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• Introduction to Quantum Mechanics


D. Griffiths, 2nd edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005
• Quantum Physics
S. Gasiorowicz, 3rd edition, Wiley Intern. Ed., 2003
• Modern Quantum Mechanics
J.J. Sakurai, Addison-Wesley Publ., 1994
• Quantum Mechanics
E. Merzezbaher, 3rd edition, J. Wiley, Inc, 1998
  

    
 

• !   " #



⎨  $
 %&
•         ' &

  WKB
•    "   
• $   $
   
• 
   
• Mathematica
  

      

• 
   
•   Hartee - Fock
• ( )       $
 &   *
  +'    & 
• ,    
  $ 
$
•    Bell
  

     !  




 ! " "  *    



 "    "   & Hilbert (
 "          " ) 
 *
   "  *  

 ! " *     A  


  
  Â      
      
     $ :

Âψn = an ψn , an ∈ R

,         "       


A
       Â
  

   *     )"     


 '               Â

 
 &    "  & $
  $        " :
r → r̂ = r  p → p̂ = −i∇r

$  
    
 
 "  & $ & :
p → p̂ = p  r → p̂ = i∇p
  

 (    $  "$ $   $    


A   "    "*   
      " Ψ
:

 = (Ψ, ÂΨ) = Ψ∗ ÂΨdr

! " Ψ = n cn ψn     * 

- 
.   an   
  " ψn
 Â
:
Π(an ) = |cn |2 = |(ψn , Ψ)|2

 ( "  *    "    



    "      
  

 /, 
        A 
  
            Â
% 
−−−−−−−−−−→
|Ψ    A |ψn 
"  (       Ar  

          
   

Stern - Gerlach           


B = B0 z0    ")   " -  . 
" |Sz ; +   |Sz ; −
%      "0   $  " 

(   )
 
   "
   
 "        "  % 
−−−−−−−−−−→
|ψn     A |ψn 
  

 (   ) )  "  '   


      )
$  Schrödinger -S..

∂Ψ
i = ĤΨ
∂t

 Ĥ     1     


  

"
 #  Dirac
/  "  a - 23" $ . 
  *
)

 "   
   ) $ x, y   
"   ) $ x  , y     :

ax = x0 · a, ay = y0 · a
a = (ax , ay ) = (ax  , ay  ) 
ax  = x0 · a, ay  = y0 · a

! +'     "  


 "*    "   & Hilbert -H. 
"   
 )&    *  
4     "   & H
 
  
$      
    
/,$         '    
" 
 
$    '"
 & H   $
     
   
  

!  
   " 
  
'   Dirac:
    & H   ket  '
0  
|α  |yn   |n     :
• |α + |β = |γ, c|α = |αc (c ∈ C)
•  ket |α  c|α  c = 0 "  
 "
  *        
• /    Â    ket   "  
 
"  ket:
Â(|α) = Â|α = |φ
 '
 |φ = α|α
  α       Â   |α 3ket 
       α
  

!     & $ ket  $     


& $ bra     
 '
0   a|
%   $  *    
:

α| ←→ |α  α| = (|α)† - .

 *  & $ ket  bra    "$
 :
•  bra  c|α
 c ∗ α|   cα| 4  "  :

c1 |α + c2 |β ←→ c1∗ α| + c2∗ β|

• /      bra    )"  


  "  bra:

α|Â = φ|

 Â|α  α|Â 
    " %   
 : Â|α ←/→ α|Â
  
 "     †   
  :

α|† ←→ Â|α -2.

