Design synthesis of double-cage induction motors

B. J. Chalmers, B.Sc, Ph.D., C.Eng., M.I.E.E., and A. S. Mulki, B.E.(Elec), B.E.(Mech.)

Indexing terms: Induction motors, Equivalent circuits

Abstract
The paper presents a method for synthetising the equivalent-circuit parameters of double-cage induction
motors to attain specified levels of starting, accelerating, breakdown torque and running performance.
New equations are derived, avoiding certain approximations which have commonly been made hitherto,
and these equations are used to relate the equivalent-circuit parameters to the motor performance. A new
synthesis procedure is then developed, based on these equations and relationships. The procedure includes a
number of sections which are essentially iterative, and it is consequently most conveniently embodied in a
digital-computer program. Since the reduction of leakage reactances owing to magnetic saturation is an
important factor in motors with arduous starting duties, a method is proposed for taking this effect into
account. Using, as a starting point, an approximate representation of the shape of typical curves of leakage
reactance against current, equations are derived to represent the saturation effect in a form which is con-
veniently incorporated in the computer program. Only two additional items of input data are required to
specify the saturation effect, these being the current at which saturation commences and the ratio of saturated
to unsaturated starting currents. The successful operation of the synthesis procedure is demonstrated by a
number of examples, including some in which the computed design is compared with a prior manual design
to the same specification.

Principal symbols B inner cage

c, = 1 + XX\XM e equivalent single cage
cos <f> = specified power factor at rated load 0 zero-slip condition
^1 = XQ — XQ
M magnetising
e2 = RA- RA ST standstill condition
IFL = current per phase at rated load sat saturated
/0 = magnetising current in Fig. 4
Is — current at which saturation commences
IST = specified starting current per phase 1 Introduction
I'ST = value of IST ignoring saturation The subject of this paper is the problem of synthetising
K= value of r at s = 1 the equivalent-circuit parameters of polyphase double-cage
_ Re - RQ induction motors to meet specified performance objectives,
m
~x0-xe using a digital computer. In terms of complexity, this problem
lies between the simple selection of circuit parameters for a
n = number of phases
R = resistance per phase, referred to stator single-cage design, without a deep-bar effect, and the much
R'A = approximate value of RA more complex synthesis of complete electromagnetic designs,
Re — resistance of equivalent single cage (Fig. 3) including dimensions and winding details. The equivalent
Ro = value of Re at small slips circuit of a double-cage motor has a sufficiently large number
RST — value of Re at s — 1 of parameters to make their automatic selection by a com-
r = reactance saturation ratio at current / puter a useful and economic proposition. This paper describes
a program developed for this purpose, and indicates how it
may be employed in a practical design-office procedure.
s = fractional slip The treatment is confined to the type of rotor slotting shown
TFL = rated full-load torque schematically in Fig. 1, in which the conductors of the outer
Tmax = specified breakdown torque and inner cages are situated in the areas A and B, respectively,
Tmjn = specified minimum accelerating torque and the two cages have separate endrings. Consideration of
TST = specified starting torque the reluctances of the flux paths marked in Fig. 1 shows that
X = reactance per phase, referred to stator the leakage flux <f>A must be small relative to the mutual flux
Xe = leakage reactance of equivalent single cage (Fig. 3) <f>AB. This results in a low leakage reactance XA of the outer
Xo = Value of Xe at small slips
XQ = approximate value of Xo
Xrun = equivalent series reactance at small slips (Fig. 4)
XST = value of Xe at s = 1
XUnsai — unsaturated value of reactance X
XMR2M

