ABSTRACT

Apple manufactures portable devices like the iconic ipod, ipod touch, iphones & the
latest addition in its arsenal is the tablet computer called ipad.Apple has been voted the most
technologically valuable company of the silicon valley. They constantly come up with
innovative ideas to make electronic mobile devices more and more powerful in the most
simplest way. For example they have filed more than 200 patent applications just related to
the technology behind the iPhone.The apple devices has also inspired several leading high-
tech clones. They make some very good hardware and couple it with simple stable codes to
come up with trendy and stylish gadgets. In this process apple has bred a customer base that
is loyal and Knowledgeable, they know exactly what they are paying for.Here we shall see
what makes apple devices stand out above the rest. We shall see the technologies that have
contributed to the success of their devices.

1
 CONTENT
Chapter Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT 1

LIST OF FIGURES 3

1. INTRODUCTION 4

2. ACCELEROMETER 5

2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Principle 5

2.3 Structure and working 6

3. GYROSCOPE 8
3.1 Introduction 8
3.2 Principle 9
3.3 Structure and working 10

4. MULTI TOUCH 14

4.1 Introduction 14
4.2 Principle 14
4.3 Structure and working 15

5. APPLICATIONS 22

5.1 Accelerometer 22
5.2 Gyroscope 26
5.3 Multi Touch 27

2
 6. CONCLUSION 28

7. REFERENCE 29

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No. Description Page

FIG 2.1 Block diagram of a LIS302DL 6

FIG 3.1 A Gyroscope 8

FIG 3.2 Roll Pitch and Yaw 9

FIG 3.3 Model of gyroscope 10

FIG 3.4(a) Gyroscope is spinning on its axis. 11

FIG 3.4(b) Force applied to rotate the spin axis. 11

FIG 3.4(c) reaction perpendicular to the input force. 11

FIG 3.5 Motion of the two identified points 12

FIG 3.6 As the two points rotate, they continue their motion 13

FIG 4.1 The structure 15

FIG 4.2 Mutual capacitance screen 17

FIG 4.3 Self capacitance screen 18

FIG 4.4 The Flowchart 19

FIG 4.5 The detection of a touch 20

3
FIG 4.6 Detailed flowchart 21

CHAPTETR 1
INTRODUCTION

Apple manufactures portable devices like the iconic ipod, ipod touch, iphones & the latest
addition in its arsenal is the tablet computer called ipad. Apple has been voted the most
technologically valuable company of the silicon valley. They constantly come up with
innovative ideas to make electronic mobile devices more and more powerful in the most
simplest way. Coming to innovation they have filed more than 200 patent applications just
related to the technology behind the iPhone.

The apple devices have also inspired several leading high-tech clones. They make some very
good hardware and couple it with simple stable codes to come up with trendy and stylish
gadgets.In this process apple has bred a customer base that is loyal and knowledgeable, they
know exactly what they are paying for.Here we shall see what makes apple devices stand out
above the rest. We shall see the technologies that have contributed to the success of their
devices.

We shall see the technologies that have contributed to the success of their devices.

1. Accelerometer
2. Gyroscope
3. Multi touch

4
5
 CHAPTER 2
ACCELEROMETER

2.1 INTRODUCTION
An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration, the acceleration experienced
relative to freefall.

Single- and multi-axis models are available to detect magnitude and direction of the
acceleration as a vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation, acceleration, vibration
shock, and falling. Micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable
electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the position of the device or provide
for game input.

2.2 PRINCIPLE

An accelerometer measures proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences

relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. At any point in
spacetime the equivalence principle guarantees the existence of a local inertial frame, and an
accelerometer measures the acceleration relative to that frame. Such accelerations are
popularly measured in terms of g-force.

An accelerometer at rest relative to the Earth's surface will indicate approximately 1 g

upwards, because any point on the Earth's surface is accelerating upwards relative to the local
inertial frame (the frame of a freely falling object near the surface). To obtain the acceleration
due to motion with respect to the Earth, this "gravity offset" must be subtracted.

Einstein's equivalence principle :

It states that the effects of gravity on an object are indistinguishable from acceleration. When
held fixed in a gravitational field by, for example, applying a ground reaction force or an
equivalent upward thrust, the reference frame for an accelerometer (its own casing)
accelerates upwards with respect to a free-falling reference frame.

