• HEAT

EXC GE
INSTITUTE, INC.
STANDARDS for
CLOSED FEEDWATER
HEATERS

•
SEVENTH EDITION
·Copyright December 2004 by
Heat Exchange Institute
1300 Sumner Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115

Reproduction of any portion of this standard without written permission of the

Heat Exchange Institute is strictly forbidden .

•
 HEAT
•
EXCHANGE
INSTITUTE, INC.
CLOSED FEEDWATER
HEATERS
Hydro Dyne Inc. Thermal Engineering
)
225 Wetmore Ave. S. E. International (USA) Inc.
Massillon, OH 44646 10375 Slusher Drive

Yuba Heat Transfer

2121 North 161" East Avenue
PO Box 3158
Tulsa, OK 74116
Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670

•
,

ii
•
 CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD vii

• DEFINITIONS
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Closed Feedwater Heater ......................................................................................... .
Heater Duty ........................................................................................................... .
Design Maximum Worlring Pressure .......................................................................... .
Operating Pressure .................................................................................................. .
Terminal Temperature Difference (TID) .................................................................... .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.6 Drain Subcooler Approach (DCA) ................................................................................ . 1
1.7 Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) ..................................................... . 1
1.8 Pressure Loss ........................................................................................................ . 1
1.9 Heat Transfer Coefficient ......................................................................................... . 1
1.10 Desuperheating Zone (DSH) ...................................................................................... . 1
1.11 Condensing Zone ..................................................................................................... . 1
1.12 Drain Subcooling Zone (DC) ...................................................................................... . 1
1.13 Drains .................................................................................................................... . 1
1.14 Total Surface ........................................................................................................... . 1
1.15 Effective Surface ..................................................................................................... . 1
1.16 Integral Flash Chamber ............................................................................................ . 1
FEEDWATER HEATER PERFORMANCE ................................................................................... . 2
2.1 Heater Performance ................................................................................................ 2
2.1.1 Minimum Data Required to be Supplied by the Purchaser ................................. 2
2.2 Thermal Resistance ................................................................................................... 2
2.2.1 Tube Wall Resistance .................................................................................... 2
2.2.2 Fouling Resistance .... .............. ......... ....... ........ ......... ................ ......... ........... 3
2.3 Terminal Temperature Difference .............................................................................. 3
2.4 Drains Subcooling Zone Approach .............................................................................. 3
2.5 Tube Side Velocity ................................................................................................... 3
2.6 Shell Side Pressure Loss .......................................................................................... 3

•
2.7 Tube Side Pressure Loss ............................................................................................. 3
2.8 Nozzle Sizes ............................................................................................................ 7
2.9 Steam Nozzle Location and Steam Distribution Dome ................................................... 7
2.9.1 Single Nozzle Heaters ................................................................................. 7
2.9.2 Multi-Nozzle Heaters . ......... ......... ........ ........ .......... ........... ............. ......... ... 8
2.10 Drain Nozzle ............................................................................................................ 8
2.11 Control of Feedwater Heaters .................................................................................... 10
2.11.1 General Control Considerations ..................................................................... 10
2.11.2 Capacitance Requirements for Vertical Heaters. ......... ............. ............ ........ ..... 10
2.12 Overload and Abnormal Operating Modes ..... ......... ........ ......... ............. ........... ........... ... 10
2.13 Vent Off-Take Piping ................................................................................................ 10
2.14 Oxygen Content in a Deaerating Heater ..... ........ ......... ......... ........... ............. ......... ..... 11
MECHANICAL DESIGN STANDARDS . ..... ....... ........ .......... ....... ......... ............ .............. ........ ...... 11
3.1 Code Requirements ................................................................................................... 11
3.1.1 Corrosion Allowance .................................................................................... 11
3.2 Design Press ure . . ... . ... . . ... . ..... . ... . . . . ...... . . ...... . . . ..... . . . ....... . . ..... . . . . . ........ . . . . . . ...... . . . . ...... 11
3.3 Design Temperature ................................................................................................ 11
3.4 Hydrostatic Test ...................................................................................................... 12
3.5 Nil Ductility Temperature .. ...... ...... .......... ......... ........ ......... ........... .............. ......... ...... 12
3.6 Tubes ..................................................................................................................... 12
3.6.1 Tube Metal Temperature .............................................................................. 12
3.6.2 Tube Joint Temperature .. ........ .......... ....... ......... ............ .............. ......... ....... 12
3.6.3 Tube Wall Thickness Limitations ........ ....... ......... ......... ................. ......... ....... 12
3.6.4 Tube Length ... .... ...... ...... ........ .......... ........ ........ .......... ............... .......... ........ 12
3.6.5 U-Tubes ...................................................................................................... 12
3.6.6 Stress Relieving U-Bends ....... ........... ....... ........ .......... ............... ........... ......... 12
3.6.7 Tube Plugging ............................................................................................. 13
3.7 Tube Bundle ............................................................................................................ 13