M M
V = voltage per phase
AR = Re- Ro
X Q - xe
Subscripts
1 stator
2 rotor
A outer cage
Paper 6226 P, first received 27th January and in revised form 27th
April 1970
Dr. Chalmers and Mr. Mulki are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering & Electronics, University of Manchester Institute of Fig. 1
Science & Technology, PO Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester M60
1QD, England Rotor slotting and fluxes
PROC. IEE, Vol. 117, No. 7, JULY 1970 1257
cage. In contrast, the leakage reactance XB of the inner cage
is relatively high, owing to the lower reluctance of the long
narrow slit between the cages. The flux (f>AB is associated with
the mutual reactance XAB of the two cage windings, which is
an important parameter in the design of double-cage motors.
The established theory of double-cage motors yields the
equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2. To assist in synthetising
Fig. 2
Equivalent circuit of double-cage motor
double-cage designs, Alger1 has derived formulas for RA,
RB and XB in terms of the equivalent rotor resistance Ro and
reactance Xo at zero slip and a parameter m. m is defined as
the ratio of the increase in equivalent rotor resistance to the
decrease in equivalent rotor reactance, between zero slip and
unity slip. Ro and Xo are related to the motor performance at
low slips, while variations in m permit various shapes of
torque/speed curves to be obtained, so that adjustment of m
is often necessary to achieve an adequate accelerating torque.
Alger's treatment ignores the leakage reactance XA of the
outer cage, although this assumption is not always valid and,
in practice, XA may often lie between 5 and 20% of XAB.
Design features which contribute towards increased values of
XA are the use of separate endrings and different axial exten-
sions beyond the core ends for the two cages. This provides a
useful method for augmenting the resistance of the outer cage,
addsflexibilityto the design process and improves the cooling
of the outer cage.
The synthesis of a double-cage-motor design to achieve a
specified performance is generally commenced by selecting a
stator frame size, based on the motor rating, and then design-
ing a suitable double-cage rotor. This means that the circuit
parameters Rx, Xx, XM and RM are effectively fixed at the out-
set. In a typical synthesis procedure to achieve specified values
for the starting torque, starting current and breakdown
torque, Alger and Wray2 used Alger's analysis1 and assumed
that XAB wasfixedby the choice of stator. Under these condi-
tions, it may readily be shown that there is only one set of
values for the variables RA, RB and XB (or for Ro, Xo and m),
and there is consequently no possibility of varying Ro to
control the rotor I2R loss or motor speed at full-load torque.
If, on the other hand, Ro is fixed, one of the three items of
performance must be allowed to depart from the initial
specification.
Lee3 adopted and modified the same basic analysis, making
the same basic assumptions of negligible XA and fixed XAB,
and derived new equations for torque and current as functions
of \\m and the effective series reactance X. He then suggested
that sets of standard curves should be plotted to give values
of 1/m and X so as to meet the standard performances
specified by NEMA for motors with various voltages and
numbers of poles.
Only one pa'per has come to the authors' attention on the
subject of the design synthesis of double-cage motors employ-
ing a digital computer. In this work,4 Jordan took the same
set of initially fixed parameters as the previous authors and
devised a method for synthetising the double-cage para-
meters RA, XA, RB and XB. An analysis of the breakdown-
torque condition was used to determine XB, assuming that the
outer cage is open-circuited at this point. In some cases, how-
ever, as when RA/RB is of the order of 3, the contribution of
the outer cage to the breakdown torque may not, in fact, be
negligible. Equations for the locked-rotor torque, in which
XA was neglected, were then used to determine RA, and the
value of XA associated with the ensuing outer-cage slot design
was accepted. RB was chosen to yield a desired full-load slip,
as for a single-cage design. This procedure is clearly approxi-
1258
mate and implies that the starting current is accepted at
whatever value results after the parameters have been
selected as described.
In the present paper, a synthesis procedure is described
which is more general than those described above. XAB is
taken as a variable since, in practice, it may be adjusted by
choosing the dimensions of the rotor tooth tips, and XA is not
neglected. New equations are derived which relate the motor
performance to the circuit parameters, and these are used in
the development of the method of synthesis to meet specified
performance objectives. These objectives cover starting,
accelerating, breakdown torque and running performance,
which are the items normally dictated by an application
requiring a precisely designed double-cage motor.
The. synthesis procedure is initially developed assuming
that the leakage reactances are not reduced by magnetic
saturation. A method is then described for taking saturation
into account, and this is incorporated in the synthesis pro-
gram. Examples are given illustrating the application of the
program in both its forms, with and without allowance for
saturation.
It is envisaged that, when the program is applied in a
modern design-office procedure using a digital computer,
synthesis of the parameters will be followed by selection of
motor dimensions, slot sizes and windings to achieve the
parameter values. It will then be necessary to check the
saturation effect of the chosen design, using a method such as
that developed recently for single-cage designs.5
2 Analysis of motor circuits
2.1 Exact formulas for rotor circuits
The two parallel circuit branches to the right of YY
in Fig. 2 may be replaced by a single series circuit of
Fig. 3
Circuit with equivalent single cage
impedance Re/s + jXe, as indicated in Fig. 3. Simple circuit
manipulation shows that
0)
R X
y AB + R2B*A + s2XAXB(XA + XB)
and =
(RA + RB) + s2(XA + XB)2
2 W
At s = 0, Re and Xe become, respectively,
R
p _ ARB
K (3)
°~(RA+.RB)
_ RAXB + R2BXA
A (4)
° (RA+RB)2
and since, at the standstill condition, s — 1,
RBX2
RST = (5)
(RA + RB) + (XA + XB)2
2
R2XB + R2XA + XAXB(XA + XB)
XST — (6)
(RA + RB)2 + (XA + XB)2
m is defined as the ratio of the increase in rotor resistance to
the decrease in rotor reactance at any slip s, relative to RQ and
XQ, respectively; i.e.
PROC. IEE, Vol. 117, No. 7, JULY 1970
Using eqns. 1-4 in eqn. 7 and simplifying, and the corrected value of RA is