6
The effects of this acceleration are indistinguishable from any other acceleration experienced
by the instrument, so that an accelerometer cannot detect the difference between sitting in a
rocket on the launch pad, and being in the same rocket in deep space while it uses its engines
to accelerate at 1 g.

For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall This includes
use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth,
an airplane in a parabolic "zero-g" arc, or any free-fall in vacuum. Another example is free-
fall at a sufficiently high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected.

However this does not include a (non-free) fall in which air resistance produces drag forces
that reduce the acceleration, until constant terminal velocity is reached. At terminal velocity
the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards. For the same reason a skydiver,
upon reaching terminal velocity, does not feel as though he or she were in "free-fall", but
rather experiences a feeling similar to being supported (at 1 g) on a "bed" of uprushing air.

SI unit - metres per second per second (m/s2), cgs unit - gal (Gal)or popularly in terms of g-
force(g).

2.3 STRUCTURE & WORKING

7
FIG 2.1 Block diagram of a LIS302DL

Accelerometer behaves as a damped mass on a spring. When the accelerometer experiences

an acceleration, the mass is displaced to the point that the spring is able to accelerate the mass
at the same rate as the casing. The displacement is then measured to give the acceleration.

Under the influence of external accelerations the proof mass deflects from its neutral position.
This deflection is measured in an analog or digital manner. Most commonly, the capacitance
between a set of fixed beams and a set of beams attached to the proof mass is measured. This
method is simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Integrating piezoresistors in the springs to detect
spring deformation, and thus deflection, is a good alternative

Thermal Accelerometers - less common, type of MEMS-based accelerometer contains a

small heater at the bottom of a very small dome, which heats the air inside the dome to cause
it to rise. A thermocouple on the dome determines where the heated air reaches the dome and
the deflection off the center is a measure of the acceleration applied to the sensor.

Most micromechanical accelerometers operate in-plane, that is, they are designed to be
sensitive only to a direction in the plane of the die. By integrating two devices

8
perpendicularly on a single die a two-axis accelerometer can be made. By adding an
additional out-of-plane device three axes can be measured. Such a combination always has a
much lower misalignment error than three discrete models combined after packaging.

Micromechanical accelerometers are available in a wide variety of measuring ranges,

reaching up to thousands of g's. The designer must make a compromise between sensitivity
and the maximum acceleration that can be measured.

CHAPTER 3
GYROSCOPE

3.1 INTRODUCTION
A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation A mechanical gyroscope is
essentially a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any orientation. Gyroscopes
can be very perplexing objects because they move in peculiar ways and even seem to defy
gravity. These special properties make gyroscopes extremely important in everything from
your bicycle to the advanced navigation system on the space shuttle. A typical airplane uses
about a dozen gyroscopes in everything from its compass to its autopilot

9
FIG 3.1 A Gyroscope

10
FIG 3.2 Roll Pitch and Yaw

3.2 PRINCIPLE
They are based on the principles of conservation of angular momentum. This is the gravity-
defying part of a gyroscope This mysterious effect is precession.

Precision
Pecession works like this: If you have a spinning gyroscope and you try to rotate its spin axis,
the gyroscope will instead try to rotate about an axis at right angles to your force axis.

11
Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the electronic, microchip-
packaged MEMS gyroscope devices found in consumer electronic devices, solid state ring
lasers and fibre optic gyroscopes, and the extremely sensitive quantum gyroscope.

3.3 STRUCTURE & WORKING

FIG 3.3 Model of gyroscope

A gyroscope in operation with

freedom in all three axes. The rotor
will maintain its spin axis direction
regardless of the orientation of the
outer frame.

A torque τ applied perpendicular to the

axis of rotation, and therefore
perpendicular to L, results in a rotation
about an axis perpendicular to both τ
and L. This motion is called
precession.

The axle of the spinning wheel defines

the spin axis. The inner gimbal possesses two degrees of rotational freedom and its axis
possesses one. The rotor is journaled to spin about an axis which is always perpendicular to
the axis of the inner gimbal. So, the rotor possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and
its axis possesses two. The wheel responds to a force applied about the input axis by a
reaction force about the output axis.

The Cause of Precession

Why should a gyroscope display this behavior? It seems totally nonsensical that the bicycle
wheel's axle can hang in the air like that. If you think about what is actually happening to the
different sections of the gyroscope as it rotates, however, you can see that this behavior is
completely normal!