•
3.7.1 Tube Layout ................................................................................................ 13
3.7.2 Bames and Support Plates ........................................................................... 13
3.7.2.1 Tube Holes .................................................................................... 13
3.7.2.2 Spacing and Tube Vibration ............................................................ 13

iii
 CONTENTS (continued)

3.7.2.3 Support ofU-Bends ....................................................................... . 13

•
3.7.2.4 Thickness ................................................................................... . 13
3.7.2.5 Drain Subcooling Zone End Plate .................................................. . 13
3.7.2.6 Shrouds and Longitudinal Barnes .................................................. . 13
3.7.2.7 Impingement Barnes .................................................................... . 13
3.8 Tubesheet .............................................................................................................. . 13
3.8.1 Design Factor ............................................................................................ . 14
3.8.2 Tubesheet Corner Radius ............................................................................. . 14
3.8.3 Tube Hole Diameters and Tolerances ........................................................... . 14
3.8.4 Ligament Widths and Tolerances ................................................................. . 15
3.9 Channel Covers ..................................................................................................... . 15
3.10 Heater Supports ..................................................................................................... . 15
3.11 Condenser Installation ............................................................................................ . 15
3.12 Welded Joint Construction ......................................................................................... . 16
3.13 Connections-Nozzle Length ...................................................................................... . 16
3.14 Nozzle Loads ........................................................................................................... . 16
3.14.1 Nomenclature ............................................................................................ . 16
3.14.2 External Forces and Moments .................................................................... . 16
3.14.3 Sample Problem ......................................................................................... . 17
3.15 Tolerances .............................................................................................................. . 21
MATERIAL DESIGN STANDARDS ............................................................................................ . 23
4.1 Materials .............................................................................................................. . 23
4.2 Quality ................................................................................................................. . 23
4.3 Specifications ........................................................................................................ . 23
DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF REPLACEMENT HEATERSIBUNDLES ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....... ...... 24
5.1 Replacement HeaterslBundles ................................................................................... . 24
FEEDWATER HEATER PROTECTION ........ ......... ........ ........ ........ ..... ..... .... .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ...... 25

•
6.1 Safety Requirements ............................................................................................... . 25
6.1.1 Tube Side Relief Valves ................................................................................ . 25
6.1.2 Shell Side Relief Valves ................................................................................ . 25
6.2 Flashback Protection ............................................................................................... . 25
6.3 Cleanliness and Corrosion Protection .......................................................................... . 25
6.4 Venting and Draining ............................................................................................... . 26
INSTALLATIONS .................................................................................................................... . 26
7.0 Typical Installations ............................................................................................... . 26
CHANNEL TYPES .................................................................................................................... . 27
8.1 Full Diameter Access Channels ................................................................................ . 27
8.1.1 Low Pressure, Full Access .......................................................................... . 27
8.1.2 High Pressure, Full Access .......................................................................... . 27
8.2 Manway Access Channels ......................................................................................... . 27
8.2.1 Minimum Access Manway Sizes .................................................................... . 27
8.2.1.1 Minimum Manway Sizes .............................................................. . 27
8.2.1.2 Pass Partition Cover Design and TYpe ............................................ . 27
8.2.2 Low Pressure, Manway Access .................................................................... . 29
8.2.3 High Pressure, Manway Access .................................................................... . 30
TYPICAL FEEDWATER HEATER INTERNAL ARRANGEMENTS .................................................. . 31
9.0 Typical Feedwater Heater Internal Arrangements ........................................................ . 31
APPENDICES 41
Appendix A Guidelines for Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Feedwater Heaters ........... . 41
A.1 Installation of Closed Feedwater Heaters .............................................................. . 41
ALl General Considerations .......................................................................... . 41
A1.2 Installation Under Freezing Conditions ..................................................... . 41
A1.3 Pre-Operational Cleaning and Flushing Operation ...................................... . 41