(8) RA=R'A+ *2
m =
XA(RA ~
= (Ro + mX0) + • • • (22)
and is thus shown to be independent of slip.
These equations are, however, not conveniently soluble for
Eqns. 3 and 8 are then used to find corrected values of RB
the motor-circuit parameters. and XB. It will be noted that the error terms ey and e2 contain
RA, RB and XB, so that a cyclic computation using repeatedly
2.2 Approximate formulas with XA = 0 updated values of these parameters is necessary to obtain
If the simplified representation is used in which XA is fully corrected results.
taken as zero, the approximate forms of the above equations In typical investigations conducted using the program to be
are obtained. Thus described, XA has been taken as 7% of XAB. The effects of
RA+RB varying XA can be studied by varying this percentage.
m = (9)

2.4 Modification of equivalent circuit

(10)
xn = (RA+RB)2 The equivalent circuits of Figs. 2 and 3 are not entirely
convenient for analysis of rotor currents and torques, because
and Ro is unchanged. the voltage across the rotor circuit at XX varies with speed.
To solve for the motor parameters in terms of RQ, Xo and They are therefore replaced6 by the equivalent circuit shown
m, eqns. 3, 9 and 10 are rearranged to yield

(ID Ci
Ho CIRI C,X
(12)
k
(13) x,

The increments at s = 1 are

mX
An o
(14)

(15)
m2 Fig. 4
Modified equivalent circuit
2.3 Correction of approximate formulas
In the synthesis procedure to be described, approxi-^ in Fig. 4, in which the magnetising branch is moved to the
mate values of RA, RB and XB are first calculated using the stator terminals, / 0 is constant and
approximate equations (eqns. 10-15). These values are then
corrected as follows: c, - 1 + y- (23)
Subtracting eqn. 3 from eqn. 5, at s = 1,
(RAXB - RBXA)2 Note that,
t at this stage, it is convenient to replace RM and
2 ,.(16) XM by their series equivalents
(RA + RMiR, RB) (XA + XB)2}
Let the approximate value of Xo be XQ, obtained by sub-
stituting true values of m from eqn. 8 and AR from eqn. 16
in the approximate equation (eqn. 14). Then, after simplifying,
v, _., (RAXB - RBXA)2 + XM2
AQ
(RA+RB)\XA+XB)