, †     0  Â


 † =   Â
  
• /  bra   ket       
   
  
    :
(β|) · (|α) = β|α
    
bra [c] ket

4  $         $    


$     :
β|α∗ = α|β
γ|c1 α + c2 β = c1 γ|α + c2 γ|β
c1 α + c2 β|γ = c1∗ α|γ + c2∗ β|γ
  
 '
 β|α = 0  ket |α  |β   & 
 α|α = 1  |α       
!  &   $  bra 
 
$ 
 
    &:

ψ| = ψ ∗ (x) · [· · · ]dx

  
          

  
  bra
⎛ ⎞
α1
⎜ ⎟
  ket  
 "   : |α = ⎝ α2 ⎠ 


 
 bra
  "  : α| = (a1∗ , a2∗ , · · · ) :
⎛ ⎞
α1
⎜ ⎟
α|α = (α1∗ , α2∗ , · · · ) ⎝ α2 ⎠ = |α1 |2 + |α2 |2 · · ·


  

•  |α
  
 ket  & Hilbert  "*  
 *: 
|α = cα,i |βi , cα,i = βi |α
i

 |βi 
  3ket      B̂ 
 $          
  
   (|β)(a|) = |βa|
 
  *  
   ket - bra. 
  ket - bra.:
(|βa|)·|γ = |β (a|γ) = (a|γ)|β  γ|·(|βa|) = (γ|β)a|
  
ket 
(   
 $ bra  ket $ ) $ 
        *"0    
         *
"    :

P̂α = |αα|, α|α = 1 -5.

     "   " |β 


 “'" ”  " |α:
P̂α |β = |αα|β = α|β|α
, P̂α    !  & 
"  &    |α
  

     {|n}
       '" (n|m = δnm )
   "   &  :
 
  
|α = cα,n |n = n|α|n = |nn| |α
n n n

 
 

Î = |nn| -6.
n

 Î
      (   
  $
 $    
(   -6. 
  "   
   " 
*$ *" $ 
 "    )    -6.  ) $ α|  |α
 $      α|α  :
  

 

α|α = α|Î |α = α| |nn| |α
n
  
= (α|n)(n|α) = |n|α|2 = |cα,n |2
n n n

(    
     |α
       
    cα,n         :
 
|cα,n |2 = |n|α|2 = 1
n n

, '         "$ )


$ 
 :

• 
    : Pˆn = Pˆn 
• 
   -idempotent.: P̂n2 = Pˆn 
•  Pˆn |ψ = λ|ψ  λ = 0, 1
  

$   

! "     '  " # 


!
!     $  ! 
        # #  # 
,   
0  %# #  &!
!   
0     '  

,  
     )
$    !
     $  %#  
&" !         
       
  

/,    


0       &
 ' &   "   "*   
 " ψα (x)
 α            
&  *         
$
'  & &  
0   " 

 x            
$  ' &   
 )"   "
 

           
 
  
       
 
%$  %  %  "
 |ψα (x)|2
 # “” x  # # α
  

 q  φq (x)
        
    Q̂  Q̂φq (x) = qφq (x)   :

φ∗q (x)φq (x)dx = φq |φq  = q  |q = δq q

   " ψα (x) 


  
$  
      Q̂:

ψα (x) = ca,q φq (x), ca,q = (φq (x), ψα (x)) -7.
q

 |ca,q |2  


0      *       
  q    '
   " α
 "   ca,q
   $
 " ' (    
 α  q−
  

ψα (x) = ca,q φq (x), ca,q = (φq (x), ψα (x)) -8.
q
(     "*      " α
  q− " - " cα,q .  x− "
- " ψα (x).
( -8. 
 *    '   Dirac  "#
    ψα (x) φq (x)       ca,q 
 *:
ψα (x) ≡ x|α, φq (x) ≡ x|q, ca,q ≡ q|α -9.

  '  &     -8. 


 *
  *:

x|α = x|qq|α -:.
q

  -;.  


    " x|q ≡ φq (x)
 Q̂  x−  "  
0   " α
  q− "  x− "
  

x|α = x|qq|α -;.
q

4"*        * x|q 



*   
  )  
 x   "
  
 q  "
,  
*   q|x 
    x|q∗ 
   '
   *  
       
 "  " :

x  |Ô|x = x  |Î Ô Î |x = x  |q  q  |Ô|qq|x
q q

(       "  "      


    )"   '    "   
        "*     
! unitary operator. , *     
   "'     
   
  
  

! +'         #


 "  !  # "
   # 
 
  #  &  ! 
  !   
!  
            

 
    
$ )&   
 
,  

   "   "  
 "*      *"  *  
           "   
0 
      )$  ' & 
  

% &  Schrödinger

( '  )
$  +'   
  S. 
 