•
A1.4 High Level Condensate Dump ................................................................. . 41
A1.5 Accessories ............................................................................................ . 41
A.2 Closed Feedwater Heater Operation .................................................................... . 42
A2.1 Inital Start-Up Precautions .................................................................... . 42

;v
 CONTENTS (continued)

A2.2 Liquid Level Control ................................................................................ . 42

•
A2.3 Liquid Level Control in Vertical Channel Down Heaters ............................. . 43
A2.4 False Liquid Level Indication .................................................................... . 44
A2.5 Effect of Low Liquid Levels on External Drain System ................................ . 44
A2.6 Effect of Load Rejection on Shell Liquid Level ............................................ . 44
A2.7 Effect of Failed Tubes on Heater Operation .................................................. . 44
A2.8 Effect of Plugged Tubes ............................................................................. . 45
A2.9 Start-Up Liminations ............................................................................. . 45
A2.1O Shutdown Limitations ............................................................................. . 45
A.3 Maintenance of Feedwater Heaters ....................................................................... . 46
A3.1 In-Plant Cleaning ................................................................................... . 46
A3.2 Chemical Cleaning ................................................................................... . 46
A3.3 Stagnant or Entrapped Areas .................................................................... . 46
A3.4 Special Product Warnings (Safety) .............................................................. . 46
A3.5 Lay-Up Procedure for Non-Operating Heaters ............................................ . 46
A3.6 Repair Procedures ................................................................................... . 47
A3.6.1 Tube Leak Repairs ....................................................................... . 47
A3.6.2 Pressure-Boundary Repairs ........................................................... . 47
A3.7 Spare Parts and Special Thols .................................................................... . 47
A3.7.1 Spare Parts ................................................................................ . 47
A3. 7.2 Special Tools ................................................................................ . 47
A3.8 Inspection ............................................................................................... . 47
A3.9 Alterations or Repairs ............................................................................. . 47
Appendix B General Feedwater Heater Information ................................................................. . 48
B1 Vertical Feedwater Heaters .................................................................... . 48
B2 Cycling and Off Load Conditions .............................................................. . 48
B3 Material Compatibility in Operating Environments .................................. . 48
B3.1 Compatibility of Tube Materials ..................................................... . 49
B4 Specific Zone Designs ............................................................................. . 50
B4.1 Desuperheating Zone ................................................................. . 50

• B5
B6
B7
B8
B4.1.1 Dry Wall Safety Margins at DSZ Outlet ......................................... .
B4.2
B4.3
Condensing Zone .......................................................................... .
Subcooling Zone .......................................................................... .
Heaters Removed from Service ................................................................. .
Manway Sizes for Hemispherical Heads ..................................................... .
Integral Flash Chamber Considerations ..................................................... .
Floating Pass Partitions .......................................................................... .
50
50
50
51
51
51
52
B9 Troubleshooting Guide ............................................................................. . 52
B10 Emergency Liquid Bypass for Feedwater Heaters ...................................... . 54
Bll High Pressure Closures: Gasketed vs. Welded Diaphragm ............................. . 55

Appendix C Reference Data ................................................................................................... 56

