Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

2D Pore Pressure Estimation

Workflow

Applications Needed

Presgraf

Objectives

• Evaluate 2D Seismic Interval Velocities.

• Perform Overlays.
• Work with and save*.bil, *.bis and *.vel files.
• Overlay *.psi files.
• Analyze and display single records.
• Learn how to look ahead with mud weight (ppg).
• Add displays to existing windows.
• Choose Trends.
• Add, Delete and Edit Annotations.

Overview — 2D Pore Pressure Estimation

The 2D Porepressure Estimation workflow demonstrates how to

analyze 2D seismic interval velocities using an ASCII file and save it
as a binary seismic file (*.bis).

You will manipulate the data, add more displays to existing windows,
add multiple instances of pore pressure estimations as overlays for
comparison, use both Trends and *.VEL files, as well as add, delete and
edit Annotations.

Presgraf 1
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

Logging into Presgraf

To launch Landmark’s Presgraf application, click Start > Programs >

Landmark Presgraf > Presgraf to open a chart containing no data.

About the Presgraf User Interface

• Because Presgraf operates in a single window, the menu options at the

top change when you switch User Interfaces (UI). For that reason,
please identify user interfaces by contents rather than header
descriptions.
• Help displays in red text.

2 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

Reading Logs from a Local Directory

To read an ASCII 2D seismic file:

1. On the menu bar at the top of the window, click File and then
select Open... from the drop-down list.

Selecting Files

You may also select files by clicking on the 2D button and then using the drop
down menu to follow the workflow.

2. Click a mark in the radio button beside the Asc, Las, Bmp option.

3. Highlight the DanField_2dSeismic.asc file that contains seismic

interval velocities against depth along a 2D seismic line and click
the OK button to open a new window displaying the ASCII file.
Please note that the header has been intentionally removed.

4. Select 2D Seismic as the Input Data Type.

Stacking Velocity Files

Presgraf also accepts a X – Y – Z –2 –way time – Stacking Velocity files. In that

case, it converts depth to Interval velocity with an internally-coded Dix Equation.

5. Select the Metric for the Units measurement.

6. Enter 1500 in the field between Water Velocity and meter/sec.

7. Under Column ID, enter 4 in the field beside Depth and 5 in the
field beside Interval Velocity.

First/Last Shot Points

Leave the First/Last Shot Points field blank for this workflow. You only use this
field to label the seismic data views.

Presgraf 3
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

8. Click OK and name the file 2dSeismic.bis (a binary seismic file).

4 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

9. Click Save to make Presgraf convert the ASCII flat file to binary
format and display the 2D Seismic – Interval Velocity window.

The units of depth and velocity match those of the original data file
with the velocity scale shown on the right and indicated by a
different color for each contour.

10. Click the Show Data button and move your mouse over the
velocity field to display a read-out window with the specific
velocity and other information for each shotpoint on the plot..

Switching Units
Switching the units between meters and feet changes the units for velocities on the
right color bar too.

Presgraf 5
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

11. Click any area on the velocity display to get a small preview of
interval velocities and a normal compaction line overlay. Check
the interval velocities along the line and notice how they vary.

The preceding screen shows a 1D extraction at the surface location

in a simple depth versus velocity plot. The smooth curving red line
is the calculated normal compaction trend. Clicking a new location
displays a new plot

Analyze Seismic 2D

This section explains three Seismic 2D functions:

• Make calculations based on velocity.

• Convert velocity to other values and compare to compaction

trends using the Presgraf calculations.

• Reverse the velocity field data to adjust for East and West or
North and South.

6 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

1. On the top menu, click Analyze Seismic 2D and then select View
as Decompacted Velocity to highlight seismic anomalies and
change the plot to a decompacted velocity plot with default values.

2. Look at the other views: select Analyze Seismic 2D and then

select View as Mud Weight, as well as Analyze Seismic 2D and
then Display as 2–way Time Selection to display a plot of
calculated pore pressure in Equivalent Mud Weight Units (PPG)
and two-way time section.

Presgraf 7
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

3. Click the Refresh Plot button to update the display.

The calculated pore pressure in terms of PPG appears with the

vertical axis converted to time in milliseconds. You may find this
display useful when relating the calculated pore pressure to a
traditional seismic line printed or displayed in time.

Note

Show Data display indicates only the shotpoint, index location.

4. Click Analyze Seismic 2D and then select Display as a Depth

Section. Next click Plot and then select PlotAll Data or Restart.

5. Next, calculate the pore pressure at one location on the line by

selecting Analyze Seismic 2D and then Display Single Record.

6. Move your mouse across the field and notice that the Show menu
indicates a shotpoint.

7. Left click a specific shotpoint to extract a velocity trace (use

shotpoint #311 for this example). Click the Yes button when the
Save to File screen opens.

8 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

8. Name the file 2dSeismic_311.vel and click the Save button to

display a single record.

Save Command
In this workflow, when you click Save, a Presgraf creates and saves a *.Vel file.