0     '   '    
       -  '       
Hamilton.

∂Ψ(r, t) 2 2
i = ĤΨ(r, t), Ĥ = − ∇ + V (r, t) - <.
∂t 2m
      )"     V (r, t) = V (r) 
- <.        $   
   " 
 "     " 
%         "     " 

   "    $ "  ) & 
   
  

'     




Ψ(r, t) = T (t)u(r) → ΨE (r, t) = e−iEt/uE (r) - .


  uE (r)
  "  )
$ &
ĤuE (r) = EuE (r) (    )S) - 2.
E =  " $ =   Ĥ 
 $          
      E .   !
%# ! # 
=$  *   - .    
  "    &     "     
    
0       
ω 1 E
ν= =
2π 2π 
  

(    ! 


( *  
  
  |Ψ(r, t)|2
  
 %  %     $

 
  " Ψ(r, t)  "    
   $
     '
      
 t    dr = dxdy dz  
 r
  "  
|Ψ(r, t)|2 dr
dΠ = c|Ψ(r, t)|2 dr
(  " c      
     ' 

 $
     &
  "

1
Π = c |Ψ(r, t)|2 dr = 1 ⇒ c = 
|Ψ(r, t)|2 dr
     

Ψ∗ (r, t)Ψ(r, t)
ρ(r, t) =  - 5.
|Ψ(r, t)|2 dr
  

    
       ρ(r, t)
"* :
ρ(r, t) = Ψ∗ (r, t)Ψ(r, t) - 6.
4   
 ρ(r, t) = Ψ∗ Ψ $    
   
ρ(r, t)dr = 1 - "    . - 7.

   Ψ(r, t)    


    & :
    $  - 7. 
  )"   
    $  - 7.  

 $ "  
  '    ' 
    )*
0     "     
 *" &    $  - 7.  "  
*  "  Ψ(r, t)    
  $  "   &
  

  !  "   


     
    
  $  "   & 
$  "   
  :
i
Ψp (r, t) = α(p)e  (p r−Et)  !    
$ 
0  
      

ρ(r, t) = cΨ∗ (r, t)Ψ(r, t)

 c  "    


   
 
  
  
 "    $ 
ρ(r, t)     &
  )"    *
' '  "      &    
Hamilton 
  
  

& ) *#  #


! >   -(   .    
#   *"0     "0    
  -   *
.  )
$    

*
 " -'$. *      

! +'     '$      
   )
$    ( )
$   
 $
"  % j(r, t)  
  
i ∗ −i

j(r, t) = − (Ψ ∇Ψ−Ψ∇Ψ ∗ ) = Re Ψ∗ Ψ = Re[Ψ∗ v̂Ψ]
2m m
- 8.

  *
∂ρ(r, t)
+ ∇ · j(r, t) = 0 - 9.
∂t
( - 9.
     )
$  Schrödinger  *"0 
 )  :
  

     ' 


 $
    V 
&    "        
' 
     V )"  "   
           
- 8.  
  -$     . 

"   *:
- . × -.
 $           
"    $ '
      
   ?           
      
        ' '
  

"    ! 

             


• ( Ψ(r, t)       
     & 
)*
0   ρ(r, t) = |Ψ(r, t)|2  j(r, t)  
 *"       *   

-          .
 ( Ψ(r, t)    
  $  "   &

|Ψ(r, t)|2 dr =     - :.
V→∞

* %! ! &$  #  


!       
     
     "  " 
  

4    
     - . -Ψ(r, t) =  $  "
  &.   
1.• ( |Ψ(r, t)|  
     "  "  
   r −3/2 
• ( |Ψ(r, t)| 
  
0   r = 0  $ 
   r −3/2 
! '             " 
" 
:   "    
    
  "  " 
 ( Ψ(r, t)    
    "

 , &     "$  Ψ(r, t)    



 
    *    
    
-    .
  