12
 FIG 3.4(a), the gyroscope is spinning on its axis.
FIG 3.4(b), a force is applied to try to rotate the spin axis.
FIG 3.4(c), the gyroscope is reacting to the input force along an
axis perpendicular to the input force.

Let's look at two small sections of the gyroscope as it is rotating -- the top and the bottom,
like this:

13
 FIG 3.5 As forces are applied to the axle, the two points
identified will attempt to move in the indicated
directions.

When the force is applied to the axle, the section at the top of the gyroscope will try to move
to the left, and the section at the bottom of the gyroscope will try to move to the right, as
shown. If the gyroscope is not spinning, then the wheel flops over, as shown in the video on
the previous page. If the gyroscope is spinning, think about what happens to these two
sections of the gyroscope: Newton's first law of motion states that a body in motion
continues to move at a constant speed along a straight line unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force. So the top point on the gyroscope is acted on by the force applied to the
axle and begins to move toward the left. It continues trying to move leftward because of
Newton's first law of motion. This effect is the cause of precession. The different sections of
the gyroscope receive forces at one point but then rotate to new positions! When the section
at the top of the gyro rotates 90 degrees to the side, it continues in its desire to move to the
left. The same holds true for the section at the bottom -- it rotates 90 degrees to the side and it
continues in its desire to move to the right.

14
 FIG 3.6 As the two points rotate, they continue their
motion.

These forces rotate the wheel in the precession direction. As the identified points continue to
rotate 90 more degrees, their original motions are cancelled. So the gyroscope's axle hangs in
the air and precesses. When you look at it this way you can see that precession isn't
mysterious at all -- it is totally in keeping with the laws of physics!

A gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the
output gimbals are of a free- or fixed- configuration. Examples of some free-output-gimbal
devices would be the attitude reference gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll
and yaw attitude angles in a spacecraft or aircraft.

The center of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position. The rotor simultaneously spins
about one axis and is capable of oscillating about the two other axes, and thus, except for its
inherent resistance due to rotor spin, it is free to turn in any direction about the fixed point.
Some gyroscopes have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements,
e.g., the spinning rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of being pivotally mounted in
gimbals. A control moment gyroscope (CMG) is an example of a fixed-output-gimbal device
that is used on spacecraft to hold or maintain a desired attitude angle or pointing direction
using the gyroscopic resistance force.

In some special cases, the outer gimbal (or its equivalent) may be omitted so that the rotor has
only two degrees of freedom. In other cases, the center of gravity of the rotor may be offset
from the axis of oscillation, and thus the center of gravity of the rotor and the center of
suspension of the rotor may not coincide

15
 CHAPTER 4
MULTITOUCH

4.1 INTRODUCTION

On touchscreen displays, multi-touch refers to the ability to simultaneously register

three or more distinct positions of input touches.

Multi-touch is implemented in several different ways, depending on the size and type of
interface. Both touchtables and touch walls project an image through acrylic or glass, and
then back-light the image with LEDs.

How is it different from others -

 Many systems detect changes along an axis or in a specific direction instead of at each
point on the screen.
 Some screens rely on system-wide averages to determine touch locations.
 Some systems take measurements by first establishing a baseline. When you touch the
screen, you create a new baseline. Adding another touch causes the system to take a
measurement using the wrong baseline as a starting point.

The Apple iPhone is different -- many of the elements of its multi-touch user interface
require you to touch multiple points on the screen simultaneously. For example, you can
zoom in to Web pages or pictures by placing your thumb and finger on the screen and
spreading them apart. To zoom back out, you can pinch your thumb and finger together. The
iPhone's touch screen is able to respond to both touch points and their movements
simultaneously.

4.2 PRINCIPLE

Capacitive sensing
Apple devices use capacitive sensing to realize multi touch. The iPhone's capacitors are
arranged according to a coordinate system. Its circuitry can sense changes at each point along
the grid. In other words, every point on the grid generates its own signal when touched and

16
relays that signal to the iPhone's processorMulti-touch is implemented in several different
ways, depending on the size and type of interface. Both touchtables and touch walls project
an image through acrylic or glass, and then back-light the image with LEDs. When a finger or
an object touches the surface, causing the light to scatter, the reflection is caught with sensors
or cameras that send the data to software which dictates response to the touch, depending on
the type of reflection measured.

