFilter dialog box, in the box or boxes on the right, enter
numbers or select numbers from the list.
For example, to filter by a lower number of 25 and an upper number of 50, enter
25 and 50.
d. Optionally, filter by one more criteria.
How to add one more criteria
i. Do one of the following:

 To filter the table column or selection so that both criteria must be
true, select And.
 To filter the table column or selection so that either or both criteria
can be true, select Or.
ii. In the second entry, select a comparison operator, and then in the box on
the right, enter a number or select a number from the list.
4. To reapply a filter after you change the data, click a cell in the range or table, and then on
Experiment Number:8 Date:
Data from External Sources
AIM: Connect to (Import) external data
DESCRIPTION: The main benefit of connecting to external data is that you can periodically
analyze this data in Microsoft Office Excel without repeatedly copying the data, which is an
operation that can be time-consuming and error-prone. After connecting to external data, you can
also automatically refresh (or update) your Excel workbooks from the original data source
whenever the data source is updated with new information.
1. On the Data tab, in the Get External Data group, click Existing Connections.
2. In the Existing Connections dialog box, in the Show drop-down list, do one of the
following:
o To display all connections, click All Connections. This is selected by default.
o To display only the recently used list of connections, click Connections in this
Workbook.
This list is created from connections that you have already defined, that you have
created by using the Select Data Source dialog box of the Data Connection
Wizard, or that you have previously selected as a connection from this dialog box.
o To display only the connections that are available on your computer, click
Connection files on this computer.
This list is created from the My Data Sources folder that is usually stored in the
My Documents folder.
o To display only the connections that are available from a connection file that is
accessible from the network, click Connection files on the Network.
This list is created from an Excel Services Data Connection Library (DCL) on a
Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 site. A DCL is a document library in a
Microsoft Office SharePoint Services 2007 site that contains a collection of Office Data
Connection (ODC) files (.odc). Typically, a DCL is set up by a site administrator, who

can also configure the SharePoint site to display ODC files from this DCL in the
External Connections dialog box.
Format an Excel table
AIM: To format an Excel table.

DESCRIPTION: Microsoft Office Excel provides numerous predefined table styles (or quick
styles) or custom styles to quickly format a table.

Choose a table style when you create a table
1. On the worksheet, select a range of cells that you want to quickly format as a table.
2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Format as Table.
3. Under Light, Medium, or Dark, click the table style that you want to use.
Apply a table style to an existing table
1. On the worksheet, select the table to which you want to apply a table style.
This displays the Table Tools, adding a Design tab.
2. On the Design tab, in the Table Styles group, do one of the following:
o Click the table style that you want to use.
Use the arrow buttons to scroll through the available table styles.
o Click the More button , and then under Light, Medium, or Dark, click the
table style that you want to use.
Create or delete a custom table style
Create custom table style

1. To create a custom table style, do one of the following:
o On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Format as Table.
 Select an existing table to display the Table Tools, and then on the Design
tab, in the Table Styles group, click the More button .

2. Click New Table Style.
3. In the Name box, type a name for the new table style.
4. In the Table Element box, do one of the following:
o To format an element, click the element, and then click Format.
o To remove existing formatting from an element, click the element, and then click
Clear.
5. On the Font, Border, and Fill tabs, select the formatting options that you want, and then
click OK.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for all table elements that you want to customize.
7. To use the new table style as the default table style in the current workbook, select the
Set as default table quick style for this document check box.
Delete a custom table style
1. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Format as Table.
2. Under Custom, right-click the table style that you want to delete, and then click Delete
on the shortcut menu.

Remove a table style
1. On the worksheet, select the table from which you want to remove the current table style.
2. On the Design tab, in the Table Styles group, click the More button .
3. Click Clear.
The table will be displayed in the default table format.
Choose table style options to format the table elements
1. On the worksheet, select the table to which you want to apply table style options.
2. On the Design tab, in the Table Style Options group, do one of the following:
o To turn the header row on or off, select or clear the Header Row check box.
o To turn the totals row on or off, select or clear the Totals Row check box.
o To display special formatting for the first column of the table, select the First
Column check box.
o To display special formatting for the last column of the table, select the Last
Column check box.
o To display odd and even rows differently for ease of reading, select the Banded
Rows check box.
o To display odd and even columns differently for ease of reading, select the
Banded Columns check box.

Basic Formulas and Use of Functions.-Data Analysis
Basic formulas in Excel
A formula performs calculations or other actions on the data in your worksheet. A formula
always starts with an equal sign (=), which can be followed by numbers, math operators (such as
a plus or minus sign), and functions, which can really expand the power of a formula.

For example, the following formula multiplies 2 by 3 and then adds 5 to that result to come
up with the answer, 11.
=2*3+5
PMT: PMT, one of the financial functions, calculates the payment for a loan based on constant
payments and a constant interest rate.
Syntax
The PMT function syntax has the following arguments:
 Rate Required. The interest rate for the loan.

 Nper Required. The total number of payments for the loan.
 Pv Required. The present value, or the total amount that a series of future payments is worth
now; also known as the principal.
 Fv Optional. The future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is
made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0 (zero), that is, the future value of a loan is 0.
 Type Optional. The number 0 (zero) or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
Example:
This next formula uses the PMT function to calculate a mortgage payment ($1,073.64), which is
based on a 5 percent interest rate (5% divided by 12 months equals the monthly interest rate)
over a 30-year period (360 months) for a $200,000 loan:
=PMT(0.05/12,360,200000)
Here are some additional examples of formulas that you can enter in a worksheet.
 =A1+A2+A3 Adds the values in cells A1, A2, and A3.

 =SQRT(A1) Uses the SQRT function to return the square root of the value in A1.

 =TODAY() Returns the current date.
 =UPPER("hello") Converts the text "hello" to "HELLO" by using the UPPER function.
 =IF(A1>0) Tests the cell A1 to determine if it contains a value greater than 0.
The parts of an Excel formula
A formula can also contain any or all of the following: functions, references, operators, and
constants.
Parts of a formula
1. Functions: The PI() function returns the value of pi: 3.142...
2. References: A2 returns the value in cell A2.
3. Constants: Numbers or text values entered directly into a formula, such as 2.
4. Operators: The ^ (caret) operator raises a number to a power, and the * (asterisk) operator
multiplies numbers.
Using constants in Excel formulas
A constant is a value that is not calculated; it always stays the same. For example, the date
10/9/2008, the number 210, and the text "Quarterly Earnings" are all constants. An expression or
a value resulting from an expression is not a constant. If you use constants in a formula instead
of references to cells (for example, =30+70+110), the result changes only if you modify the
formula.
Using calculation operators in Excel formulas
Operators specify the type of calculation that you want to perform on the elements of a formula.

