A Report on

INTERPERSONAL SOCIAL THEORY

As a partial requirement for the subject (NSG 204)

Psychiatric Concepts in Nursing

Submitted By:

Juhlyn Mae M. Makilang, RN, LPT

Submitted To:

Reca Rose Egano-Tuban, RN, MAN, MIB

December 2018
OBJECTIVES
During the discussion we should be able to:
 Recognize what are the influences that resulted to the formulation of these
theories
 Know oneself better through understanding and application of interpersonal and
social theories
 Participate in the discussion actively
ACTIVITY
 Instruction:
For 5 minutes answer honestly the following questions on the left side of the
worksheets provided
During the discussion fill-out the remaining boxes on the right side
REPORTING
ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937)
 Life Story
He was the second child of 7 siblings and he always felt that he is inferior to his
older brother because he was sickly, unattractive and ugly that is why his brother
was more favored than him. He almost died due to pneumonia and after
surviving that illness he decided to become a doctor someday. Later on he
become a doctor in psychology and worked in the circus to observe their
behavior and discovered inferiority in some of the talents. He became a famous
theorist and married a socialist woman. Then he became a colleague of Freud
and built an organization but later on they had different point of views on
behavior and personality so they separated ways. He decided to become a
lecturer and travelled to different places but unfortunately due to pressure and
stress he died of a heart attack abroad.
 Theory
His theory is called individual psychology where he quoted:
“People can create their own personalities and lifestyle to achieve their heights goals”
(Adler viewed behavior as a primary goal directed and consciously chosen rather than
predetermined by the unconscious mind or biological drive)
He said that there is a drive or motivating force behind all our behavior and
experience which can be unhealthy(towards self) or healthy (for everyone):
a. Striving for Perfection– the desire to fulfill our potentials and come closer and
closer to our ideals (desire to be better)
Ex. Being motivated to study hard to get highest grades (self)
Ex. Being motivated to graduate college to be able to help ones family(others)
b. Aggression Drive- the reaction we have when other drives are not met
Ex. Being motivated to loose weight due to a heart break
c. Compensation- striving to overcome if the drives are not met even after the
aggression drive
Ex. Being motivated to win the basketball due to failing grades

 Structure of personality
1. Birth order
Eldest
 Firstborns are natural leaders. Taking the lead from their parents, they like
taking charge and want everything to be just right. This may also mean they
struggle to admit when they are wrong.
Typically reliable and conscientious, firstborns are often perfectionists who
don't like surprises. Although firstborns are usually aggressive and confident,
many are also people pleasers with a strong need for approval from anyone in
charge. They may have the greatest problems as they get older

Youngest
The lastborn or “baby” of the family usually benefits most from the fact that by the
time they come around, parents are more comfortable and experienced when it
comes to the art of parenting.

Last borns "shoulder less responsibility, so they tend to be more carefree,

easygoing, fun-loving, affectionate and sociable, and they like to make people
laugh," says Leman.

He adds, however, that while last borns may be charming, they have the potential
to be manipulative, spoiled or babied to the point of helplessness. They are also
the most financially irresponsible and can turn rebellious, with an “I’ll show them!”
attitude, as they tend to view their elder siblings as faster, stronger, bigger and
smarter. They are more likely to experience personality problems and are always
feeling inferior from others.

Middle
Middle-born kids are the most difficult to pin down, because while they are
guaranteed to be opposite of their older sibling, that difference can manifest in
many ways. Middle kids will usually develop skills and interests different from
those shared by the family, and prioritize friends and peer groups since they
often feel they do not have a special place within the family.

Middle children often feel that they receive the least attention, which can make
them insecure and secretive; however, it also makes them more independent,
inventive and resourceful. They can usually read people well, and often act as
mediators or peacemakers since their “middle” role allows them to see all sides
of a situation. Seeking superiority through healthy competition

Only boy/girl/child
According to Leman, only children are "Super Firstborns" or “firstborns in
triplicate.” They share many of the same traits as firstborns and frequently
shoulder parents' high expectations. Thus, they tend to be even more
responsible and even bigger perfectionists. They also tend to struggle more with
criticism.
 Only children are often confident, well spoken and tend to do well at school. They
are also likely to use their imagination more than other children, and usually get
along better with people older than themselves.

2. First memories – these recollections are evidence of the origins of ones

lifestyle

3. Dream analysis – is a method wherein a persons dreams are used to

provide a way of dealing with the persons life problems
Dreams About Falling
Businessman jumping in air, skyscrapers in background, low angle view
Michael H/Getty Images
Dreams about falling from great heights are very common. While there is a popular
myth that if you hit the ground in your dream you will die in real life, it simply is not true.
So what exactly could dreams about falling really mean?

