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A reinforced concrete column fixed at both ends is subjected to the following loading conditions as given
below. We are required to obtain the appropriate longitudinal reinforcement for the column using BS 8110-
1:1997 and Eurocode 2.
The column is carrying longitudinal and transverse beams of depth 600mm and width 300mm. It is also
supported by beams of the same dimension. The centre to centre height of the column is 3500mm. The plan
view of the arrangement of the beams and column is as shown below.
DESIGN ACCORDING TO BS 8110-1:1997
N = 716.88 KN;
TOP: Mx-x = 175.87 KNm; My-y = 35.52 KNm
BOTTOM: Mx-x = -85.832 KNm; My-y = -25.269 KNm
Concrete grade = 30 N/mm2
Yield Strength of reinforcement = 460 N/mm2
Concrete cover = 40mm
Lo = 3.5m, Le = 0.75 × (3500 - 600) = 2175 mm;
Size of column = 400 x 300mm;
Slenderness = 2175/300 = 7.25 < 15. Thus column is short.
Axial-load ratio
Nratio = (N × 1000) / (Fcu × b × h) = (716.88 × 1000) / (30 × 400 × 300) = 0.1991
In the x-x direction = emin = 0.05 × 400 = 20mm, therefore adopt 20mm, Mx = 716.88 × 0.02 = 14.3376 KNm
< 214.64 KNm
In the y-y direction = emin = 0.05 × 300 = 15mm, therefore adopt 15mm, My = 716.88 × 0.015 = 10.7532 KNm
< 214.64 KNm
Elastic Moments
Y - direction: M01 = 175.87 KNm; M02 = -85.832 KNm
Z – direction: M01 = 35.52KNm; M02 = -25.269 KNm
In the y-direction;
Second moment of area of beam 1 (I1) = bh3/12 = 0.3 × 0.63/12 = 0.0054 m4
Stiffness of beam 1 (since E is constant) = 4I1/L = (4 × 0.0054) / 6 = 0.0036
For compression members in regular braced frames, the slenderness criterion should be checked with an
effective length l0 determined in the following way:
Where;
k1, k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2 respectively
L is the clear height of the column between the end restraints
k = 0 is the theoretical limit for rigid rotational restraint, and k = ∞ represents the limit for no restraint atall.
Since fully rigid restraint is rare in practise, a minimum value of 0.1 is recommended for k1 and k2.
In the above equations, k1 and k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraint at nodes I and 2
respectively. If the stiffness of adjacent columns does not vary significantly (say, difference not exceeding
15% of the higher value), the relative flexibility may be taken as the stiffness of the column under
consideration divided by the sum of the stiffness of the beams (or, for an end column, the stiffness of the
beam) attached to the column in the appropriate plane of bending.
Remember that we will have to reduce the stiffness of the beams by half to account for cracking;
In the z-direction;
Second moment of area of beam 3 (I3) = bh3/12 = 0.3 × 0.63/12 = 0.0054 m4
Stiffness of beam 3 (since E is constant) = 4I1/L = (4 × 0.0054) / 3.5 = 0.00617
k1 = k2 = 0.00102857/(0.003085) = 0.3334
lo = 0.5 × 2900 √[(1 + 0.3334) / (0.45 + 0.3334) × (1 + 0.3334) / (0.45 + 0.3334)] = 2675.293 mm
Radius of gyration
22.930 < 56.842, second order effects need not to be considered in the y-direction
30.892 < 62.634, second order effects need not to be considered in the z - direction
Minimum eccentricity e0 = h/30 = 400/30 = 13.333 mm. Since this is less than 20mm, take minimum
eccentricity = 20mm (clause 6.1(4) EC2).
Area of longitudinal steel required (As) = (0.23 × 30 × 400 × 300)/460 = 1800 mm2
As,min = 0.10 NEd/fyd = (0.1 × 716.88)/400 = 0.179 mm2 < 0.002 × 400 × 300 = 240 mm2
As,max = 0.04bh = 4800 mm2
Biaxial Effects
By linear interpolation, a = 1.0 + [(0.2537 – 0.1 )/(0.7 – 0.1)] × (1.5 - 1.0) = 1.128
(40.314/187.2)1.128 + (180.624/187.2)1.128 = 0.1769 + 0.9606 = 1.1375 > 1.0. This is not ok, and this shows that
4Y25 is inadequate for the biaxial action on the column.
By linear interpolation, a = 1.0 + [(0.222 – 0.1 )/(0.7 – 0.1)] × (1.5 - 1.0) = 1.102