Types of operators
There are four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text
concatenation, and reference.
1) Arithmetic operators
To perform basic mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or

division; combine numbers; and produce numeric results, use the following arithmetic operators.
Arithmetic operator Meaning Example
+ (plus sign) Addition 3+3
– (minus sign) Subtraction 3–1

Negation –1
* (asterisk) Multiplication 3*3
/ (forward slash) Division 3/3
% (percent sign) Percent 20%
^ (caret) Exponentiation 3^2
2) Comparison operators
When two values are compared by using these operators, the result is a logical value—either
TRUE or FALSE.
Comparison operator Meaning Example

= (equal sign) Equal to A1=B1
> (greater than sign) Greater than A1>B1
< (less than sign) Less than A1<B1
>= (greater than or equal to sign) Greater than or equal to A1>=B1

Comparison operator Meaning Example
<= (less than or equal to sign) Less than or equal to A1<=B1
<> (not equal to sign) Not equal to A1<>B1
3) Text concatenation operator
Use the ampersand (&) to concatenate (join) one or more text strings to produce a single piece of
text.
Text operator Meaning Example
& Connects, or concatenates, two values to "North"&"wind" results in

(ampersand) produce one continuous text value "Northwind"
4) Reference operators
Combine ranges of cells for calculations with the following operators.
Reference Meaning Example

operator
: (colon) Range operator, which produces one reference to B5:B15

all the cells between two references, including
the two references.
, (comma) Union operator, which combines multiple SUM(B5:B15,D5:D15)

references into one reference
(space) Intersection operator, which produces one B7:D7 C6:C8

reference to cells common to the two references
Example for Intersection operator:

Intersect helps you quickly learn the total of Qtr1 and Qtr2 for the East region using the following
formula:
=SUM(Qtr1:Qtr2 East)
The order in which Excel performs operations in formulas
The order in which a calculation is performed can affect the return value of the formula.
Calculation order
Formulas calculate values in a specific order. A formula in Excel always begins with an equal
sign (=). Excel interprets the characters that follow the equal sign as a formula. Following the
equal sign are the elements to be calculated (the operands), such as constants or cell references.
These are separated by calculation operators. Excel calculates the formula from left to right,
according to a specific order for each operator in the formula.
Operator precedence in Excel formulas
If you combine several operators in a single formula, Excel performs the operations in the order
shown in the following table. If a formula contains operators with the same precedence—for
example, if a formula contains both a multiplication and division operator—Excel evaluates the
operators from left to right.
Operator Description

Operator Description
: (colon) Reference operators
(single space)
, (comma)
– Negation (as in –1)
% Percent
^ Exponentiation
* and / Multiplication and division
+ and – Addition and subtraction
& Connects two strings of text (concatenation)
= Comparison
< >
<=
>=
<>
Use of parentheses in Excel formulas
To change the order of evaluation, enclose in parentheses the part of the formula to be calculated
first. For example, the following formula produces 11 because Excel performs multiplication
before addition. The formula multiplies 2 by 3 and then adds 5 to the result.
=5+2*3
In contrast, if you use parentheses to change the syntax, Excel adds 5 and 2 together and then
multiplies the result by 3 to produce 21.
=(5+2)*3
In the following example, the parentheses that enclose the first part of the formula force Excel to
calculate B4+25 first and then divide the result by the sum of the values in cells D5, E5, and F5.
=(B4+25)/SUM(D5:F5)

Using functions and nested functions in Excel formulas
Functions are predefined formulas that perform calculations by using specific values, called
arguments, in a particular order, or structure. Functions can be used to perform simple or
complex calculations.
The syntax of Excel functions
The following example of the ROUND function rounding off a number in cell A10 illustrates the
syntax of a function.
Structure of a function
1. Structure. The structure of a function begins with an equal sign (=), followed by the function
name, an opening parenthesis, the arguments for the function separated by commas, and a
closing parenthesis.
2. Function name. For a list of available functions, click a cell and press fx
3. Arguments. Arguments can be numbers, text, logical values such as TRUE or FALSE, arrays,
error values such as #N/A, or cell references. The argument you designate must produce a valid
value for that argument. Arguments can also be constants, formulas, or other functions.
4. Argument tooltip. A tooltip with the syntax and arguments appears as you type the function.
For example, type =ROUND( and the tooltip appears). Tooltips appear only for built-in
functions.

Entering Excel functions
When you create a formula that contains a function, you can use the Insert Function dialog box
to help you enter worksheet functions. As you enter a function into the formula, the Insert
Function dialog box displays the name of the function, each of its arguments, a description of the
function and each argument, the current result of the function, and the current result of the entire
formula.
To make it easier to create and edit formulas and minimize typing and syntax errors, use Formula
AutoComplete. After you type an = (equal sign) and beginning letters or a display trigger, Excel
displays, below the cell, a dynamic drop-down list of valid functions, arguments, and names that
match the letters or trigger. You can then insert an item from the drop-down list into the formula.
Nesting Excel functions
In certain cases, you may need to use a function as one of the arguments of another function. For
example, the following formula uses a nested AVERAGE function and compares the result with
the value 50.
1. The AVERAGE and SUM functions are nested within the IF function.
Valid returns When a nested function is used as an argument, the nested function must return
the same type of value that the argument uses. For example, if the argument returns a TRUE or
FALSE value, the nested function must return a TRUE or FALSE value. If the function doesn't,
Excel displays a #VALUE! error value.
Nesting level limits A formula can contain up to seven levels of nested functions. When one
function (we'll call this Function B) is used as an argument in another function (we'll call this
Function A), Function B acts as a second-level function. For example, the AVERAGE function
and the SUM function are both second-level functions if they are used as arguments of the IF

function. A function nested within the nested AVERAGE function is then a third-level function,
and so on.
Using references in Excel formulas
A reference identifies a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet, and tells Excel where to look for
the values or data you want to use in a formula. You can use references to use data contained in
different parts of a worksheet in one formula or use the value from one cell in several formulas.
You can also refer to cells on other sheets in the same workbook, and to other workbooks.
References to cells in other workbooks are called links or external references.
The A1 reference style By default, Excel uses the A1 reference style, which refers to columns
with letters (A through XFD, for a total of 16,384 columns) and refers to rows with numbers
(1 through 1,048,576). These letters and numbers are called row and column headings. To refer to
a cell, enter the column letter followed by the row number. For example, B2 refers to the cell at
the intersection of column B and row 2.
To refer to Use
The cell in column A and row 10 A10
The range of cells in column A and rows 10 through 20 A10:A20
The range of cells in row 15 and columns B through E B15:E15
All cells in row 5 5:5
All cells in rows 5 through 10 5:10
All cells in column H H:H
All cells in columns H through J H:J
The range of cells in columns A through E and rows 10 through 20 A10:E20
Making a reference to another worksheet In the following example, the AVERAGE

function calculates the average value for the range B1:B10 on the worksheet named Marketing in
the same workbook.
Reference to a range of cells on another worksheet in the same workbook

1. Refers to the worksheet named Marketing
2. Refers to the range of cells between B1 and B10, inclusively
3. Separates the worksheet reference from the cell range reference
Difference between absolute, relative and mixed references
Relative references A relative cell reference in a formula, such as A1, is based on the
relative position of the cell that contains the formula and the cell the reference refers to. If the
position of the cell that contains the formula changes, the reference is changed. If you copy or fill
the formula across rows or down columns, the reference automatically adjusts. By default, new
formulas use relative references. For example, if you copy or fill a relative reference in cell B2 to
cell B3, it automatically adjusts from =A1 to =A2.
Copied formula with relative reference
Absolute references An absolute cell reference in a formula, such as $A$1, always refer to
a cell in a specific location. If the position of the cell that contains the formula changes, the
absolute reference remains the same. If you copy or fill the formula across rows or down
columns, the absolute reference does not adjust. By default, new formulas use relative
references, so you may need to switch them to absolute references. For example, if you copy or
fill an absolute reference in cell B2 to cell B3, it stays the same in both cells: =$A$1.
Copied formula with absolute reference