According to many popular dream interpretations, falling dreams are a sign that
something in your life isn't going well. It might suggest that you need to rethink a choice
or consider a new direction in some area of your life.

"Dreaming of falling is very common. It is a symbol of fear in real life - perhaps of failing
at work or in your love life," claims Russell Grant, author of The Illustrated Dream
Dictionary. "Falling often expresses a need to let yourself go more and enjoy life more."

3
Dreams About Being Chased
Dreaming about being chased
Didier Robcis/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Dreams that feature being pursued by a known or unknown attacker can be particularly
terrifying. But what do these dreams say about what's going on inside your mind?
Dream interpreters often suggest that such dreams mean that you are trying to avoid
something in your daily life.

Tony Crisp, author of Dream Dictionary, suggests that being chased in a dream might
indicate a desire to escape from your own fears or desires.

The key to understanding what such a dream might mean depends partly on the identity
of your pursuer. Being chased by an animal might indicate that you are hiding from your
own anger, passions, and other feelings.

If your pursuer is a mysterious, unknown figure, it might represent a childhood

experience or past trauma. If you are being chased by someone of the opposite sex,
Crisp suggests that it means you are afraid of love or haunted by a past relationship.

4
Dreams About Losing Teeth
Dreams about missing teeth
Dimitri Otis/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Penny Peirce, author of Dream Dictionary for Dummies, suggests that dreaming about
losing teeth can have multiple meanings. It might mean that you are worried about your
attractiveness or appearance. It might also indicate that you are concerned about your
ability to communicate or concerned that you might have said something embarrassing.

"The real essence of teeth is their ability to bite through, to cut, tear, and grind," she
explains. "If your teeth fall out, you lose personal power and your ability to be assertive,
decisive, and self-protective."

5
Dreams About Dying
Dreaming about death
Malcolm MacGregor/Moment/Getty Images
Death is another common subject of dreams and one that can be particularly
disconcerting. Dreamers sometimes dream of the death of a loved one or even dream
of dying themselves. Popular dream interpretations sometimes suggest that such
dreams reflect anxiety about change or a fear of the unknown.

"Like death, change can be scary because – also like death – we do not know what is
'on the other side,' of the change, which is why the dreaming mind equates change with
death," suggests Lauri Loewenberg in her book Dream on It: Unlock Your Dreams,
Change Your Life.

Loewenberg also believes that dreaming about the death of a loved one can reflect a
similar fear of change, especially with regards to children reaching milestones and
growing up. Such changes, she suggests, indicate that a child is growing up and a
parent's mind begins to wonder where the younger version of the child went. Such
dreams of dying, therefore, reflect a sort of mourning for the inevitable passage of time.

6
Dreams About Taking a Test
Dreaming about tests
Chris Ryan/OJO Images/Getty Images
According to Craig Hamilton-Parker, author of The Hidden Meaning of Dreams, taking
an exam your dreams might reveal an underlying fear of failure. "Examinations are
stressful experiences in which you are made to face up to your shortcomings," he
writes. "To dream of failing an exam, being late for one, or being unprepared shows that
you feel unprepared for the challenges of waking life."

7
Dreams About Infidelity
Dreams about infidelity
Frederic Cirou/Getty Images
Dreaming that your spouse or romantic partner is cheating on you with someone else
can be incredibly distressing. In some cases, people even start to wonder if the dream
might really be true. Does dreaming that your partner is unfaithful mean that it might
happen? Or that it is already happening?

While in some cases such dreams might be the reflection of waking fears of such
infidelity, Trish and Rob MacGregor, the author's of the Complete Dream Dictionary: A
Bedside Guide to Knowing What Your Dreams Mean, believe that such dreams
probably don't mean that your spouse is cheating or will cheat.

"This is another 'what if' dream – you are testing the limits of reality," they suggest.

Eve Adamson and Gayle Williamson, authors of The Complete Idiot's Guide Dream
Dictionary, posit that such dreams about infidelity indicate issues with trust, loyalty, and
communication in a relationship. "If you or your partner cheated in your dream, one of
you isn't getting what you need from that relationship right now," they write.

8
Dreams About Flying
Dreams about flying
Yulia Popkova/Vetta/Getty Images
Dreams about flying can be exciting and even liberating but they can sometimes be
quite frightening (especially for those afraid of heights). According to Tony Crisp, author
of Dream Dictionary, dreams about flying often represent two very different sides. On
the one hand, such dreams can represent feelings of freedom and independence. On
the other hand, they can also indicate a desire to flee or escape from the realities of life.