Touch surfaces can also be made pressure-sensitive by the addition of a pressure-sensitive

coating that flexes differently depending on how firmly it is pressed, altering the reflection
Handheld technologies use a panel that carries an electrical charge. When a finger touches the
screen, the touch disrupts the panel's electrical field. The disruption is registered and sent to
the software, which then initiates a response to the gesture

4.3 STRUCTURE & WORKING

FIG 4.1 The structure

Electronic devices can use lots of different methods to detect a person's input on a touch-
screen. Most of them use sensors and circuitry to monitor changes in a particular state. Many,

17
including the iPhone, monitor changes in electrical current. Others monitor changes in the
reflection of waves. These can be sound waves or beams of near-infrared light. A few
systems use transducers to measure changes in vibration caused when your finger hits the
screen's surface or cameras to monitor changes in light and shadow.

The basic idea is pretty simple -- when you place your finger or a stylus on the screen, it
changes the state that the device is monitoring. In screens that rely on sound or light waves,
your finger physically blocks or reflects some of the waves. Capacitive touch-screens use a
layer of capacitive material to hold an electrical charge; touching the screen changes the
amount of charge at a specific point of contact. In resistive screens, the pressure from your
finger causes conductive and resistive layers of circuitry to touch each other, changing the
circuits' resistance.

To allow people to use touch commands that require multiple fingers, the iPhone uses a new
arrangement of existing technology. Its touch-sensitive screen includes a layer of capacitive
material, just like many other touch-screens. However, the iPhone's capacitors are arranged
according to a coordinate system. Its circuitry can sense changes at each point along the grid.
In other words, every point on the grid generates its own signal when touched and relays that
signal to the iPhone's processor. This allows the phone to determine the location and
movement of simultaneous touches in multiple locations. Because of its reliance on this
capacitive material, the iPhone works only if you touch it with your fingertip -- it won't work
if you use a stylus or wear non-conductive gloves.

The iPhone's screen detects touch through one of two methods: Mutual capacitance or self
capacitance.

 mutual capacitance, the capacitive circuitry requires two distinct layers of material.
One houses driving lines, which carry current, and the other houses sensing lines,
which detect the current at nodes.

18
FIG 4.2 mutual capacitance touch-screen contains a grid of sensing lines and driving
lines to determine where the user is touching.

19
 FIG 4.3 self capacitance screen contains sensing circuits and electrodes to determine
where a user is touching.

Self capacitance uses one layer of individual electrodes connected with capacitance-sensing
circuitry.

20
Both of these possible setups send touch data as electrical impulses.Each touch producing a
different electric pulse.

FIG 4.4 The Flowchart

21
Processor & software

The processor and software are central to correctly interpreting input from the touch-screen.
The capacitive material sends raw touch-location data to the iPhone's processor. The
processor uses software located in the iPhone's memory to interpret the raw data as
commands and gestures. Here's what happens:

1. Signals travel from the touch screen to the processor as electrical impulses.

2. The processor uses software to analyze the data and determine the features of each
touch. This includes size, shape and location of the affected area on the screen. If
necessary, the processor arranges touches with similar features into groups. If you
move your finger, the processor calculates the difference between the starting point
and ending point of your touch.

3. The processor uses its gesture-interpretation software to determine which gesture you
made. It combines your physical movement with information about which application
you were using and what the application was doing when you touched the screen.

4. The processor relays your instructions to the program in use. If necessary, it also
sends commands to the iPhone's screen and other hardware. If the raw data doesn't
match any applicable gestures or commands, the iPhone disregards it as an extraneous
touch.

22
 FIG 4.5 the detection of a touch

FIG 4.6 Detailed flowchart

23
All these steps happen in an instant -- you see changes in the screen based on your input
almost instantly. This process allows you to access and use all of the iPhone's applications
with your fingers.

CHAPTER 5

APPLICATIONS

5.1 ACCELEROMETER

Engineering
Accelerometers can be used to measure vehicle acceleration. They allow for performance
evaluation of both the engine/drive train and the braking systems Useful numbers like 0-
60 mph, 60-0 mph and 1/4 mile times can all be found using accelerometers.

Accelerometers can be used to measure vibration on cars, machines, buildings, process

control systems and safety installations. They can also be used to measure seismic activity,
inclination, machine vibration, dynamic distance and speed with or without the influence of
gravity.

Notebook computers equipped with accelerometers can contribute to the Quake-Catcher

Network. QCN is a BOINC project aimed at scientific research of earthquakes.