Mixed references A mixed reference has either an absolute column and relative row, or
absolute row and relative column. An absolute column reference takes the form $A1, $B1, and
so on. An absolute row reference takes the form A$1, B$1, and so on. If the position of the
cell that contains the formula changes, the relative reference is changed, and the absolute
reference does not change. If you copy or fill the formula across rows or down columns, the
relative reference automatically adjusts, and the absolute reference does not adjust. For example,
if you copy or fill a mixed reference from cell A2 to B3, it adjusts from =A$1 to =B$1.
Copied formula with mixed reference
The 3-D reference style
Conveniently referencing multiple worksheets To analyze data in the same cell or

range of cells on multiple worksheets within a workbook, use a 3-D reference. A 3-D reference
includes the cell or range reference, preceded by a range of worksheet names. Excel uses any
worksheets stored between the starting and ending names of the reference. For example,
a=SUM(Sheet2:Sheet13!B5) adds all the values contained in cell B5 on all the worksheets
between and including Sheet 2 and Sheet 13.
 3-D references are used to refer to cells on other sheets, to define names, and to create formulas
by using the following functions: SUM, AVERAGE, AVERAGEA, COUNT, COUNTA, MAX,
MAXA, MIN, MINA, PRODUCT, STDEV.P, STDEV.S, STDEVA, STDEVPA, VAR.P,
VAR.S, VARA, and VARPA.

Example:
MAX() Ignores logical values and text.

MAXA() Does NOT ignore logical values and text.
----------------------------------
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
=TRUE
-7 =MAX(A1:A7)
1 =MAXA(A1:A7)
------------------------------------
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
text
-7 =MAX(A1:A7)
0 =MAXA(A1:A7)
 3-D references cannot be used in array formulas.

 3-D references cannot be used with the intersection operator (a single space) or in formulas that
use implicit intersection.

Move, copy, insert, or delete worksheets The following examples explain what
happens when you move, copy, insert, or delete worksheets that are included in a 3-D reference.
The examples use the formula =SUM(Sheet2:Sheet6!A2:A5) to add cells A2 through A5 on
worksheets 2 through 6.
 Insert or copy To insert or copy sheets between Sheet2 and Sheet6 (the endpoints in this
example), Excel includes all values in cells A2 through A5 from the added sheets in the
calculations.
 Delete If you delete sheets between Sheet2 and Sheet6, Excel removes their values from the
calculation.
 Move If you move sheets from between Sheet2 and Sheet6 to a location outside the referenced
sheet range, Excel removes their values from the calculation.
 Move an endpoint If you move Sheet2 or Sheet6 to another location in the same workbook,
Excel adjusts the calculation to accommodate the new range of sheets between them.
 Delete an endpoint If you delete Sheet2 or Sheet6, Excel adjusts the calculation to
accommodate the range of sheets between them.
The R1C1 reference style
The R1C1 reference style is useful for computing row and column positions in macros. In the
R1C1 style, Excel indicates the location of a cell with an "R" followed by a row number and a
"C" followed by a column number.
Reference Meaning
R[-2]C A relative reference to the cell two rows up and in the same column
R[2]C[2] A relative reference to the cell two rows down and two columns to the right
R2C2 An absolute reference to the cell in the second row and in the second column
R[-1] A relative reference to the entire row above the active cell
R An absolute reference to the current row

When you record a macro, Excel records some commands by using the R1C1 reference style.
For example, if you record a command, such as clicking the AutoSum button to insert a formula
that adds a range of cells, Excel records the formula by using R1C1 style, not A1 style,
references.
You can turn the R1C1 reference style on or off by setting or clearing the R1C1 reference
style check box under the Working with formulas section in the Formulas category of
the Options dialog box. To display this dialog box, click the File tab.
Experiment No: 11 Date:
Using Charts and Graphs

AIM: Create a chart from start to finish.
DESCRIPTION:
Charts are used to display series of numeric data in a graphical format to make it easier to
understand large quantities of data and the relationship between different series of data.You can
create a basic chart by selecting any part of the range you want to be charted, then clicking the
chart type that you want on the Insert tab in the Charts group. You can then continue with the
next steps of the following step-by-step process.
Step 1: Create a basic chart
Step 2: Change the layout or style of a chart
Apply a predefined chart layout
Apply a predefined chart style
Change the layout of chart elements manually
Change the format of chart elements manually
Step 3: Add or remove titles or data labels
Add a chart title
Add axis titles
Link a title to a worksheet cell
Add data labels
Remove titles or data labels from a chart

Step 4: Show or hide a legend
Step 5: Display or hide chart axes or gridlines
Display or hide primary axes
Display or hide secondary axes
Display or hide gridlines
Step 6: Move or resize a chart
Move a chart
Resize a chart
Step 7: Save the chart as a template
For example, to create a chart in Excel, you start by entering the numeric data for the chart on a
worksheet. Then you can plot that data into a chart by selecting the chart type that you want
to use on the Insert tab, in the Charts group.
1. Worksheet data
2. Chart created from worksheet data

Experiment No:12 Date:
Insert or delete a worksheet
AIM: By default, Microsoft Office Excel provides three worksheets in a workbook, but you can
insert additional worksheets (and other types of sheets, such as a chart sheet, macro sheet, or
dialog sheet) or delete them as needed. You can also change the number of worksheets that
appear by default in a new workbook.
The name (or title) of a worksheet appears on its sheet tab at the bottom of the screen. By
default, the name is Sheet1, Sheet2, and so on, but you can give any worksheet a more
appropriate name.
Insert a new worksheet
To insert a new worksheet, do one of the following:
 To quickly insert a new worksheet at the end of the existing worksheets, click the Insert
Worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen.

 To insert a new worksheet in front of an existing worksheet, select that worksheet and
then, on the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Insert, and then click Insert Sheet.
Insert multiple worksheets at the same time
1. Hold down SHIFT, and then select the same number of existing sheet tabs of the
worksheets that you want to insert in the open workbook.
For example, if you want to add three new worksheets, select three sheet tabs of existing
worksheets.
2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Insert, and then click Insert Sheet.
Change the number of worksheets in a new workbook
1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Excel Options.
2. In the Popular category, under When creating new workbooks, in the Include this
many sheets box, enter the number of sheets that you want to include by default when
you create a new workbook.
Insert a new sheet that is based on a custom template
1. If needed, create the worksheet template that you want to base a new worksheet on.
How to create a worksheet template

a. Select the worksheet that you want to use as a template.
b. Click Microsoft Office Button , and then click Save As.

c. In the File name box, type the name of the worksheet template.
 To create a custom worksheet template, type the file name that you want
to use.
 To create the default worksheet template, type sheet.
d. On a computer that is running Windows Vista
 In the list, click Excel Template or Excel Macro-Enabled Template.
On a computer that is running Microsoft Windows XP
 In the Save as type box, click Excel Template or Excel Macro-

Enabled Template.
e. Click Save.
2. Right-click the sheet tab of a worksheet, and then click Insert.
3. Double-click the template for the type of sheet that you want.
Rename a worksheet
1. On the Sheet tab bar, right-click the sheet tab that you want to rename, and then click
Rename.
2. Select the current name, and then type the new name.
Copy a worksheet
1. Select the worksheets that you want to move or copy.
How to select worksheets

To select Do this
A single sheet
Two or more
Click the tab for the first sheet. Then hold down CTRL while you
nonadjacent
click the tabs of the other sheets that you want to select.
sheets
Keyboard shortcut To move to the next or previous sheet tab, you can also press
CTRL+PAGE UP or CTRL+PAGE DOWN.
2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format, and then under Organize Sheets,
click Move or Copy Sheet.
3. In the Move or Copy dialog box, in the Before sheet list, do one of the following:
o Click the sheet before which you want to insert the moved or copied sheets.
o Click move to end to insert the moved or copied sheets after the last sheet in the
workbook and before the Insert Worksheet tab.