C-1 Metric Conversion Factors .... ...... ..... ........ .......... .......... ......... ......... ....... .... 56
C-2 Areas of Circular Segments ..................................................................... 60
C-3 Modulus of Elasticity .............................................................................. 61
C-4 Thermal Conductivity .............................................................................. 63
C-5 Mechanical Characteristics of Tubing ......................................................... 64
C-6 Mechanical Characteristics of Steel Tubing ................................................ 66
C-7 Chart for Solving LMTD Formula .... ...... ........... ......... .......... ........... ........ .... 67
C-8.1 Closed Feedwater Heater Specification Sheet - English Units ........................ 68
C-8.2 Closed Feedwater Heater Specification Sheet - SI Units .......... ........ ......... ...... 69
C-8.3 Closed Feedwater Heater Specification Sheet - MKH Units ... .......... ........ ...... 70
FIGURES
FIG. 1 Feedwater Specific Volume Ratios ....................................................................... . 4
FIG. 2 Design Feedwater Velocity at 60°F ....................................................................... . 5
FIG.3a Density Correction Factor ................................................................................... . 6
FIG.3b Loss Correction Factor for Tube Configuration ........................................................ . 6
FIG. 4 Steam Nozzle Location-Single Inlet ....................................................................... . 8

• FIG. 5
FIG. 6

FIG. 7
Steam Nozzle Location-Multiple Inlets ................................................................. .
Tubesheet Formula Perimeter Calculation ........................................................... .
6.1 Wall ThicknesslI.D. Ratio for Integral Tubesheets ...................................... .
Nozzle Load Nomenclature ................................................................................ .

v
9
14
14
16
 CONTENTS (continued)

FIG. 8,9, 10 Allowable Nozzle Loads ...................................................................................... . 18

•
FIG. 11 Standard Tolerances for Nozzles and Support Locations - English Units .................... . 21
FIG.11a Standard Tolerances for Nozzles and Support Locations - SI Units ............................. . 22
FIG. 12 Horizontal Installation ...................................................................................... . 26
FIG. 13 Horizontal in Condenser Exhaust Neck Installation ............................................... . 26
FIG. 14 Vertical Channel Up Installation .......................................................................... . 26
FIG. 15 Vertical Channel Down Installation ....................................................................... . 26
FIG. 16 Welded Type Pass Partition Cover Design .............................................................. . 27
FIG. 17 Gasketed Channel Cover Pass Partition Design ..................................................... . 27
FIG. 18 High Pressure, Full Access Channel .................................................................... . 27
FIG. 19 Typical Bolted and Gasketed Partition Cover Design .............................................. .. 28
FIG. 20 Hemispherical Head Channel Design-LP .............................................................. . 29
FIG. 21 Elliptical Head Channel Design-LP ....................................................................... . 29
FIG. 22 Hemispherical Head Channel Design-HP .............................................................. . 30
FIG. 23 Combination Tubesheet Channel Type Design-HP .................................................. . 30
FIG. 24 Modified Hemispherical Head Design-HP .............................................................. . 30
FIG. 25 Straight Condensing Feedwater Heater - Horizontal Mounting ................................ . 31
FIG. 26 2-Zone Feedwater Heater - Horizontal Mounting ..................................................... . 32
FIG. 27 2-Zone Feedwater Heater - Horizontal Mounting ..................................................... . 33
FIG. 28 3-Zone Feedwater Heater - Horizontal Mounting .................................................... .. 34
FIG. 29 Straight Condensing Feedwater Heater - Vertical Channel Down Mounting ................. . 35
FIG. 30 2-Zone Feedwater Heater - Vertical Channel Down Mounting ................................... . 36
FIG. 31 3-Zone Feedwater Heater - Vertical Channel Down Mounting ................................... . 37
FIG. 32 Straight Condensing Feedwater Heater -Vertical Channel Up Mounting .................... . 38
FIG. 33 2-Zone Feedwater Heater -Vertical Channel Up Mounting ...................................... . 39
FIG. 34 3-Zone Feedwater Heater -Vertical Channel Up Mounting ...................................... . 40
FIG. 35 Bolt Tightening Sequence ................................................................................... . 42
FIG. 36 Liquid Level Test ............................................................................................... . 43
FIG. 37 Typical Vertical Channel Down Heater ................................................................. . 43
FIG. 38 Typical Horizontal Heater ................................................................................... . 45