@, "  '


    "  #   *" 
   "
  " $   & 

 &  ∇Ψ "        *" 

  
, " $       
 Ψ(r, t)  " 
 
       “   ” uE (r) - 
E (r).   )"     )
$  Schrödinger
∇u
  
$  V (r, t) = V (r)
  

+  & &  ! 

 "  "     "


  "*     " Ψ( r , t) 

  )      )
$  Schrödinger
+"     - $ t = 0.  Ψ( r , t)
   

$  " $     Hamilton

Ψ(r, 0) = αEn uEn (r), αEn = uEn (r)|Ψ(r, 0) - ;.
n

 '    "  - ;. "   " $ 


      "      $ $    
"   
  

+"  " uEn (r) )


    "   
 )"      ( ) )   "*  
  "

ΨEn (r, t) = e−iEn t/uEn (r)

     t = 0     "




Ψ(r, t) = αEn e−iEn t/uEn (r) -2<.
n
  

% &  Schrödinger   

4  $


  "0  m1  m2      r1
 r2   
   )"      S.


2 2 2 2
− ∇1 u12 (r1 , r2 )− ∇ u12 (r1 , r2 )+V (r1 , r2 )u12 (r1 , r2 ) = E12 u12 (r1 , r2 )
2m1 2m2 2
 -2 .

E12 =          ∇i = ∂xi , ∂yi , ∂z ∂ ∂ ∂
i
( % -2 . )"  )      
     V (r1 , r2 )          

$  $
$    )"   "  
    r = r1 − r2  %  V (r1 , r2 ) = V (r1 − r2 )
!    
$  '        "
 "          
"0        $  $
$
  

m 1 r1 + m 2 r2
R = (X , Y , Z ) = , r = (x, y , z) = r1 − r2 -22.
M
 M = m1 + m2   
  # $ µ = m1 m2
m1 +m2
    -22. $  r1  r2  '
 
µ µ
r1 = R + r, r2 = R − r -25.
m1 m2
 " $  &  Laplace $  
    $  $
$ 
 *

" $  &  Laplace $      
  "0       
1 2 1 2 1 1
∇1 + ∇2 = ∇2R + ∇2r -26.
m1 m2 M µ

   
R = ∂ ∂ ∂ r = ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ , , , ∇ , ,
∂X ∂Y ∂Z ∂x ∂y ∂z
  

1&   -26.  )


$ $  $
$
"* 

ĤR u12 (r1 , r2 ) + Ĥr u12 (r1 , r2 ) = E12 u12 (r1 , r2 ) -27.


−2 2 −2 2
ĤR = ∇ , Ĥr = ∇ + V (r1 − r2 )
2M R 2µ r
• @,     )"          $ 
$
$       Hamilton  

"  $  , 
     Hamilton 
$
 "0 M           
 "0   "      Hamilton 
$
 "0 µ           
       
  

    $ $  ' &  0&   


*
u12 (r1 , r2 ) = u12 (R, r) = U(R)u(r)
  )&  &

ĤR U(R) = ER U(R) , Ĥr u(r) = Eu(r) , ER + E = E12

( &
  S.   $
 "0 M 
  ER     
  )
$ 
 
     

   S.  $
 "0
µ  
     V (r)      E = E12 − ER 
(   & )
$

i 
U(R) = e  PR , |P| = 2MER

 P
     "0
  

• @,     )"          $ 


$
$    '       '  
) "0  "     $ & 
  $  S.    


−2 2
Ĥr u(r) = Eu(r) , Ĥr = ∇ + V (r) -28.
2µ r
  

 ! !