4. To copy the sheets, in the Move or Copy dialog box, select the Create a copy check
box.
 To copy the sheets, hold down CTRL, and then drag the sheets; release the mouse button
before you release the CTRL key.
 To rename the copied worksheet, right-click its sheet tab, click Rename, and then type
the new name in the sheet tab.
 To change the color of the sheet tab, right-click the sheet tab, click Tab Color, and then
click the color that you want to use.
Move or copy worksheets to another workbook
1. To move or copy worksheets to another workbook, make sure that the target workbook is
open in the same instance of Microsoft Office Excel.
2. In the workbook that contains the sheets that you want to move or copy, select the sheets.
How to select worksheets
To select Do this
A single sheet
Two or more Click the tab for the first sheet. Then hold down CTRL while you
nonadjacent click the tabs of the other sheets that you want to select.

To select Do this
sheets
3. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format, and then under Organize Sheets,
click Move or Copy Sheet.
4. In the Move or Copy dialog box, in the To book list, do one of the following:
o Click the workbook to which you want to move or copy the selected sheets.
o Click new book to move or copy the selected sheets to a new workbook.
5. In the Before sheet list, do one of the following:
o Click the sheet before which you want to insert the moved or copied sheets.
o Click move to end to insert the moved or copied sheets after the last sheet in the
workbook and before the Insert Worksheet tab.
6. To copy the sheets instead of moving them, in the Move or Copy dialog box, select the
Create a copy check box.
 To rename the moved or copied worksheet in the destination workbook, right-click its
sheet tab, click Rename, and then type the new name in the sheet tab.
 Worksheets that you move or copy to another workbook will use the theme fonts, colors,
and effects that are applied to the destination workbook.
 To change the color of the sheet tab, right-click the sheet tab, click Tab Color, and then
click the color that you want to use.

Move or copy data to another worksheet or workbook
1. In a worksheet, select the data that you want to move or copy.

2. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, do one of the following:
o To move the selected data, click Cut .
Keyboard shortcut You can also press CTRL+X.
o To copy the selected data, click Copy .
Keyboard shortcut You can also press CTRL+C.

o Click the worksheet where you want to paste the data.
o Switch to a workbook that is opened in another instance of Excel, and then click
the worksheet where you want to paste the data.
4. Select the upper-left cell of the paste area.
5. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Paste .
Keyboard shortcut You can also press CTRL+V.

Experiment No:13 Date:
Securing the Excel Document (Protect Cells and Workbook).
AIM: Securing the Excel Document (Protect Cells and Workbook).
DESCRIPTION: To prevent other users from viewing hidden worksheets, adding, moving,
deleting, or hiding worksheets, and renaming worksheets, you can protect the structure of your
Excel workbook with a password.
To protect the structure of your workbook, follow these steps:
1. Click Review > Changes > Protect Workbook.

2. Enter a password in the Password box.
3. Click OK, and retype the password to confirm it.
EXPERIMENT NUMBER : 14 DATE:

AIM: Demonstration of advanced Excel functions and formulas
DESCRIPTION: Excel provides an enormous number of established formulas and assistance

in auditing and calculating your data. The primary groupings are financial, logical, text, date and
time, lookup and reference, math and trigonometry, statistical, engineering, cube, and file-related
information.
FINANCIAL FORMULAS

Financial functions are probably one of the most commonly used groups. You can calculate
payment plans, interest rates, depreciation, and the yield on securities. Excel simplifies the
process by providing fill-in-the-blanks.
The following example returns a loan payment. The lower chart shows the balance if you pay a
different amount. Enter principle, interest and term in the yellow highlighted cells (C1, C3, C4).
The PMT formula should refer to these cells and look like this:
=PMT(C3/12,C4,C1). Enter the “actual payment” amount in D2.
Copy the following formulas into the table and drag down to populate the table.
 In cell E7 enter "=C1"

 In cell B8 enter "=$D$2"
 In cell C8 enter "=(E7*$C$3)/12"
 In cell D8 enter "=B8-C8"
 In cdll E8 enter "=E7-D8"


TEXT FUNCTIONS
CONCATENATE
The concatenate function strings together the contents of a series of cells (text1, text2).The order
that you select the cells is the order that they are combined into the resulting cell.
Syntax: CONCATENATE(text1,text2,...)
Shortcut: The symbol “&” can also be used instead of the concatenate function (=A2&B2).
Example The following examples combine fields to create Full Name and Address fields.
Cell Formula C2 = CONCATENATE(A2," ",B2)
LEFT, RIGHT

LEFT and RIGHT are useful if you wish to remove extra characters from a cell AND if you are able to
specify how many characters to remove from the left or right. The formula requires the cell reference
(text) and the number of characters to return (num_chars). MID performs a similar task of returning
reduced characters. This function contains 3 qualifiers: cell reference (text), the position of the character
where you wish the text to begin (start_num), and the number of characters to return (num_chars).
Syntax: =LEFT(text,num_chars) or RIGHT(text,num_chars) =MID(text,start_num,num_chars)
Example Cell B2: =LEFT(A2,5) Cell E2: =MID(A2,1,5)
CONDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
Conditional functions, like conditional formatting, are great features to help you highlight or manipulate
select information based on specified criteria. Excel evaluates the source against the criteria, and returns
a value if the logical test is “true” and a different value for “false”. In the same way, Excel will perform a
function, like adding or counting, based on the logical test. The elements “value_if_true” and
“value_if_false” may be a static value or another formula. If, Countif, and Sumif perform the logical test
using single criteria. Countifs, and Sumifs perform the logical test on a range of cells that meet multiple
criteria.
IF
IF is straightforward. The reference cell is tested against criteria and will return a value or
perform another function if the test returns true or false. “Logical_test” includes both the cell
reference and the criteria, such as “B4 is less than 20.”
Syntax: IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
Example In this example, we are testing against the width of a book. If the width is under .375
in (3/8 in), the book requires a pamphlet binding (pam). If the width were equal or over .375 in,

the book would require library binding (LB). Cell Formula C2 =IF(B2>0.375,"pam","LB")
COUNTIF AND COUNTIFS literally count the number of times the test returns “true.”
Other “count” functions: count – counts the number of cells that contain numbers, counta –
counts the number of cells that are not empty, and countblank – counts the number of empty
cells.
Syntax: COUNTIF(range,criteria) COUNTIFS(range1,criteria1,range2,criteria2,...)
Example: In the next example, we are counting how many books require
1) pamphlet binding (pam),
2) Library Binding (LB), and
3) how many books need both Library,
Binding and Spine Repair (LB/Repair).
Cell H2 =COUNTIF($C$2:$C$5,"pam") Cell H3 =COUNTIFS($D$2:$D$5,"good",
$C$2:$C$5,"LB") Cell H4 =COUNTIFS($D$2:$D$5,"poor",$C$2:$C$5,"LB")
SUMIF, SUMIFS
These functions return a sum of numbers that meet specified criteria. Range is the range of cells to
compare against the criteria. A range of cells presented in this way: A2:A100 and an entire row looks like
this: A:A. Criteria may be a value or range (“=30” or “=black” or “<2009”).
Sum_range is used if the actual items to be added are in a different range than the compared
range. If nothing is entered here, the original range is summed.