•
FIG. 39 Free Surface Area for Shell Liquid Level Control ..................................................... . 49
FIG. 40 Troubleshooting Guide ......................................................................................... . 52
FIG. 41 Emergency By-pass to Prevent Water Damage ....................................................... .. 55

TABLES
TABLE I Maximum Tube Side Velocity ................................................................................ . 3
TABLE II Maximum Metal Temperatures for Tube Materials .................................................. . 12
TABLE III Maximum Temperature of Expanded Tube Joints ..................................................... . 12
TABLE IV Design Minimum Tube Wall Thickness ................................................................. . 12
TABLE V Tube Hole Diameters and Tolerances for 'lubesheets ............................................... . 14
TABLE VI Tubesheet Drilling Tolerances ............................................................................. . 15

vi
•
 FOREWORD

The seventh edition of these standards has been developed by the Closed Feedwater

•
Heater Section on the Heat Exchange Institute, Inc. The technical information in these
standards combines present industry standards, typical Purchaser requirements, and
Manufacturer's experience. In addition, the standards outline the important design
criteria for closed feed water heaters.
These standards provide practical information on nomenclature, dimensions, test-
ing, and performance. Use of the standards will ensure a minimum of misunder-
standing between Manufacturer and Purchaser and will assist in the proper selection
of equipment best suited to the requirements of the application.
The standards represent the collective experience ofthe section members and pro-
vide a guide in the writing of specifications and in the selection of feedwater heaters.
In the preparation of these standards, consideration has been given to the work
of other organizations, such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the
American Society of Testing Materials, the former Feedwater Heater Manufacturers
Association, the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, and others. Credit
is hereby given to all those whose standards may have been helpful in this work.
To assist the user in becoming familiar with this new seventh edition, a list of some
of the prominent revisions follows:

• Section 2.2 has been changed from Fouling Resistance to Thermal Resistance. A
new Section 2.2.1 has been created regarding Tube Wall Resistance, while Fouling
Resistance has been changed to Section 2.2.2.

• New material regarding dry wall safety margins at the desuperheating zone outlet,
has been added to Appendix B4.1.

• Three new educational sections have been added to Appendix B regarding manway
sizes for hemispherical heads, integral flash chamber considerations, and floating
pass partition.

•
• A new troubleshooting guide for feedwater heaters has been added to Appendix B.

• Additional material has been added to Section 6.1.2, Shell Side Relief Valves.

The publication of the seventh edition of the Standards for Closed Feedwater
Heaters represents another step in the Heat Exchange Institute's continuing program
to provide standards which reflect the latest technological advancements in the field
of heat exchange equipment. The Standards for Closed Feedwater Heaters are con-
tinually reviewed by the technical committee at scheduled meetings under the direc-
tion of the Closed Feedwater Heater Section. Suggestions for improvement of these
Standards are welcome and should be sent to the Heat Exchange Institute, Inc.,
1300 Sumner Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115-2185, or via telephone at 216-241-7333,
via fax at 216-241-0105, or email the Heat Exchange Institute, Inc. at
hei@heatexchange.org. Additional information about the Heat Exchange Institute, Inc,
can be found at www.heatexchange.org.