The error in Xo is 3 Design-synthesis procedure

ex = Xo - X'Q 3.1 Objectives and specification
where Xo is given by eqn. 4. The objectives of the design-synthesis procedure are
defined as follows:
Hence e{ = (18) (a) starting current no greater than IST
(b) starting torque not less than TST
and the corrected value of Xo is (c) breakdown torque not less than Tmax
^ o = XQ + ex (d) power factor at rated output not less than cos <j>
(e) rotor I2R loss, or, alternatively, slip at rated output not
= _ ( l + m 2 ) + "A"B (19)
greater than a specified value
m AA -f- AB (/) adequate accelerating torque from standstill to the break-
down torque point, against a given load/torque char-
Proceeding in a similar manner, let the approximate value R'A acteristic.
be obtained by using the true m from eqn. 8 and the approxi-
mate XQ from eqn. 17 in eqn. 12. After simplifying, It is clearly important that the input data for the above items
should be realistically based on the user's requirements and
(20) the designer's assessment of feasible performance for each
XA particular case.
The error in R'A is The rated output, voltage, supply frequency and number of
poles are also given as input data. As in previous studies,2"4
ez=RA- RA it is assumed that a stator frame size has been selected by the
designer and that this enables values of /?,, Xx and Rm to be
(21) fixed.
xA+xB • • • Rx and Rm may be estimated with adequate accuracy since,
PROC. IEE, Vol. 117, No. 7, JULY 1970 1259
with the full-load slip, they determine the efficiency at rated Substituting Xo from eqn. 19 and AX = ARjm,
load, and a designer can, when considering a particular frame
size, make a close estimate of the losses at rated load. Further- = XAR + mAR + . . . (30)
more, these two parameters have little influence on the para-
meters of the double-cage rotor. Similarly, the designer can The last term in eqn. 30 is often small and only infrequently
estimate Xx for a given frame size, using previous experience approaches, say, 20 % of XAB. Xxx and AR are fixed by the
and taking into account any defluxing he feels necessary for specification of IST, TST and the rotor I2R loss at rated load,
the particular drive under consideration. so that eqn. 30 effectively defines a relationship between XAB
and m for given starting and full-load conditions. On in-
3.2 Preliminary calculations creasing m, and hence reducing XAB, higher breakdown
torque is achieved, and the shape of the torque/speed curve is
Using the circuit of Fig. 4 and the input data relating
to rated torque, slip and power factor, values are obtained for 2 r
RQ, XM and Xrun, where Xrm denotes the reactance to the
right of ZZ in Fig. 4 at low slips. These first values for XM and
Xrun are not a unique pair and are altered subsequently to
achieve the specified breakdown torque.
At standstill, the resistance RST and reactance XAB + XST
of the circuit to the right of XX in Fig. 3 are determined by the
specified starting conditions and the other parameters already
determined. This section of the calculation is initiated using
an approximate value of RST given by eqn. 24:
*ST
RST = 2C1 (24)
— A))
A simple iterative procedure, using the current and torque
equations of Fig. 4, permits RST and (XAB + XST) to be
determined. 08 0-6 O-4 O-2
slip