Syntax: SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range) SUMIFS(sum_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,
criteria_range2,criteria2…)
Example: Calculate the cost of book repair based on condition of the item.

USING PIVOT TABLES AND PIVOT CHARTS
AIM: Create a PivotTable in Excel 2016 to analyze worksheet data
DESCRIPTION: PivotTables are a great way to summarize, analyze, explore, and present
your data. For example consider a simple list of expenses:
And here's the same data summarized in a PivotTable:
Create a Recommended PivotTable
If you have limited experience with PivotTables, or are not sure how to get started, a
Recommended PivotTable is a good choice. When you use this feature, Excel determines a

meaningful layout by matching the data with the most suitable areas in the PivotTable. This
helps give you a starting point for additional experimentation. After a basic PivotTable is
created, you can explore different orientations and rearrange fields to achieve your specific
results.
1. Open the workbook where you want to create the PivotTable.

2. Click a cell in the list or table that contains the data to use in the PivotTable.
3. On the Insert tab, click Recommended PivotTables.
Excel creates a PivotTable on a new sheet and displays the PivotTable Fields List.
4. Do any of the following:
To Do this
In the FIELD NAME area, select the check box for the field. By default,
Add a field nonnumeric fields are added to the Row area, date and time hierarchies are added
to the Column area, and numeric fields are added to the Values area.
Remove a
In the FIELD NAME area, clear the check box for the field.
field
Drag the field from one area of the PivotTable Fields List to another, for
Move a field
example, from Columns to Rows.
Refresh the
On the PivotTable Analyze tab, click Refresh.
PivotTable
Create a PivotTable manually
If you know the data arrangement you want, you can create a PivotTable manually.

1. Open the workbook where you want to create the PivotTable.
2. Click a cell in the list or table that contains the data to use in the PivotTable.
3. On the Insert tab, click PivotTable.
4. In the worksheet, your data should be surrounded by a dashed line. If it isn't, click and
drag to select your data. When you do this, the Table/Range box will automatically fill
with your selected cell range.
5. Under Choose where you want the PivotTable report to be placed, choose New
worksheet to put the PivotTable on a new worksheet tab. Or, click Existing worksheet,
and then click in the sheet to specify the location.
Tip: To analyze multiple tables in a PivotTable, check the Add this data to the Data
Model box.
6. Click OK.
7. In the PivotTable Fields List, do any of the following:
To Do this
In the FIELD NAME area, select the check box for the field. By default,
Add a field nonnumeric fields are added to the Row area, date and time hierarchies are
added to the Column area, and numeric fields are added to the Values area.
Remove a field In the FIELD NAME area, clear the check box for the field.
Drag the field from one area of the PivotTable Field List to another, for
Move a field
example, from Columns to Rows.
Change the
Cick the arrow next to the field in Values, > Value Field Settings, and in the
calculation used

To Do this
in a value field Value Field Settings box, make the calculation change.
Refresh the
On the PivotTable Analyze tab, click Refresh.
PivotTable

SPSS BASICS AND FEATURES
AIM: To get around the basics of SPSS.
DESCRIPTION: SPSS (Statistical Pacakage for Social Sciences) is a software for managing
data and calculating a wide variety of statistics. The SPSS software is built around the SPSS
programming language. Menus and dialog boxes are useful because they give you visual
reminders of (most of) your options with each step of your analysis. However, some tasks cannot
be accomplished from the menus, and others are more quickly carried out by typing a few key
words than by working through a long series of menus and dialogs.
STARTING SPSS STATISTICS
To run SPSS, log in and click Start - Programs - IBM SPSS Statistics - IBM SPSS Statistics
23. When SPSS is first started you are presented with a dialog box asking you to open a file. Pick
a recently opened file or pick "Open another file" from the list on the left.
Start your SPSS session by opening the data file that you need to work with.

THE SPSS WINDOWS AND FILES
SPSS Statistics has three main windows, plus a menu bar at the top. These allow you to (1) see
your data, (2) see your statistical output, and (3) see any programming commands you have
written. Each window corresponds to a separate type of SPSS file.
DATA EDITOR (.sav files)
The Data Editor lets you see and manipulate your data. You will always have at least one Data
Editor open (even if you have not yet opened a data set). When you open an SPSS data file, what
you see is a working copy of your data. Changes you make to your data are not permanent until
you save them (click File - Save or Save As). Data files are saved with a file type of .sav, a file
type that most other software cannot work with. When you close your last Data Editor you are
shutting down SPSS and you will be prompted to save all unsaved files.
To open a different data set, click File - Open - Data. (It is also possible to open some non-SPSS
data files by this method, such as Excel, Stata, or SAS files.) SPSS lets you have many data sets

open simultaneously, and the data set that you are currently working with, the active data set, is
always marked with a tiny red "plus" sign on the title bar. In order to avoid confusion it is
usually a good strategy to close out any Data Editors you're done using.
Output Viewer (.spv files)
As you ask SPSS to carry out various computations and other tasks, the results can show up in a
variety of places. New data values will show up in the Data Editor. Statistical results will show
up in the Output Viewer.
The Output Viewer shows you tables of statistical output and any graphs you create. By default it
also show you the programming language for the commands that you issued (called syntax in
SPSS jargon), and most error messages will also appear here. The Output Viewer also allows
you to edit and print your results. The tables of the Output Viewer are saved (click File - Save or
Save As) with a file type of .spv, which can only be opened with SPSS software.
As with Data Editors, it is possible to open more than one Output Viewer to look at more than
one output file. The active Viewer, marked with a tiny blue plus sign, will receive the results of

any commands that you issue. If you close all the Output Viewers and then issue a new
command, a fresh Output Viewer is started.
Syntax Editor (.sps files)
If you are working with the SPSS programming language directly, you will also open a Syntax
Editor.
The Syntax Editor allows you to write, edit, and run commands in the SPSS programming
language. If you are also using the menus and dialog boxes, the Paste button automatically
writes the syntax for the command you have specified into the active Syntax Editor. These files
are saved as plain text and almost any text editor can open them, but with a file extension of .sps.
As with the other types of windows, you can have more than one Syntax Editor open and the
active window is marked with a tiny orange plus sign. When you paste syntax from dialog boxes,
it goes to the active Syntax Editor. If you close out all your Syntax Editors and then paste a
command, a fresh Syntax Editor is opened.
ISSUING COMMANDS
In general commands may be issued either through menus and dialog boxes that invoke the
programming language behind the scenes, or by typing the programming language in a Syntax
Editor and running the commands.