• vii
 1. DEFINITIONS
1.1 Closed Feedwater Heater
• A closed feed water heater is defined as a shell and
tube type unit which heats feedwater or condensate
passing through its tubes by means of steam or
condensate on the shell side.
Closed feedwater heaters are used in a regenerative
steam cycle to improve the thermodynamic gain. This
is accomplished by extracting steam at various points
from the turbine and condensing it using boiler feed-
water. The resultant heating of the feedwater aids in
avoiding thermal shock to the boiler and reduces the
fuel consumption required to convert the feedwater to
steam. Since the work lost by extracting the steam is
derived from sensible heat, i.e. no change of phase, the
much greater latent heat recovered in the feedwater
heater by changing phase from steam to water results
in a net energy gain. Without a feedwater heater, the
latent heat is wasted or thrown out in the main con-
denser or cooling tower. Therefore, feed water heaters
also help to reduce thermal pollution.
1.2 Heater Duty
Feedwater heater duty consists of the net heat trans-
ferred to the feedwater and is expressed in Btu/hr.
1.3 Design Maximum Working Pressure
The pressure of the tube and shell sides for which
the vessel is structurally designed.
1.4 Operating Pressure
•
The shell side operating pressure is the pressure for
which the unit is thermally designed and rated. The
tube side operating pressure is the normal discharge
pressure of either the steam generator feed or
condensate pump.
1.5 Terminal Temperature Difference (TTD)
Terminal temperature difference is the difference
between saturation temperature corresponding to the
entering extraction steam and the outlet feed water
temperature. This value could be either positive or
negative.
1.6 Drain Subcooler Approach (DCA)
The drain subcooler approach is the temperature
difference between the drains leaving the shell side
of the heater and the entering feedwater on the tube
side.
1.7 Logarithmic Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD)
Logarithmic mean temperature difference is the
ratio of the difference between the initial temperature
difference and the terminal temperature difference to
•
the Napierian Logarithm of the ratio of the initial
temperature difference to the terminal temperature
difference.
1.8 Pressure Loss
The tube side pressure loss consists of the friction
loss through the tubes, including channel losses and
turning losses. The total shell side loss is the pressure
loss through the zones of the heater. Neither side
includes any static losses.
1.9 Heat Transfer Coefficient
The heat transfer coefficient for each zone of the
heater is the average rate of heat transfer from steam
to feedwater or from condensate to feed water and is
expressed in Btulhr-ft,-oF.
1.10 Desuperheating Zone (DSH)
The desuperheating zone removes a portion of the
sensible heat of the superheated extraction steam to
elevate the temperature of the feedwater.
1.11 Condensing Zone
The condensing zone heats the feedwater by con-
densing steam.
1.12 Drain Subcooling Zone (DC)
The drain subcooling zone reduces the temperature
of the drains leaving the condensing zone below the
saturation temperature by transferring heat to the
entering feed water.
1.13 Drains
Entering drains into a feed water heater are defined
as any liquids which enter the heater from higher
pressure stages or sources and combine with the shell
side condensate.
1.14 Total Surface
The total outside tube surface in the heater includes:
(a) Effective tube surface
(b) Tube surface within tubesheet
(c) Flooded surface
(d) Inactive surface
1.15 Effective Surface
The effective surface is that portion of the total sur-
face excluding; (a) tube surface within the tubesheet,
(b) condensing zone surface which is flooded, and/or
(c) surface not exposed to flowing steam or condensate
on the shell side.
1.16 Integral Flash Chamber
A shell extension beyond the V-bends which pro-
vides an area for incoming drains to flash.
 2. FEEDWATER HEATER PERFORMANCE