"Flying alone occurs most frequently," he writes, "showing the independent aspect of
flying. But because it often involves positive feelings of pleasure, flying may depict our
sexuality…especially aspects of it expressing freedom from social norms and
restraints."

9
Dreams About Pregnancy
Dreaming about pregnancy
Vladimir Godnik/fStop/Getty Images
Dream interpreters often suggest that dreams about pregnancy represent everything
from creativity to fear. David C. Lohff, the author of Dream Dictionary, believes that
pregnancy dreams might sometimes represent a woman's fears of being an inadequate
mother. Author Tony Crisp, on the other hand, suggests that such dreams indicate that
the dreamer is developing some area of potential or deepening a relationship. Dream
interpreter Russell Grant writes that these dreams presage difficult times.

4. Psychological Types
The first type is the ruling type. These people are characterized early on
by a tendency to be generally aggressive and dominant over others,
 possessing an intense energy that overwhelms anything or anybody who
gets in their way. These people are not always bullies or sadists, however;
some turn the energy inward and harm themselves, such as is the case
with alcoholics, drug addicts, and those who commit suicide.

The second type is the leaning type. Individuals of this type are sensitive,
and while they may put a shell up around themselves to protect
themselves, they end up relying on others to carry them through life’s
challenges. They lack energy, in essence, and depend on the energy of
others. They are also prone to phobias, anxieties, obsessions and
compulsions, general anxiety, dissociation, etc.

The third type is the avoiding type. People of this type have such low
energy they recoil within themselves to conserve it, avoiding life as a
whole, and other people in particular. In extreme cases, these people
develop psychosis—the end result of entirely retreating into one’s self.

Adler also believed in a fourth type: the socially useful type. People of this
type are basically healthy individuals, possessed of adequate, but not
overbearing, social interest and energy. They are able to give to others
effectively as they are not so consumed by a sense of inferiority that they
cannot look properly outside of themselves
5. Parenting Styles
The first was pampering, referring to a parent overprotecting a child, giving him too
much attention, and sheltering him from the negative realities of life. As this child grows
older, he will be ill equipped to deal with these realities, may doubt his own abilities or
decision making skills, and may seek out others to replace the safety he once enjoyed
as a child.

On the other extreme is what Adler called neglect. A neglected child is one who is not
protected at all from the world and is forced to face life’s struggles alone. This child may
grow up to fear the world, have a strong sense of mistrust for others and she may have
a difficult time forming intimate relationships.

The best approach, according to this theory, is to protect children form the evils of the
world but not shelter them from it. In more practical terms, it means allowing them to
hear or see the negative aspects of the world while still feeling the safety of parental
influence. In other words, don’t immediately go to the school principal if your child is
getting bullied, but rather teach your child how to respond or take care of herself at
school.

HARRY STACK SULLIVAN (1892-1949)

 Life Story
Sole surviving child of catholic parents due to neonatal death
Pampered and protected
Not good terms with father until he became prominent
 Mother allegedly sent to mental hosp
His grandma and aunt took care
Loner/antisocial
Gossiped as homosexual (not married but adopted a rumored schizo male pt)
Studied Schizo and ocd
Died due to cerebral hemorrhage alone in hotel

 Theory
Interpersonal Theory
People develop their personality within a social context
Without other people, humans would have no personality
Development rests on the individuals ability to establish intimacy with other
person
Anxiety can interfere with satifying interpersonal relations
Healthy developemnt entails expwriencing intimacy and lust towRD another
same person

 Tension= potentiality for action

Tensionis introduced from the beginning upto the late stage of our existence
As human beings mature they learn to reduce tension by using dynamism

Needs
 Tension brought by biological imbalance between the person and environment
 Zonal need- specific body part interacting with environment
 General need- overall well being (psychological/interpersonal)

Anxiety
 Disruptive force bocking the deveklopment of healthy interpersonal relations
 Blocks satisfacton of needs
 Transforms to either overt or covrt actions

 Dynamism- evoltuiton of tension(traits, habits,pattern)

Disjunctive (malevolence)
Iso;ating (lust)
Conjunctive (intimacy/self-esteem)

 Malevolence
Disjunctivve dynam9sm betwwen evil and hatres
Feeling of lviing among onews enemies
2-3yo when child is ignored or punsihed
Aoption of attituded for protection
Timidity,mischievousness,cruekty,antisocial behavior

 lust
Isolatying tenedency
Auto-erotic behavior
 Hinders intimate realtionship
Decrease self worth

 intimacy
Close interpersonal relationship between 3 people of equal status
Equal partnership