DIALOG BOXES
Although each dialog box is unique, they have many common features. A fairly typical example
is the dialog box for producing frequency tables (tables with counts and percents). To bring up
this dialog box from the menus, click on Analyze - Descriptive Statistics - Frequencies.
On the left is a variable selection list with all of the variables in your data set. If your variables
have variable labels, what you see is the beginning of the variable label. To see the full label as
well as the variable name [in square brackets], hold your cursor over the label beginning. Select
the variables you want to analyze by clicking on them (you may have to scroll through the list).
Then click the arrow button to the right of the selection list, and the variables are moved to the
analysis list on the right. If you change your mind about a variable, you can select it in the list on
the right and then click the arrow button to move it back out of the analysis list. On the far right
of the dialog are several buttons that lead to further dialog boxes with options for the frequencies
command. At the bottom of the dialog box, click OK to issue your command to SPSS, or Paste
to have the command written to a Syntax Editor.
If you return to a dialog box you will find it opens with all the specifications you last used. This
can be handy if you are trying a number of variations on your analysis, or if you are debugging
something. If you'd prefer to start fresh you can click the Reset button.

WORKING WITH THE DATA EDITOR
The main use of the Data Editor is to show you (a portion of) the data values you are working
with. It can also be used to redefine the characteristics of variables (change the type, add labels,
define missing values, etc.), create new variables, and enter data by hand.
The Data Editor gives you two views of your data set: a Data View and a Variable View, selected
by clicking on the appropriate tab in the lower left corner of the window.

DATA VIEW
In the Data View, the data are laid out in the standard rectangular format for statistical software.
Each row represents a unit of observation, sometimes also referred to as a record or in SPSS as a
case. The case (observation) number in the leftmost column is assigned automatically and is not
saved as data. Each column represents a variable. All of the data in a column must be of the same
type, either numeric or string (also called character).
Each data cell holds a data value. If data are missing, they are displayed as a period (".") or as a
blank (" "). Data values may be displayed as either the actual value or as a formatted value. For
example, a data value about a person's income might be 15000, while its formatted value might
be shown as $15,000. Formats can also take the form of value labels, for instance, data recorded
as 1's and 2's might be labeled as "Male" and "Female." While formatting makes it easier to
interpret results, it is important to remember that the data values are what SPSS actually
processes. In particular, when you set up a command that requires you to specify one or more
data values, you use values and not formatted values.

You can switch the Data View between formatted and unformatted data by clicking on the Value
Labels button on the Toolbar, the fourth button from the right when in the Data View. With
value labels on you can also see the actual values for a given variable by clicking on a cell and
then looking at the bar just above the data. The box to the left indicates the observation number
and variable selected, e.g. 1:gender, while the center box shows you the actual value, e.g. m.
Data values can be edited or added by typing them directly into the Data View. To enter data,
type in the actual data value. However, aside from very small data sets for class exercises, you
should almost never need to do this.
VARIABLE VIEW
In the Variable View you can see and edit the information that defines each variable (sometimes
called meta-data) in your data set: each column of the Data View is described by a row of the
Variable View.
The first attribute of each variable is its Name. The variable name is how the data column is
identified in the programming language, and in order for the programming language to work
gracefully variable names have to abide by certain restrictions: names must begin with a letter,
and may be made up of characters, numerals, non-punctuation characters, and the period.
Capitalization is ignored. Variable names may be up to 64 characters long. Other restrictions
may apply - no coupons please. Variable names may be added or changed simply by typing them
in.
The basic variable types are either numeric or string. However, just to make things confusing,
SPSS allows you to select among several different standard formats for displaying numeric data
(e.g. scientific notation, comma formatting, currencies) and calls this Type. You set the variable
type by clicking in the column, then clicking on the gray button that appears and working in a
dialog box.
The Label attribute allows you to give each variable a longer description that is displayed in
place of the variable name, analogous to value labels for data values. Both variable labels and
value labels are useful for giving you more intelligible output.

The Values attribute allows you to create a list of value labels. Often several variables will share
a common set of value labels, and in this window you can copy and paste value label sets.
Variable labels are set by simply typing them in, value labels work through a dialog box.
The Missing attribute is a place for you to designate certain data values that you want SPSS to
ignore when it calculates statistics. For instance, in survey data it is common practice to record a
data value of 8 when a respondent says "I don't know" in response to a question, and you can
have SPSS treat the 8's in a variable as if they were missing data.
The other attributes, Width, Decimals, Columns, Align, Measure, and Role, are minor settings
related to data display. Although Measure (level of measurement) is statistically a very important
concept, it has little meaning within the SPSS software.
WORKING WITH THE OUTPUT VIEWER
The Output Viewer collects your statistical tables and graphs, and gives you the opportunity to
edit them before you save or print them. The Output Viewer is divided into two main sections, an
outline pane on the left, and a tables pane on the right. When you print your output, it is the
tables pane that is printed.

When SPSS creates output (tables, syntax, error messages, etc.) it adds them to the tables pane as
objects, and each object is noted in the outline pane. Individual objects may be opened and
edited, deleted, hidden, rearranged, or printed. To select an object to work with, you can either
click on it in the tables pane, or click on the corresponding entry in the outline pane. A red arrow
appears next to the object in both panes.
To edit objects, double-click on them in the tables pane. Depending on whether you are trying to
edit a simple object like a title (which is just a box with some text in it), or something more
complicated like a table or a graph, you may be able to simply change the object in the Output
Viewer, or another window may open. Except for editing the look of graphs, it will often be
easier to edit your output by exporting it to Microsoft Word first, but in principle you can change
anything you can see in your output, down to deleting columns and changing numbers. (But if
your intent is to fake your results, you should attend our Simulations workshop for better
methods of doing this.)
To delete objects, select them in either pane and use the Delete key.
To hide objects, double-click on the icon for each object in the outline pane. To make them
visible, just double-click again. You can hide a whole section of the outline by clicking on the
minus sign to the left of the group in the outline pane. Hidden objects are not printed, but are
saved with the output file.
To rearrange objects, select the object (or group of objects) in either pane, and drag them until
the red arrow points to the object below which you want them to appear.
To export your output, you go through a special procedure. In the Output Viewer click File -
Export to invoke the Export dialog box. There are three main settings to look at. First, pick the
type of file to which you want to export: useful file types include Excel, PDF, PowerPoint, or
Word. Next, check that you are exporting as much of your output as you want, the Objects to
Export at the top of the dialog. If you have a part of your output selected, this option will default
to exporting just your selection, otherwise you typically will export all your visible output.
Finally, change the default file name to something meaningful, and save your file to a location
where you will be able to keep it, like your U:\ drive.

Once your options are set, click OK.
WORKING WITH THE SYNTAX EDITOR
The fundamental unit of work in the SPSS language is the command: think of commands as
analogous to well-formed sentences. In this language, commands begin with a keyword and end
with a period. Commands should begin in the leftmost column in the editor. If they are wrapped
onto more than one line, the continuing lines should begin with a blank space. Capitalization
does not matter. The Syntax Editor displays syntax that SPSS cannot interpret in red type.
Like the Output Editor, the Syntax Editor has two panes. The tables pane on the right is what is
actually saved in the .sps file.

Running syntax. To have SPSS actually carry out your command(s), you must run them. Click
Run, and then one of the menu options. There is also an icon on the Toolbar to run your
program, a right-facing triangle ("play"). You can run all the commands in the editor, or select a
group of commands and run just that (be careful that you highlight full commands, from the first
keyword through the final period). You can also run the current command, which is whatever
command the cursor is located within.
Pasting and running. From most dialog boxes you have the option of pasting commands
instead of simply running them. SPSS then writes the command into a Syntax Editor. The syntax
tends to be verbose, specifying many options that are the defaults - syntax you write yourself
tends to be much shorter and simpler. After you have pasted a command, you still need to run it
to get any output.