2.1 Heater Performance Pressure ... psia

•
It is recognized that the performance of a feedwater Temperature - total. .. of
heater cannot be exactly predicted under each one of Enthalpy-total... Btullbm
a number ofpossihle operating conditions; therefore, Drains-in
the heater should be designed for the one specific Source ...
condition termed the "design point", Flow ... Ibmlhr
Heater design performance is stated as the capa- Temperature ... of
bility to heat a given flow of feed water in terms of Enthalpy ... Btullbm
TTD and DCA, if applicable, with the following Note: If there is more than one source for
parameters specified: incoming drains, state conditions for each
(a) Feedwater inlet and outlet temperatures source separately.
(b) Drains outlet temperature
(c) Steam pressure and enthalpy Drains-out
(d) Feedwater pressure loss State the downstream pressure to which
(e) Shell side pressure loss, if raragraph the outgoing drains are being
2.6(c) applies discharged ... psia
The procedures of the ASME Power Test Code for Flow ... lbmlhr
Temperature ... of
Feedwater Heaters-PTC 12.1,latest edition, should be
followed in evaluating the performance capability of Enthalpy ... Btullbm
any closed extraction feedwater heater built to these Drains Subcooler Approach
Standards. Temperature ... of
2.1.1 Minimum Data Required to be Supplied Pressure Loss
by the Purchaser Desuperheater-max.... psi
Drains Subcooler-max .... psi
(a) Item, heater or stage number Design Pressure ... psig
Installation: (Horizontal, Vertical Channel Design Temperature ... of
Down,Vertical Channel Up) Minimum Design Metal
Arrangement: (single or multiple stream) Temperature ... of
Space limitations: (overall length or overall
length plus withdrawal clearance) (e) Overload and Abnormal Conditions

•
State operating conditions other than design
(b) Tube Side which will result in increased steam, drains or
Feedwater Flow ... """"'"'::;-_ _-,-____ lbmlhr feedwater flow rates (See Paragraph 2.12). The
Feedwater Terminal Temperature following information should be provided:
Difference ... _-,-,--_--,-_______ oF
Feedwater Temperature-in... OF Mode of Operation ... __-:-______-=
Feedwater Enthalpy-in... Btullbm Feedwater Oper. Temp.-in... of
Feedwater Temperature - out ... _ _~_=oF Feedwater Oper. Pressure... psi a
Feedwater Enthalpy-out... Btullbm Feedwater Flow Rate... Ibmlhr
Feedwater Velocity- Extraction Steam Temp.... of
maximum... ft/see at of Extraction Steam Enthalpy ... _ _ Btullbm
Feedwater Pressure Loss - ----- Extraction Steam Pressure... psia
maximum... psi Drains Flow-in... Ibmlhr
Feedwater Connection Size ... ___ ID inches Drains Enthalpy-in... Btullbm
Operating Pressure ... ________Plsia Pressure Loss for Overload Operating Point:
Design Pressure... psig Desuperheater- max. ... psi
Design Temperature... of Drains Subcooler- max. ... psi
Minimum Design Metal Tube Side- max... PSl
Temperature ... ___________ oF (f) Maximum back pressure at shell safety valve
(c) Tube Material... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
outlet connection... psig

(d) Shell Side 2.2 Thermal Resistance

Steam Extraction Flow ... _ _ _ _ _lbm/hr 2.2.1 Tube Wall Resistance
Steam Pressure psia
The tube wall metal resistance can be calculated
Steam Temperature - total of
Steam Enthalpy-total Btullbm for the selected tube material using the thermal
Steam Temperature-saturated of conductivity from the reference data in Appendix
C-4 at the average tube wall temperature by the fol-
Steam - other sources
Source ... ___________~--

•
Flow ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lbmlhr

2
 lowing formulae,'" which applies to plain tubes. These minimum values are applicable to all
materials.
2.3 Terminal Temperature Difference

• where:
d = Outside diameter of tube, in
k = Thermal conductivity,
It is recommended that heaters without desuper-
heating zones should not be designed for a Terminal
Temperature Difference ofless than 2 OF.
2.4 Drains Subcooling Zone Approach
Performance of an integral subcooling zone is depen-
dent upon many factors such as; heater orientation,
BTU*ftJhr*ft'*°F or (BTUlhr*ft*oF) feed water temperature rise, drain cooling range, quan-
tity of drains, and reheating of subcooled condensate.
t = Tube wall thickness, in Since experience has determined that the closest
approach (temperature of drains minus
hr*ft*OF temperature of entering feedwater) that can be
f ... =
Btu assured is 10 OF, it is recommended that heaters not
be designed for less than that temperature approach.
A separate drain subcooler should be used for those
(1) Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
conditions where a closer approach is required.
2.2.2 Fouling Resistance 2.5 Tube Side Velocity
It is recommended that a minimum fouling resis- The feedwater velocity through the tubes at
tance of 0.0002 units be applied to the tube side sur- average temperature (arithmetic average of the inlet
face and corrected to the outside effective surface. An
and outlet temperatures) for normal full load operat-
additional fouling resistance of 0.0003 units should be
ing conditions should not exceed the values contained
applied for the outer tube surfaces in the desuper-
heating and drains subcooling zones. in Table I.