9. Select Analyze DT and notice that the pore pressure estimation

remains the same as in the 1D workflow. Also note that Presgraf
interpreted the seismic interval velocities as Porosity, Resistivity
Travel Time, etc. based on the compaction model selected.
In much the same way as the 1D workflow, the normal compaction
trend line gets tied to each of these displays. You can calculate
Pore Pressure from any of the plots except porosity and density.
You may also display the look–ahead pore pressure in Equivalent
Mud Weight units (lbs/gal or ppg).
Once you execute Analyze DT > Step 3: Calculate eq. Mud
Weight, however, you cannot analyze any of the previous plots.

Show Box Terms

For an explanation of Show box terms, click Set Parameters > Symbols.

Presgraf 9
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

10. Display the travel time and adjust the compaction trend, if needed,
to match the velocities in shallow depth and calculate the pore
pressure.
• In this example, you make no trend adjustments, so proceed to
calculating the Equivalent Mud Weight (pore pressure).

Calculating Pore Pressure Profiles

You may calculate as many pore pressure profiles as you want, but each time you
must isolate an interval velocity profile, do so one at a time.

• Calculate the Fracture Gradient and add the Overburden stress

curve to the plot. You may also change the Fracture gradient
model at this point too.

Note

Notice the plot scale on the right. The mud weight set parameters have been
changed from 18 lbs/gal. to 20 lbs/gal.

11. On the top menu, click File and then select Save As to save your
data as 2dSeismic_311.sav (a *.SAV file).

10 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

Adding More Displays

You can view the Seismic Interval velocities on the side from which
Presgraf derives the pore pressure profile by viewing multiple files in a
single window.

1. Open the 2dSeismic.bis file created earlier in this workflow.

2. Display a single record by clicking Analyze Seismic 2D on the top

menu and then selecting Display Single Record.
For this example, select the shotpoint 335, then name the file
2dSeismic_335.vel and click the Save button.

3. On the top menu bar, click File, choose Add File and then select
the 2D Seismic file (2dSeismic_311.vel) that you saved earlier.

Presgraf 11
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

4. Click a mark into the box beside window and type 2 into the field
beside it (the two indicates that you want a second window).

5. Click the OK button to add the seismic velocity file created earlier
in this workflow to the right side of the window.

12 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

Activating Plots in a Multiple Plot View

To determine which plot remains active in a multiple plot view, click the desired
plot view before proceeding with your analysis. You can recognize the “live” plot
by its red border.

Analyzing EMW Pore Pressure

You can analyze the new velocity plot for EMW pore pressure and fracture
overburden as shown.

6. Calculate only the Equivalent Mud Weight, Overburden and

Fracture pressure for the velocity plot on the left, then calculate the
equivalent Mud Weight for the velocity plot on the right side.

Note

Notice that Presgraf renames the plot on the right to 2dSeismic_311PP(pg).

Presgraf 13
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

Overlaying Pore Pressure Interpretations

For comparison, you can add multiple instances of pore pressure
estimations as overlays.

1. Click File on the top menu and then select Output Report to
create an ASCII file output file for 2dSeismic_311.PP(pg).

2. Select Trend (and anything else you want to save in the current
analysis to an ASCII format), as shown below.

3. Click the OK button to open the Presgraf Data Output window.

4. Click File on the top menu, select Save As and save the file as a
*.psi (pressure) file: 2dSeismic_311PP.psi in this case.

14 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

5. On the top menu, click File, select Remove File and delete the
2dSeismic_311.PP(pg) display that you initially added to the plot.

6. Save the current analysis as a *.sav file called 2dSeismic_335.sav.

7. On the top menu, click File, choose Add File and select the newly
created *.psi file (i.e., 2dSeismic_311.PP(pg)) to overlay the plot.

Presgraf 15
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

8. If required, define the Data Input Units in Meters and PPG

(leaving the other fields blank) and click the OK button.

9. Presgraf may now check for questionable values. Click the OK

button as many times as necessary to update the plot.

You should now see the new plot displayed.

16 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

Overlaying *.PSI Files

You may overlay any number of *.psi files on an existing interpretation so long
as the profiles do not hugely differ.

10. Add drill mud data (drillmudwt.psi) from a reference file to the
plot.

11. If required, define the Data Input Units in Meters and PPG,
leaving the other fields blank, then click the OK button.

Presgraf 17
2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow Landmark

12. Click File on the top menu, choose Add File... and select the
2dSeismic_311.vel file. Presgraf shows it on a second display.

13. To add a *.BIL file (also shown on a second display), first remove
the velocity file (2dSeismin_311.vel) that you added earlier, then
select the Danallcurvestvd.BIL file.

18 Presgraf
Landmark 2D Pore Pressure Estimation Workflow

Adding Annotations
1. On the top menu, click Annotate and then select Add Text... to
open the following window.

• Specify the height of the font by clicking the up and down

arrow buttons beside the Height field.
• Choose a text color by clicking the Color button.
• Type your text in the Text field.
• Click the OK button.

2. On the top menu, click Annotate and then select Draw a Pointer
Arrow to open the following window.

• Select Lock or Double Thickness by clicking a mark into the

corresponding checkboxes.
• Choose a color by clicking the Color button.
• Select the position of your arrow in the y1position field.
• Click the OK button to save your selections.

Editing and Clearing Annotations

To edit an annotation, click Annotate > Edit Annotations.To clear annotations,
click Annotate > Clear All Annotation or Annotate > Clear Last Annotation.

Presgraf 19