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
AIM: To return the Binomial Distribution probability of a specified number of successes out of a
specified number of trials using Excel BINOMDIST function.
DESCRIPTION: The syntax of the function is:
BINOMDIST( number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative )
where the arguments are as follows:
number_s - The number of successes that you want to calculate the probability for.
trials - The number of independent trials that are to be done.
probability_s - The probability of success in one trial.
cumulative - A logical argument that specifies whether you want to calculate the
cumulative distribution function or the probability mass function. This
argument can have the value TRUE or FALSE, meaning:
TRUE - use the cumulative distribution function;
FALSE - use the probability mass function.
Binomdist Function Examples
Example 1 - Binomial Distribution Probability Mass Function

Probability Mass Function for 100 Tosses of a Coin
The chart on the right shows the Binomial Distribution Probability Mass Function for 100 tosses
of a coin. The chart shows the probability that exactly x heads will be thrown from 100 tosses of
a coin.
In the spreadsheets below, the Excel Binomdist function is used to evaluate this function for
three different values of x.
Clearly, the probability of tossing a head on any one trial is 0.5, so this is input as the probability
argument to the functions.
Formulas: Results:
A A B
=BINOMDIST( 10, 100, 0.5, 1.36554E- - probability of exactly 10
1 FALSE ) 1 17 heads
=BINOMDIST( 50, 100, 0.5, 0.07958923 - probability of exactly 50
2 FALSE ) 2 7 heads
=BINOMDIST( 65, 100, 0.5, 0.00086385 - probability of exactly 65
3 FALSE ) 3 6 heads

Example 2 - Binomial Cumulative Distribution Function
Cumulative Distribution Function for 100 Tosses of a Coin
The chart on the right shows the Binomial Cumulative Distribution Function for 100 tosses of a
coin. The chart shows the probability that at most x heads will be thrown from 100 tosses of a
coin.
In the spreadsheets below, the Excel Binomdist function is used to evaluate the Cumulative
Distribution for three different values of x.
Once again, the probability of tossing a head on any one trial is 0.5, so this is input as the
probability_s argument.
Formulas: Results:
A A B
=BINOMDIST( 10, 100, 0.5, 1.53165E- - probability of at most 10
1 TRUE ) 1 17 heads
=BINOMDIST( 50, 100, 0.5, 0.53979461 - probability of at most 50
2 TRUE ) 2 9 heads
=BINOMDIST( 65, 100, 0.5, 0.99910503 - probability of at most 65
3 TRUE ) 3 5 heads

EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 18 Date:
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
AIM: to calculate the probability of a number of events occurring in a specified time period using
Poisson function.
DESCRIPTION: The Poisson distribution is a discrete probability function that is used to calculate
the probability of a number of events occurring in a specified time period.
The syntax of the function is:
POISSON( x, mean, cumulative )

Where the function arguments are:
x - The number of events that you want the probability for (must be ≥ 0).
This value should be an integer; If a decimal is supplied, it will be truncated to

an integer by Excel.
mean - The expected number of events (must be ≥ 0).
cumulative - A logical argument that specifies the type of distribution to be calculated.

This can be either:
TRUE - Use the cumulative distribution function
FALSE - Use the probability mass function

Poisson Function Examples
Example 1 - Poisson Probability Mass Function
Poisson Probability Mass Function with mean (λ) = 25
The chart on the right shows the the Poisson Probability Mass Function with an expected value
(mean) of 25.
If you want to use Excel to calculate the value of this function at x = 40, this can be done using
the Excel Poisson function, as follows:
=POISSON( 20, 25, FALSE )
This gives the result 0.051917469.
Example 2 - Cumulative Poisson Probability Function
Cumulative Poisson Probability Function with mean (λ) = 40
The chart on the right shows the the Cumulative Poisson Probability Function with an expected
value (mean) of 40.

If you want to use Excel to calculate the value of this function at x = 25, this can be done using
the Excel Poisson function, as follows:
=POISSON( 35, 40, TRUE )
Further information and examples of the Excel Poisson function are provided on the Microsoft
Office website.
Poisson Function Errors
If you get an error from the Excel Poisson function this is likely to be one of the following:
Common Errors
#NUM! - Occurs if either the supplied value of x, or the supplied mean is < 0.
#VALUE! - Occurs if any of the supplied arguments are non-numeric.

EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
AIM: To calculate the Exponential Distribution for the data given and draw the graph.
DESCRIPTION: The Exponential Distribution is a continuous probability distribution, which is

often used to model the time between events.
The probability density function for the Exponential Distribution is given by the formula:
and the Cumulative Exponential Distribution is given by the formula:
where x is the independant variable and λ is the parameter of the distribution.

The syntax of the Expon.Dist function is:
EXPON.DIST( x, lambda, cumulative )

where the function arguments are:
x - The value that the exponential distribution is to be evaluated at (must be ≥ 0).
lambda - The parameter of the distribution (must be > 0).
cumulative - A logical argument that specifies the type of distribution to be calculated. This
can have the value TRUE or FALSE, meaning:
TRUE - Calculate the cumulative distribution function
FALSE - Calculate the probability density function

EXPON.DIST FUNCTION EXAMPLES
Example 1 - Probability Density Function
Probability Density Exponential Distribution with λ = 0.5, 1 and 2
The chart above shows the probability density functions for the exponential distribution with the
parameter λ set to 0.5, 1, and 2.
If you want to calculate value of the function with λ = 1, at the value x=0.5, this can be done
using the Excel Expon.Dist function as follows:
=EXPONDIST( 0.5, 1, FALSE ) gives the result 0.60653066.
Example 2 - Cumulative Distribution Function
Cumulative Exponential Distribution with λ = 0.5, 1 and 2

The chart above shows the cumulative exponential distribution functions with the parameter λ
equal to 0.5, 1 and 2.
If you want to calculate value of the function with λ = 1, at the value x=0.5, this can be done
using the Excel Expon.Dist function as follows:
=EXPON.DIST( 0.5, 1, TRUE ) gives the result 0.39346934

EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 20 DATE:
WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION
AIM: To calculate the Weibull distribution and draw the graph.

DESCRIPTION: The Excel WEIBULL function calculates the Weibull Probability Density
Function or the Weibull Cumulative Distribution Function for a supplied set of parameters.
WEIBULL( x, alpha, beta, cumulative )
where the function arguments are:
x - The value at which the function is to be calculated (must be ≥ 0).
alpha - The Shape parameter to the distribution (must be > 0).
beta - The Scale parameter to the distribution (must be > 0).
cumulative - A logical argument which denotes the type of distribution to be used;
TRUE = Weibull Cumulative Distribution Function
FALSE = Weibull Probability Density Function

WEIBULL FUNCTION EXAMPLES
Example 1 - Weibull Probability Density Function
Weibull Probability Density Function with α = 3 and β = 1
The chart on the right shows the Weibull Probability Density Function with the shape parameter,
alpha set to 3 and the scale parameter, beta set to 1.
If you want to calculate the value of this function at x = 1, this can be done with the Excel
Weibull function, as follows:
=WEIBULL( 1, 3, 1, FALSE )
Example 2 - Weibull Cumulative Distribution Function
Weibull Cumulative Distribution Function with α = 5 and β = 1.5