3.3 Calculation of circuit parameters Fig. 5

Influence of m on torque Ispeed characteristics
Using the results so far obtained, at s — 1, (a) m = 1 -25 (b) m = 1 0 (c) m = 0-75
2 2 1ST, TST and full-load slip all constant
c AR = c (RST - Ro) (25)
2 2
c AX = Xrun - c (XAB + XST) - cxXx (26) controlled. Fig. 5 gives an example of this relationship, show-
ing torque/speed characteristics for three values of m.
whence It is useful to study the relationships between m and the
AR c2(RST - Ro) circuit parameters under the above conditions, to deduce the
m = AX (27)
Xrun - c2(XAB XST) - clXl associated physical design requirements. Thus
AR, AX, m and cx having been calculated, approximate values Xrun = CiXx + C\(XAB + Xo)
for Xo, RA, RB and XB are found using eqns. 15,12, 11 and 13. = cxX{ + c2(XST + AX)
Corrected values of these parameters are then determined
An
using the method of Section 2.3.
= cxXx + c]X
]XST — (31)
XAB is found using Xrun and Fig. 4; thus,
Rearranging the approximate equations (eqns. 11-13), and
Xrm = cxXx + c\XAB using eqn. 14,
v ^ (RST + ARm2)2
. . . . (28) (32)
mAR{\ + m2)
Values for all the circuit parameters having been obtained, ~ RST i2AR (33)
RST and XST are recalculated using eqns. 5 and 6 to eliminate
the random errors associated with the termination of iterative (34)
calculations. The performance of the design is then checked, AR(l + m2)
and, if the full-load power factor does not match the specified Under the conditions specified, m is the only variable in
value, Xm is adjusted. This adjustment is usually a very minor eqns. 31-34, and these functions are plotted in Fig. 6 for a
one if cos <> / has been realistically estimated at the input-data feasible range of m in a practical example. Increasing m
stage. cx is then recalculated using the new XM, and new values reduces Xrum XAB and XB, thus increasing the breakdown
of RST, XST and XAB are obtained. In all the test cases com- torque, while the associated changes in RA and RB indicate
puted, this procedure required only two or three overall the necessary changes in the design of the conductors.
iterations. If the peak-torque objective is not attainable with the
minimum feasible XAB, the possible steps are to exceed the
3.4 Adjustment to meet breakdown-torque objective specified IST, to reduce Xx, which may imply increasing the
frame size, or to increase TST and keep IST fixed.
The synthesis then proceeds to the adjustment of the
motor reactance to achieve the specified breakdown torque
within a tolerance of 0 to +15%. The relationships between 3.5 Attainment of accelerating torque
the circuit parameters and the torque/speed characteristic may The accelerating torque at any speed is the difference
be derived as follows. between the motor-shaft torque and the load torque at that
Using Fig. 3 and eqns. 1-7 at s ~ 1, speed, and it is clear that the former must be the greater at
all speeds from standstill to full load. In typical applications
A/? = Rgf — i?o of double-cage motors, levels of accelerating torque are
specified to meet the requirements of a low runup time and to
control temperature rise. The specified minimum permissible
and the reactance to the right of XX in Fig. 3 is accelerating torque Tmin may be a fixed value, or it may be
given as a percentage of the load torque at speeds from zero
XXx ~ %AB + XST up to the breakdown-torque point.
= XAB + X0-AX (29) In the design-synthesis program, the accelerating torque is
1260 PROC. IEE, Vol. 117, No. 7, JULY 1970
 compared with Tmin at, say, ten equally spaced points in the
speed range, and, if it is too low, m is adjusted. This procedure
is commenced at the low-speed end of the range, and, in each
range. Changing m may not always achieve the necessary
accelerating torque at all speeds, since an attempt to increase
the torque at one speed may give reduced torque at other
speeds. Fig. 5 illustrates this effect. In this situation, the only
solution is to increase IST, keeping TST and Tmax constant.
Fig. 7 illustrates this process for a 260hp, 415 V, 4-pole,
50Hz motor. The values of m and IST are indicated.