Biology
Accelerometers are also increasingly used in the Biological Sciences. Studying behavioral
patterns while animals are out of sight. Helps researchers to quantify the rate at which an
animal is expending energy in the wild, by either determination of limb-stroke frequency or
measures such as Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration. This device can be connected to an
amplifier to amplify the signal.

Industry - Machinery Health Monitoring

Accelerometers are also used for machinery health monitoring of rotating equipment such as
pumps, fans, rollers, compressors, and cooling towers. Vibration monitoring programs are
proven to save money, reduce downtime, and improve safety in plants worldwide by
detecting conditions such as shaft misalignment, rotor imbalance, gear failure or bearing fault
which can lead to costly repairs.

Building and structural monitoring

Accelerometers are used to measure the motion and vibration of a structure that is exposed to
dynamic loads. Dynamic loads originate from a variety of sources including:

24
  Human activities - walking, running, dancing or skipping
 Working machines - inside a building or in the surrounding area
 Construction work - driving piles, demolition, drilling and excavating
 Moving loads on bridges
 Vehicle collisions
 Impact loads - falling debris
 Concussion loads - internal and external explosions
 Collapse of structural elements
 Wind loads and wind gusts
 Earthquakes and aftershocks

Measuring and recording how a structure responds to these inputs is critical for assessing the
safety and viability of a structure. This type of monitoring is called Dynamic Monitoring.

Medical applications
To measure the depth of CPR chest compressions.

Within the last several years, Nike, Polar and other companies have produced and marketed
sports watches for runners that include footpods, containing accelerometers to help determine
the speed and distance for the runner wearing the unit.
In Belgium, accelerometer-based step counters are promoted by the government to encourage
people to walk a few thousand steps each day.

Herman Digital Trainer uses accelerometers to measure strike force in physical training.

Navigation
An Inertial Navigation System (INS) is a navigation aid that uses a computer and motion
sensors (accelerometers) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position,
orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the
need for external references. Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or
closely related devices include inertial guidance system, inertial reference platform, and
many other variations.

Transport

Accelerometers are used to detect apogee in both professional and in amateur rocketry.
Accelerometers are also being used in Intelligent Compaction rollers. Accelerometers are
used alongside gyroscopes in inertial guidance systems.
One of the most common uses for MEMS accelerometers is in airbag deployment systems
for modern automobiles. In this case the accelerometers are used to detect the rapid negative
acceleration of the vehicle to determine when a collision has occurred and the severity of the
collision. Another common automotive use is in electronic stability control systems, which

25
use a lateral accelerometer to measure cornering forces. The widespread use of
accelerometers in the automotive industry has pushed their cost down dramatically Another
automotive application is the monitoring of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH),
conditions that cause discomfort for drivers and passengers and may also be indicators of
mechanical faults.
Tilting trains use accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate the required tilt.

Consumer electronics
Accelerometers are increasingly being incorporated into personal electronic devices.

a. Motion input : Some smartphones, digital audio players and PDA contain
accelerometers for user interface control; often the accelerometer is used to present
landscape or portrait views of the device's screen, based on the way the device is
being held.

Smartphones can download an Automatic Collision Notification (ACN) app such as My-
911. The phone's accelerometer detects crash-strength G-forces and automatically calls for
assistance unless manually cancelled.

 Nintendo's Wii video game console uses a controller called a Wii Remote that contains a
three-axis accelerometer and was designed primarily for motion input. Users also have the
option of buying an additional motion-sensitive attachment, the Nunchuk, so that motion
input could be recorded from both of the user's hands independently.

The Sony PlayStation 3 uses the DualShock 3 remote which uses a six-axis accelerometer
that can be used to make steering more realistic in racing games, such as Motorstorm and
Burnout Paradise.
Tap gestures can be used for controlling the music player and the sport application, for
example to change to next song by tapping through clothing when the device is in a pocket

b. Orientation sensing : A number of modern notebook computers feature

accelerometers to automatically align the screen depending on the direction the device
is held, i.e. switching between portrait and landscape modes. This feature is relevant
in Tablet PCs and some smartphones and digital cameras

For example, Apple uses an LIS302DL 

accelerometer in the iPhone, iPod Touch and the 4th&5th generation iPod Nano allowing the
device to know when it is tilted on its side. Third-party developers have expanded its use with
fanciful applications such as electronic bobbleheads. The BlackBerry Storm and Storm 2
Touchscreen phones also incorporate this orientation sensing feature.