The chart on the right shows the the Weibull Cumulative Distribution Function with the shape
parameter, alpha set to 5 and the scale parameter, beta set to 1.5.
If you want to use Excel to calculate the value of this function at x = 2, this can be done with the
Weibull function, as follows:
=WEIBULL( 2, 5, 1.5, TRUE )


NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
AIM: To demonstrate the use of Normal Distribution function.
DESCRIPTION: The Excel NORMDIST function calculates the Normal Probability Density
Function or the Cumulative Normal Distribution Function for a supplied set of parameters.
NORMDIST( x, mean, standard_dev, cumulative )
Where the function arguments are:
x - The value at which you want to evaluate the distribution function.
mean - The arithmetic mean of the distribution.
standard_dev - The standard deviation of the distribution.
cumulative - A logical argument which denotes the type of distribution to be used:
TRUE = Cumulative Normal Distribution Function
FALSE = Normal Probability Density Function

NORMDIST FUNCTION EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 - Normal Probability Density Function
Normal Probability Density Function with mean = 40, std. dev. = 20
The chart on the right shows the Normal Probability Density Function with a mean of 40 and a
standard deviation of 20. If you want to calculate the value of this function at x = 50, this can be
done using the Excel Normdist function, as follows:
=NORMDIST( 50, 40, 20, FALSE ). This gives the result 0.017603266.
EXAMPLE 2 - Cumulative Normal Distribution Function
Cumulative Normal Distribution Function with mean = 1, std. dev. = 0.3
The chart on the right shows the Cumulative Normal Distribution Function with a mean of 1 and
a standard deviation of 0.3. If you want to calculate the value of this function at x = 0.8, this can
be done using the Excel Normdist function, as follows:
=NORMDIST( 0.8, 1, 0.3, TRUE ). This gives the result 0.252492538.

BAR CHART
AIM: To create a Bar chart in Excel with the given data.
DESCRIPTION: To create a chart
 Select the data to appear to appear in the chart (with labels if relevant)
 Use the Insert tab and Charts Group and click on the relevant chart in this group.
As an example consider categorical data on 1997 U.S. Health Care Expenditures.

The data are in file healthexpendituresdata.csv
To create a column/ bar chart from the above
 Highlight the data and headings (here columns A1:B13)

 Select the Insert Tab and Charts group and click on Column Chart
 Select the first of the 2-D Column Charts (a clustered column chart).
This yields
For customizing,
 Select the Chart Title by clicking on Expenditures at the top of the chart.
 To change the font (size and type) right click and select font and make appropriate
changes in the Font dialog box.
 Change the name to 1997 U.S. Health Expenditures (in $billion).
 To eliminate the Expenditures entry at the right, clicking on Expenditures then right click
and select delete.
PIE CHART
AIM: To create a Pie chart for the above data.
DESCRIPTION: To create a pie chart from the above

 Highlight the data and headings (here columns A1:B13)
 Select the Insert Tab and Charts group and click on Pie Chart
 Select the second of the 2-D Pie Charts (an exploded pie chart).
This yields
CUSOMIZING
The resulting pie chart lacks al the category names and it might be helpful to include the
percentage breakdown.
To get all category names
 Select the legend area by clicking on the legend.

 Move the legend up to the top of the figure.
 At the middle of the bottom drag on the box in the middle.
We obtain
To get the percentage breakdown
 Select the main chart area by clicking in the main chart area.
 Right-click to get the following dialog box.
 Click on Add Data Labels which gives the values of the expenditures (not percentages).
 Right click in the main chart area which gives the above dialog box with the extra entry
Format Data Labels.
 Click on format Data Labels and in the Format Data Labels dialog box deselect Value
and select Percentage.
Select close and we obtain
MEAN
AIM: Computing Mean /Average Function for the data in Excel (Mean).
DESCRIPTION: One of the most used statistical functions in Excel is Average. Calculating the
Average in Excel is much simpler than it was in the school. Simply use the Average function and
select the range which needs to be averaged. In the example below we want to know the average
of the marks obtained by the students so we use =AVERAGE(B2:B12).
MEDIAN
AIM: To calcul;ate Median for the data in Excel.
DESCRIPTION: Median is a function which is used to find the middle number in a given
range of numbers. When you are finding median manually, you need to sort the data in an
ascending order but in Excel, you can simply use the Median function and select the range and
you will find your median. We take the same example as above to find the median of marks
obtained by students. So we use =MEDIAN(B2:B12).
MODE
AIM: To calcul;ate MODE for the given data set in Excel.
DESCRIPTION: Mode helps you to find out the value that occurs most number of times.
When you are working on a large amount of data, this function can be a lot of help. To find the
most occurring value in Excel, use the MODE function and select the range you want to find the
mode of. In our example below, we use =MODE(B2:B12) and since 2 students have scored 55
we get the answer as 55.
STANDARD DEVIATION
AIM: To calculate Standard Deviation for the given data set.
DESCRIPTION: Standard deviation in Excel helps you to understand, how much your
values deviate from the Average or Mean that is it tells you that whether your data is somewhere
close to the average or fluctuates a lot. If the value received is on the higher side then that means
that your data has a lot of fluctuations and vice versa. To calculate standard deviation in excel we
use STDEV function. In the same example we shall use the STDEV function so our formula will
be =STDEV(B2:B12). Our answer is around 20 which indicates that the marks of the students
fluctuates a lot.
CORRELATION
AIM: To calculate Standard Deviation for the given data set.
DESCRIPTION:

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LAB MANUAL

MBA III SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 1

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 2

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 3

Customizing the Excel 2007 Quick Access Toolbar

Add buttons to the Quick Access toolbar

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 4

Add non-Ribbon commands to the Quick Access toolbar

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 5

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 6

Experiment Number: 2 Date:

Creating and Using Templates

1. Click the Office button and choose Save As.

3. In the Save as Type drop-down list, select Excel Template (*.xltx).

4. 5Click the Save button.

Steps to access the template:

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 8

a) Drag-and-drop is the fastest method of moving and copying data in a worksheet.

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 9

b) Move Data using Cut & Paste

1. Open the worksheet you want to modify.

c) Copy Data using Copy & Paste

To copy the entire content of a cell using the Edit menu:

1. Open the worksheet you want to modify.

The information is in the original cell is placed in the destination cell.

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 10

Drag-and-drop is another way to move data around in the worksheet.

e) Copy Data using the Drag & Drop method

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 11

EXPERIMENT NUMBER:4 DATE:

Formatting Data, Saving, Page Setup, and Printing

AIM: To demonstrate the following in Excel:

1. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Cell Styles.

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 12

Steps to select a cell or a range

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 13

To select the entire worksheet, you can also press CTRL+A.

Note: If the worksheet contains data, CTRL+A selects the

Note: You cannot cancel the selection of a cell or range of cells

An entire row or column

You can also select cells in a row or column by selecting the

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 14

Note: If the row or column contains data,

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 15

8. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Cell Styles.

Steps to use Format Painter to apply a highlight to other cells

Page tab options

Orientation Choose between landscape and portrait.

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 16

Margins tab options

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 17

Sheet tab options

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 18

Print a worksheet or workbook

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 19

Print a partial or entire worksheet or workbook

1. Do one of the following:

Keyboard shortcut You can also press CTRL+P.

Print several worksheets at once

1. Select the worksheets that you want to print.

Dr. Anitha Cuddapah, Associate Professor, Dept. of MCA, CREC Page 20

2. Click File, and then click Print.