3.6 Overall synthesis procedure

A flow diagram of the overall synthesis procedure is
given in Fig. 8. In addition to the checks and adjustments
shown, the following features are noteworthy:
(a) An initial check is incorporated and used in cases where
the specified TST and Tmax are approximately equal. For
such a constant-torque characteristic, it is possible to
calculate7 the necessary starting current. If this exceeds the
specified IST, IST is increased to enable a design to be
obtained.
(b) The limits set on the range of XAB were 40-100% of X{.
Substitution of these limits in eqn. 30 sets the correspond-
ing limits of m, as used in the example in Fig. 6.
(c) Specified values of IST and Tmax may be overriden in
certain circumstances, as discussed in Sections 3.4 and 3.5.
read specification
and fixed data

calculate RQ and
initial Xpun and X M

calculate R ST and

calculate AR>4>X and m

Fig. 6
Variation of circuit parameters with m calculate X O .R A .X B
1ST, TST and full-load slip all constant and X A B

case, the necessary direction in which m must be changed is is power factor

found by trial and error. It is sometimes found necessary to correct ?
override the 15% tolerance on Tmax and to accept a higher yes
breakdown torque in order to achieve Tm!n over the speed adjust X M

i-75r correct?

yes
adjust m
1-5 calculate T/s and I / s
characteristics
is accelerating torque
correct ?
1-25 Jno lyes
calculate full
performance

IO print results

Fig. 8
Overall synthesis procedure
O-75
As examples of the application of the program, results are
given here for two cases.
O-5
Example 1 is the 260hp motor used previously for Fig. 7
and having the following specified performance:
TST= 1-48 x TFL
/sr = 3-84 x IFL
0 25
Tmax = 1 • 8 X TFL
cos</> = 0-86
rotor I2R loss = 5-2kW at rated load
O-8 O6 O4 O2
slip
These objectives were successfully met by the synthetised
design, whose parameters are compared in Table 1 with those
Fig. 7 of the design actually manufactured.
Control of accelerating torque An interesting feature of the original design is that it had
TST, Tmax and full-load slip all constant XA as high as 35% of XAB, thus demonstrating clearly that
(a) m = 0-852; 1ST = 763A XA is not always negligible, as is assumed by previous authors.
(b) m = 0-605; 1ST = 815A
(c) m = 0-441; 1ST = 867A Example 2 is a 8375 hp, 24-pole, 2-phase, 35 -5 Hz
PROC. IEE, Vol. 117, No. 7, JULY 1970 1261
Table 1 where A and B are constants, for all currents greater than /,.
PARAMETERS OF EXAMPLE 1
In the program, Is was typically taken as 1 • 1 times the rated
current. Although it is clearly only one of a variety of possible
Parameter Design built Computed design
~ ~ X untat

fi/phase H/phase
Xi 0-220 0-220
XAB 0112 0131
RA 0-412 0-396
XA 0 039 0-0092
RB 0064 0 065
XB 0-395 0-387
XM 7-49 706

double-cage motor. This was used 8 in a ship-propulsion

application which required particularly high braking and
reversing torques. The performance specification was: Is l
ST

TST = 1 •73 X TFL current I

IST = 4 •21 X IFL Fig. 9
T = 2 •0 X TFL Saturation of leakage reactance
•* max
COS <f>= 0 •78
full-load slip = 0 01 forms, eqn. 35 represents typical measured variations suffi-
ciently closely to be realistic, and it is simple enough to
Circuit parameters of both the manual and the computed facilitate analysis.
designs are given in Table 2, and show very marginal dif- The ratio X\Xunsat is defined as the reactance saturation
ferences only. ratio r at current /. If r is equal to K at standstill, when / is
equal to IST, eqn. 35 may be readily expressed as
Table 2
PARAMETERS OF EXAMPLE 2 1 - (36)

