DECLASSIFIED BY AUTHORITY OF NND 730036. wy AN pate 2/9/60 ti PART IL; HI? VALUES. 5s Bactors Invo} The effect of gunfire against a ship may be analyzed as follons: porary (a) uxfect on morele, Interference with ship control, Interferonce with gamnory. Detiage to personnel, Damage to ship control material (ineiuding propaisive machinery), Donage to gunnery material, Danage to hull. Tomporary effects. It is assumed that under normal battle conditions a ship will bo under the effective Zire of one ship of her own approx~ imate type. It is further assumed that being under a much greater volume of efiective f have em adverse effect on morale which will be reflected in reduced skili of personnel, and also that the oftoct of more splashes, moro cetonations, and more flying fregmeute will have an adverse efzect on the abil- ity of tho personnel at the ¢ ami at top-side fire control and ship control stations to carry out their dutica. Conversely, it is ascumd that boing under no fire, or less than the Aoroal amount, will enable such personnel to operate with greater officiency We may properly assume that the effectiveness of a vessel's gunnery will vary somewhat according to the amount of effective fire she is receiving. Permanent effect ns Borsomnel.- It is assumed that personnel will be incapaci- tated about in proportion to the value of hits received, and that the personnel factor in toth gunnery and ship control will be correspondingly ari permanently reduced, both because of reduced numbers end of lowered morale. Hits that cannot penotrate heavy stations,DECLASSIFIED BY AUTHORITY OF NND 730036. wy ZN — __vate “2/¢/¢0 ~B2- Topside interior comuunications, Visual gear, Radio antennae, and Smoke sts Hits that can penetrate the ship's heaviest armor may further damage the amownt of such damage sac na about in pro- portion to the weight he secondary battery and the primary fire-control system may be put co of comniasion, but in heavily armored eaips tho mein ts enmunition supply, end its secondary re control will not be greatl aged by ncn-penetrative hits. Any one penetrative hit may entirely destroy a turret or wreck tho whole system of coordinated fire control by explod ing in the plo‘ting ro: at do not penebrate heavy armor mey still ne Hull above the armor beit, woukenar tho strat > i nay hole tro wate fi ward end 2 heavy belt. Te. emount of su wouid be acowmnula avernge about ix to the valuo of Penetrative hits m e sams oh a nage with= in the arucred citad more serious menace to 2lo- tation, a ¥ 1, proprj.eion, and gunnory. Not 1 wa. 8. to holing, but any one such y explode a magazina and sink the ship. 6. Variation with daliber. force of an explosion varies with the weight and char- acter of explosive. * See definitions, page 7.DECLASSIFIED SY AUTHORITY OF NND 730036. wx Naor vate 2/9/60 os eR -23- The destructive effect of an explosion varies iuvorsely the square of the distance away,* From this it follows that the distance at which a given amount of dostenctive effect will be felt varies as the square root of the weight of explosive times a coefficient representing the explosive power of the kind of explosive used. If the explosion is within a structure of uniform con struction, the radius of the destructive effect will thus vary as tho square root of tho figure of weight times oxplosive coefficient, and tas volume of destructive effect will vary as the cube of this redius, which three-halves power of the figure of weight times explosive coefficient. Where two explosions se alike are in with different i > may assign a con- this resistance, Q sume that the Voluse of destructive effect will vary inverse- ly according to this coefficient. For modern naval ordnance we can assume, with little in- accurscy, that (1) weight of explosive varies as tho weight of projec- tile; (2) projectiles of 6%5 caliber or groater aro filled With high explosive; those bolow 5¥5 with low ex- plosive; all high explosive fillers are. of the same power per unit woigat; low explosive fillers are two-thirds as powerful explosive. dont, osive, for low explosive, onstruction coefficiont, Zdestructive effect. Then D varios as (3 w)t*® This rule applies, of course, only to the volume of de- structive effect in the case of explosions in a uniform struc~ ture, xplosi ves" xplosives"