    
  )  $
$
  
V (r) = V (r )     S.    
 -28.
  *   * -  $ $
 ' & .
uklm (r) = Rkl (r )Ylm (ϑ, ϕ) -29.
• Rkl (r )         S.
 
d2 Rkl 2 dRkl 2 2µ l(l + 1) 2µ
+ + k − V (r ) − Rkl = 0, E k2 =
dr 2 r dr 2 r2 2
-2:.
m
• Yl (ϑ, ϕ)  *     
    
 &      * -l̂2 .

l̂2 Ylm (ϑ, ϕ) = 2 l(l + 1)Ylm (ϑ, ϕ), l = 0, 1, 2 . . . -2;.

, l̂2  )"     


  
, *    
        l̂z
-z− &  l̂.
l̂z Ylm (ϑ, ϕ) = mYlm (ϑ, ϕ), m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . , ±l
•  
       )
$ -2:. " 
  )
$        
φkl (r )
Rkl (r ) = -5<.
r
 
d2 φkl 2µ l(l + 1) 2µE
+ k 2 − 2 V (r ) − φkl = 0 , k2 = -5 .
dr 2  r2 2
( % -5 .     *  )
$  Schrödinger 
 " '     
2 l(l + 1)
Veff (r ) = + V (r )
2µ r 2
   " “ "”     )
$
)
$ @  "    

  
 r = ∞
  

+,  -     


   
Rkl (r ) = φkl (r )/r          


  ”      
• (       '"   φ(r )  r = 0 '
 
  
     Hamilton 
  
              
 
∗ dφ2 dφ∗1
lim φ1 − φ2 = 0
r →0 dr dr

 φ1  φ2      -5 . ! ") 


      
  $     

φkl (r )|r =0 = 0 -52.

      


  R(r ) = φ(r )/r 
  
   
  
+,  -       r → 0 
     

 V (r ) = cr k , k > −2       
  
!"        
φ(r ) = c1 r l+1 , l = 0 , r → 0 -55.

• (     φ(r )  "   '   


$
" $
  φ(r ) - "   R(r ).  
 
    "  r &  
    $
   

 ∞  ∞
2 2
|R(r )| r dr = |φ(r )|2 dr = 1
0 0

!  
$   
$ " $    
   
 $   $

 ∞  ∞
∗ 2
RE (r )RE  (r )r dr = φ∗E (r )φE  (r )dr = δ(E − E  )
0 0
  
• ,         
     
-5 . 
0    *     V (r )
(  V (r ) > 0  limr →∞ V (r ) = 0  *" & 
 
     E > 0     " 
(  V (r ) < 0  limr →∞ V (r ) = 0  *" & 
 
   ,        

'          "  
 ,        
  '  
        "    -
$
 
 *   " .
+,  -
    !"   “

  ”
      #   

 
   
$#   

φkl (r ) = kr (Al jl (kr ) + Bl nl (kr )) -56.


 jl (z)  nl (z)
  $   Bessel  Neumann
  
 (  "
φkl (r ) m
uklm (r) = Rkl (r )Ylm (ϑ, ϕ) = Yl (ϑ, ϕ)
r

     " $  & Ĥ, l̂2  l̂z 
 "*   "  $ &  
2 2 
E = 2µk  * |l| =  l(l + 1)  '  
*  ")  Oz  lz = m
    *"
 -  . *   -"  ")
  
$   *" &   . 
" "    k  
 lm
  "
 Ĥ       E 
(      )
$  Schrödinger Ĥuk (r) = Euk (r)

 
uk (r , ϑ, ϕ) = Clm Rkl (r )Ylm (ϑ, ϕ) , |m| ≤ l -57.
lm
(  "  uk (r)   *  -57.
  $ $
  & "  *  
Rkl (r )Ylm (ϑ, ϕ)
    " $  & Ĥ, l̂2  l̂z 
  

, !    #


 "    
   $  -
 .          " 
2
*
 +Ze       Coulomb V (r ) = − Zer 
(  "     )
$  Schödinger "* 
 
d2 φ(r ) 2µ 2µ Ze 2 l(l + 1)
+ 2E+ 2 − φ(r ) = 0 -58.
dr 2   r r2
Mme
 µ = M+m e
 M  me  "0      
 