Parameter Manual design Computed design

and . . . . (37)
fi/phase Q/phase idsT - o
' Xi 0-420 0 420 for / > fs. When / < Is, r = 1.
XAB 0-224 0-226
RA 0-665 0-691
XA assumed zero 00158 4.1.1 Saturation ratio forX 4B
RB 0 0503 0 0507
XB 0-713 0-712 XAB is defined as the unsaturated value of this reactance.
XM 9-50 9-66 If magnetising current is ignored, then, from Fig. 4, the rotor
current I2jcx at standstill is equal to IST, and the saturation
ratio for XAB at any rotor current I2jc\ is
For both examples 1 and 2, the computed performances of
the synthetised designs were virtually identical to those of the
. . . . (38)
corresponding manual designs.
for / 2 / c , > / „ and rAB = 1 for I2\cx < /,.
4 Saturation of leakage reactance At standstill, I2lcx = IST and rAB = K.
Saturation of leakage-flux paths causes certain com-
ponents of the leakage reactance to decrease as the current 4.1.2 Saturation ratio forXi
increases, and any synthesis procedure which aims to find
The stator leakage reactance contains some parts, such
practical application should include a suitable allowance for
as those due to end-leakage flux, which are not saturable and
this effect. The proposed method is based on the initial speci-
others, due to slot-tip leakage, zigzag leakage and skew-
fication, by the designer, of the ratio of actual starting current,
leakage fluxes, which are saturable. To provide a basis to
including saturation, IST to the starting current without
proceed approximately, Xx is rewritten as
saturation I'ST. This ratio can be estimated from previous
experience of similar designs and its value limited by the x
\ sat =
(^i ~ X
AB) + X
AB • • • • • ( 39 )
degree of saturation which the designer is prepared to tolerate.
It is considered that this ratio may be more readily estimated and it is assumed that the term in parentheses is unsaturable
than the associated saturation ratios for components of whereas the remainder, equal to XAB, is taken as saturable.
leakage reactance. The current ratio is used subsequently to This is equivalent to assuming that the sum of slot-tip, zigzag
calculate reactance saturation ratios. It is assumed that XAB and skew-leakage reactances of the stator are approximately
and Xx are the only reactances which are significantly satur- equal to those of the rotor. A limit is set in the program so
able, since these components are influenced by saturation of that, if Xx - XAB is less than 20% of Xx, only 80% of Xx is
leakage flux paths in the stator and rotor tooth tips. Leakage taken as saturable.
fluxes associated with XA and XB do not produce significant The saturated stator leakage reactance is then
saturation since, as seen in Fig. 1, their paths have a longer
length in air and a greater area, respectively.
Y Y 4_ r'Y

4.1 Reactance saturation ratios where r\ is the saturation factor for the variable part of Xx.
It is assumed that any saturable component of Using eqn. 37 at a stator current Ix
reactance varies with current in the manner indicated in
Fig. 9. The curve of reactance X against current / is assumed A
1 sat — A
1 ~~
to take the form Wsr -

