Bioscience for Nursing II:

An introduction
Hening P. Syahrin

Basic Science and Fundamental of Nursing Group

Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia
2009
 What we will cover today

 To learn about the discipline of

Bioscience for nursing

 To learn how Bioscience applies to

clinical practice
 Why should we study bioscience?

The goal is also clearly to be a professional

nurse:
- think rationally and scientifically
- bioscience (including pathology) is a
foundation for nursing professional science
- holistic care; illness is as a result of
abnormalities on biological (on cells,
tissue, & organ), psychological, social, &
spiritual factors.
 Component of Bioscience for
Nursing II

 Pathology
 Microbiology & Parasitology

 Pharmacology
PATHOLOGY
 What is Pathology?
Root Word:
Path(pathos) means suffering, disease
Suffix:
logy(logos) means study, science
 The study of disease
 The study of the functional, biochemical, and
morphological alteration in cells, tissue, and
organs that underlie disease
 DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY
Disease:
1. a disorder of structure or function, especially
that produces specific clinical signs

2. any deviation from, or interruption of, the

normal structure or function of organ or one
system of the body; which may be clinical
(characteristic set of symptoms & signs) or sub
clinical and whose etiology, pathogenesis and
prognosis may be know or unknown
(http://people.upei.ca/hanna/)
DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY(2)

Symptom:
any indication of disease perceived
by the patient. Applicable to animal?
Sign:
observed abnormality of structure or
function
 The key point of nursing
science
 To prevent

 To diagnose
Diseases
 To care
( Control)
The contents of pathology
 Etiology (the causes )
 Pathogenesis (mechanisms from
initiation to disease development)
 pathologic changes (structural &
functional, biochemistry abnormalities
that are characteristic of the disease
 clinical significance (nature of the
morphologic changes & their
distribution in organs/tissues
influence normal function and
determine the clinical signs, course,
and prognosis of the disease)
 1. Causes of disease

Identification of the causative factors

that initiate the disease process.

1). Genetic factors

2). Environmental factors
Although the causes of disease are divided
into above two main groups, but both
groups are interlaced in most diseases.
 2. Pathogenesis
Defining the disease mechanisms.
How do the causative factors change normal
physiological processes?
How do these functional changes cause changes
in tissue structure?

Most are still investigating. Some of them

should be known, for instance:
 Thrombosis

 Myocardial infarction
 3. Pathologic changes
What are the specific changes in function and
structure that characterize each disease?
Level A. Naked eye level:
gross changes in diseased organs.
Level B. Light microscopic level:
in histological and cytological level.
Level C. Electron-microscopic(EM) level:
in the ultrastructure (cellular organelles).
Level D. Molecular level:
inspect aberrant in DNA, RNA, and protein.
 4. Manifestations
The functional consequences of the morphologic
changes.

Can these changes from normal be detected by clinical

tests such as examination of the blood or urine?

Can the structural changes be identified by techniques

such as x-ray, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, or
examination of tissue samples (biopsies)?

What clinical signs and symptoms are produced by the

disease process?

How does the disease process produce these signs and

symptoms?
 5. Progress and sequels
 Progress
simple intricate
short-term long-term

 Sequels
healing
un-healing: delay & complications
spread even death
 CLINICAL TASKS
In clinical practice, the objective of the study of disease
has several purposes:
 Diagnosis: to determine the nature of the disease
process and its causation, i.e. to establish a diagnosis
if possible.
 Intervention: To monitor the extent and progress of
the disease and provide an indication of prognosis.
Caring of the patient's problem is very often based on
this information.
 Prevention: To use knowledge of the mechanisms of
disease to prevent disease in individuals or
populations of people or animals.
 The classification of
pathology
 General pathology: the study of basic
reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal
stimuli that underlie diseases
i.e. injury, repair, inflammation, neoplasia.

 Systemic pathology: the study of the

specific response of specialized organs and
tissues to more or less well defined stimuli
i.e. cardiovascular diseases, respiratory
diseases, endocrine diseases, etc.
Diseases-->Pathology--> Nursing
Practice

(1) Causes (etiology) Diagnosing

Variations of
(2) Mechanisms (Pathogenesis)
structure
(3) Pathological changes Caring/intervention
function
(4) Manifestations
outside
(5) Progress and sequels Preventing
normal range
 The location and importance of
bioscience in nursing education

Pathology is a bridge between basic science and

clinical nursing. All of the nursing students
have to stride over the bridge!