The Nokia N95 and Nokia N82 have accelerometers embedded inside them. It was primarily
used as a tilt sensor for tagging the orientation to photos taken with the built-in camera, later
thanks to a firmware update it became possible to use it in other applications.

26
As of January 2009, almost all new mobile phones and digital cameras such as Canon's
PowerShot and Ixus range contain at least a tilt sensor (sometimes an accelerometer) for the
purpose of auto image rotation, motion-sensitive mini-games, and to correct shake when
taking photographs.

c. Image stabilization : Camcorders use accelerometers for image stabilization. Still

cameras use accelerometers for anti-blur capturing. The camera holds off snapping the
CCD "shutter" when the camera is moving. When the camera is still (if only for a
millisecond, as could be the case for vibration), the CCD is "snapped". An example
application which has used such technology is the Glogger VS2, a phone application
which runs on Symbian OS based phone with accelerometer such as Nokia N96.
Some digital cameras, contain accelerometers to determine the orientation of the
photo being taken and also for rotating the current picture when viewing.

Device integrity

Many laptops feature an accelerometer, such as Lenovo's (formerly IBM's) Active Protection
System, Apple's Sudden Motion Sensor and HP's 3D DriveGuard, which is used to detect
drops. If a drop is detected, the heads of the hard disk are parked to avoid data loss and
possible head or disk damage by the ensuing shock.

27
5.2 GYROSCOPE

Applications of gyroscopes include navigation (INS) when magnetic compasses do not work
(as in the Hubble telescope) or are not precise enough (as in ICBMs) or for the stabilization
of flying vehicles like radio-controlled helicopters or UAVs. Due to higher precision,
gyroscopes are also used to maintain direction in tunnel mining

 The effect of all this is that, once you spin a gyroscope, its axle wants to keep pointing
in the same direction. If you mount the gyroscope in a set of gimbals so that it can
continue pointing in the same direction, it will. This is the basis of the gyro-compass.
 If you mount two gyroscopes with their axles at right angles to one another on a
platform, and place the platform inside a set of gimbals, the platform will remain
completely rigid as the gimbals rotate in any way they please. This is this basis of
inertial navigation systems (INS).

In an INS, sensors on the gimbals' axles detect when the platform rotates. The INS uses those
signals to understand the vehicle's rotations relative to the platform. If you add to the
platform a set of three sensitive accelerometers, you can tell exactly where the vehicle is
heading and how its motion is changing in all three directions.

 With this information, an airplane's autopilot can keep the plane on course.
 The above is also used in a rocket's guidance system to insert the rocket into a desired
orbit!
 A MEMS gyroscope takes the idea of the Foucault pendulum and uses a vibrating
element, known as a MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System). The MEMS-based
gyro was initially made practical and producible by Systron Donner Inertial (SDI).
Today, SDI is a large manufacturer of MEMS gyroscopes.

28
5.3 MULTI TOUCH

 Multi touch is the input source in the ipod touch ,iphone, & ipad.It can be used to
give input to the virtual keyboard. To play music. To zoom into maps.To do
everything that we do through a keyboard or mouse.

 Jeff Hans’s much touted surface computer uses multi touch to browse through
photos, and to give presentations sitting in comfort of your couch.

 It’s simplicity to use makes it a potential learning tool for children. It makes learning
more interactive for them. For example if a child is to be taught what animals make
what sound, then traditionally we would make him mug up, but in the child could try
a prank by pinching the animal, which will then make a sound and then the child tries
to imitate.

 It is as potential as the mighty mouse. Today if we imagine using a computer without

a mouse then it would probably become a nightmatre experience. Because a mouse
makes interaction way better than only a keyboard. Similarily a multi touch system is
a step further. It is a very interactive input method and a more natural way of giving a
input or command.

 Multi-touch undoubtedly is the best input method for large displays / screens. What
we mostly see is large displays projected from a projector and controlled from the
laptop or computer. But with multi touch more and more use of self supported
electronic boards / presentation boards are expected, since multi touch can simplify
giving inputs to the large screens.

29
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

The apple touch tells us how apple has been instrumental in changing our lives both
directly though their revolutionary devices or indirectly by bringing in a usher of rapid
change and acting as a catalyst for other technology companies.

30
 CHAPTER 9
REFERENCE

1. Search engines – www.google.com

www.ask.com

2. Electronics portal – en.wikipedia.org/wiki/portal:electronics

3. Electronics For You
4. Chip magazine

31