 0       E = −|E | < 0 
"     " 
 
8µ|E | 2 µ 1
ρ = ar , a = 2
, A = Ze -59.
 22 |E |
  
(   )
$ "* 
 
d2 φ(ρ) 1 A l(l + 1)
+ − + − φ(ρ) = 0 -5:.
dρ2 4 ρ ρ2

A"    *

φ(ρ) = ρl+1 e−ρ/2 f (ρ) -5;.

 f (ρ)       "  


 ρ = 0
( )
$ -5:. "* 

d2 f (ρ) df (ρ)
ρ + [2(l + 1) − ρ] + (A − l − 1)f (ρ) = 0 -6<.
dρ2 dρ

( -6<.
    %  Laguerre
+,  -      
  !"   
     
   $  %  f (ρ) 
!"   &' () *  
!

   %;
  
•     "  )"      
%  Laguerre    

      
 ρ = 0
• 4           $ $ 
 *"  "      "  (A − l − 1) 

      '
0  nr  % 

A − l − 1 = nr → A = nr + l + 1, nr = 0, 1, 2, · · ·

•   

n = nr + l + 1 → A = n, n ≥ l + 1

     A     -59. '


  
            

µe 4 Z 2 1 e 2Z 2 1
E = En = − = − , n = 1, 2, 3 · · · -6 .
22 n2 2a0 n2
2
 a0 = µe 2

   
  Bohr
  
(           "    
      )
$  Laguerre   
 $ $   *"  
 ρ = 0  ρ = ∞


       
2Z 3 (n − l − 1)! 2Zr l 2l+1 2Z Zr
Rnl (r ) = Ln−l−1 r exp −
na0 2n[(n + l)!]3 na0 na0 na0
-62.
 n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·  l = 0, 1, 2, · · · , n − 1 a0   
  Bohr
 Lνn (ξ)     &  Laquerre
  n = nr + l + 1 -nr = 0, 1, 2, · · ·  l = 0, 1, 2, · · · .  
   n -     . " "*
 
- " . $ nr  l  
  " l
" 2m + 1 *   "  @    
 
 *   4  "  ' * 

n−1

gn = (2l + 1) = n2
l=0
  

+, ∞ -   +, $   


 r k 
r k  = 0 r k+2 Rnl (r)2 dr   



" 
 
k = 1, 2, −1 − 2 − 3 -   $   

a0 a02 n2
r  = 2Z [3n2 − l(l + 1)] , r 2  = 2Z 2
[5n2 + 1 − 3l(l + 1)] ,  1r  =

Z2 Z3
 r12  = a02 n3 (l+ 12 )
,  r13  = a03 n3 l(l+ 12 )(l+1)
  

+,  -
 . Feynman - Helman.   

  !  Ĥ       
 
λ  |ψ(λ)  


 $ 


     
  E (λ)   " $
 
∂E (λ)  ∂ Ĥ(λ) 
 
= ψ(λ)   ψ(λ)
∂λ  ∂λ 
  
 
 , 
   . :
α) -
 
  !        

x 2 n = mω (n + 12 )
β) -



$ 

   
1 Z 1 Z2
 nl = ,  nl =
r a0 n2 r2 a02 n3 (l + 12 )
 
   
  
   
   ω 
   
     

       Z   e 


       
l
  
    &  Laquerre 
0     

1 −ν ξ d n  −ξ n+ν 
Lνn (ξ) = ξ e e ξ
n! dξ n


 &       " ξ ∈ [0, ∞) 
 " '" ρ(ξ) = ξ ν e−ξ  (       
& $  $ $

 ∞
(n + m)!
ξ ν e−ξ Lνn (ξ)Lνm (ξ)dξ = δnm
0 n!

B         

(n + 1)Lνn+1 = (2n + ν + 1 − x)Lνn − (n + ν)Lνn−1 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .


x(Lνn ) = nLνn − (n + ν)Lνn−1 , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .


    %

x(Lνn ) + (ν + 1 − x)(Lνn ) + nLνn = 0 0 ≤ x < ∞


  
          & 
Laquerre    
*
  
0  "$
*   '" 

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