= UB (35)
Xx IX(IST - Is)
1262 PROC. IEE, Vol. 117, No. 7, JULY 1970
whence 4.3 Motor characteristics including saturation
To calculate the motor torque and current at any slip,
initial stator and rotor currents are first obtained using Fig. 3
and the unsaturated reactances. These currents yield satura-
tion ratios according to eqns. 38 and 40, which are then used
for /, > Is. to calculate saturated reactances and revised currents. The
At standstill, /, - IST, and rx = 1 - C^/JTiXl - #)• process is repeated until the currents converge to their
saturated values.
4.2 Calculation of K
Let 7^ r be the unsaturated starting current, corres- 4.4 Examples of design synthesis including saturation
ponding to rx = rAB — \. As an initial approximation, the effect
magnetising current is ignored, so that the stator and rotor Examples are given here to illustrate the operation of
currents are equal. Then, at standstill, from Fig. 4, the full synthesis procedure, including the treatment of satura-
tion. The motor of example 1 in Section 3.6 was considered
with the load torque taken as constant and equal to the full-
c]RST+j(cxXx+c]XAB + c]XST) load torque. IST was first specified as 4-25 times IFL, with
hrll'sT e Q u a ' t 0 1"H- The program produced a design having
. . . . (41) the torque/slip curve (a) in Fig. 10. Tmin was 0-483 times
With saturation, TFL, which means that the motor torque was never less than
1-483 times TFL. When the Tmin requirement was raised to
1ST — cxRx + c\RST+j(rxcxXx + rABc\XAB + c]XST) 0-525 times TFL, the program failed to produce a design meet-
ing all the specified requirements. Possible ways of achieving
. . . . (42) a successful design were to increase IST, permitting greater
where rAB — AT and rx = 1 — (XABlXx)(l — K). saturation, or to increase both IST and /^ r , perhaps keeping
ISTU'ST constant. Curve b in Fig. 10 is the torque/slip char-
Putting A = cxRx + c]RST acteristic of a design synthetised after increasing IST to
and B = cxXx + c\XAB + c\XST, 4-4 times IFL and ISTII'ST to 115, keeping Tmin equal to
0-525 times TFL. In comparing curves a and b, note that
eqns. 41 and 42 give curve b has a higher starting torque, associated with its higher
starting current, but there is little difference between the
breakdown torques.
(rxcxXx + rABc\XAB + d\XST)
whence
- XAB) - 5 Conclusion
D -
. . . . (43) The paper has presented an analysis of double-cage
c,)
induction motors which is more complete than that commonly
employed, since it includes the leakage reactance of the outer
• • (44) cage. Using this analysis, a synthesis procedure has been
developed which is more comprehensive than any described
This calculation gives approximate values for K and for r, previously. In this procedure, the mutual reactance between
and r^g at standstill. The circuit of Fig. 3 is then solved the two cages is treated as a variable, between certain limits,
using rxXx and rABXAB, and closer approximations to Ix and and the important influence of this parameter on performance
I2/cx are obtained. Eqns. 38 and 40 are then used tofindnew characteristics and on design has been demonstrated.
values for rAB and rx. Iterative adjustments are made to K, A simple but effective method for taking into account the
and the process is repeated until the specified IST is achieved effect of saturation on leakage reactances has been described
with adequate accuracy. and incorporated in the procedure. This has been programmed
for digital computation, and the program has been used to
synthetise designs to meet a wide range of specifications, in
addition to the illustrative examples included in the paper.
20 The method is intended for use in a design-office system in
which a suite of analysis and synthesis programs are used in
combination to meet a range of requirements.

6 Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to the University of
•75 Manchester Institute of Science & Technology for facilities
provided, and to the UK Science Research Council for the
award of research grants.

7 References
1 ALGER, p. L. : 'The nature of induction machines' (Gordon &
Breach, 1965)
1-5 2 ALGER, p. L., and WRAY, J. H.: 'Double and triple squirrel cages for
polyphase induction motors', Trans. Amer. Inst. Elect. Engrs., 1953,
72, pp. 637-645
3 LEE, c. H.: 'Design method for double squirrel-cage induction
08 06 O 2 motors', ibid., 1953, 72, pp. 630-636
slip 4 JORDAN, H. E. : 'Synthesis of double-cage induction motor design',
ibid., 1959, 78, pp. 691-695
Fig. 10 5 CHALMERS, B. J., and DODGSON, R. : 'Staturated leakage reactances of
cage induction motors', Proc. 1EE, 1969, 116, (8), pp. 1395-1404
Torque/slip curve of designs synthetised including saturation effect 6 KOSTENKO, M., and PIOTROVSKI, L. : 'Electrical machines—Pt. 2'
(Foreign-languages publishing house, Moscow, 1958)
(«) Tmin = 0-483 x TFL; IST = 4-25 X IFL\^, , ,, 7 CHANG, s. s. L. : 'General theory of multiple cage induction motors',
1ST = 1 - 1 1 Trans. Amer. Inst. Elect. Engrs., 1949, 68, pp. 1139-1143
(b) Tmin = 0 - 5 2 5 x T F L \ 1ST = 4 - 4 x I F L ; ~ ; = 1 1 5 8 ALEXANDERSON, E. F. w.: 'General characteristics of electric ship
1ST propulsion equipment', Gen. Elect. Rev., 1919, 22, pp. 224-232

PROC. IEE, Vol. 117, No. 7, JULY 1970 1263