TABLE I

• Thbe Material
Stainless Steel, 70-30 Nickel Copper
Maximum Tube Side Velocity
Feedwater
VeJocity-
Vi (Wsec)

10.0
When the feedwater velocity for the tube material
selected is the maximum per Table I, the design feed-
water velocity at 60 OF may be determined directly
from Figure No.2.
Copper Nickel (70-30, 80-20, 90-10) 9.0 2.6 Shell Side Pressure Loss
Low Alloy Steel 9.0 For the design operating conditions, the pressure
Admiralty and Copper 8.5 losses through the shell side of the heater should be
limited as follows:
Carbon Steel 8.0
(a) The overall pressure loss should not exceed 30
The corresponding feedwater velocity at 60 OF can percent of the differential pressure between
be determined from the following formula: heater stages.
V, ~ ;;;; v. X U60 'F
V,
(b) The pressure loss within anyone zone should
60 F I
not exceed 5 psi.
where: (c) Where line losses and static head are an appre-
V60'F ;;;; feedwater velocity at 60 OF (fUsec) ciable portion of the pressure difference between
Feedwater velocity at average tempera- heater stages, it may be necessary for the user
V. to specify lower pressure losses than indicated
ture for normal full load operation (ftisec)
in (a) and (b) above.
VI == Specific volume of saturated water at
average temperature for normal full load 2.7 Tube Side Pressure Loss
operation (ft'llbm) Below is a method of determining the tube side
pressure losses from and including the channel inlet
V 60 'F;;: specific volume for saturated water at
and outlet nozzles (pressure losses are calculated for
60 OF (ft'llbm)
friction, nozzles, tube entrance, exit and turn). This
Fig. No.1 shows the relationship of the ratio ofspe- method only considers U-tube configurations with

•
cific volumes VB. average operating temperature. tubes projected from the tubesheet (tubes expanded

3
or fillet welded) and tubes welded to the tube sheet Inside Tubes
with slightly rounded edges. There are numerous
specifications providing wall tolerances for their

•
respective specifications; therefore, this standard
provides a method to determine the nominal ID for
use in calculating the tube side pressure loss. The where: f =0.0014 + 0.125 (RE)--"
method is only applicable to clean smooth tubes with
wd
turbulent flow for the friction factor. RE = 0.201389)l 1\
The tube side pressure loss calculation method
shown below is a condensed method which is provided
to give the userfA&E a method to check pressure Nozzle Losses
losses in his evaluation of equipment he plans to pur-
chase. It is to be understood that the final thermal and AP",= ->3",.1..,9",5,=,X=10,,--'
--
hydraulic calculations will be based upon the final cal- C
culated wall thicknesses. 2.034 X 10-'
APNo = C

Tube Entrance, Exit and Turn Losses

AP, = 2.896 X 10-'

C
K,(; j -r

•
0.9

0.7

0.6
60 100 200 300 500 600

AVERAGE FEEDWATER OPERATING TEMPERATURE (OF)

FEEDWATER SPECIFIC VOLUME RATIOS
Fig. No.1

4
•
 Definitions C = Density correction factor at average
<l.PT = Pressure loss through tubes, psi operating temp. (See Fig. 3a)
<l.P.. = Pressure loss through channel inlet f = Friction factor

• nozzle, psi AN = Feedwater nozzle area (in')

= Note: For tapered nozzles use mean area.
<l.PNO = Pressure loss through channel outlet
nozzle, psi l(, = Loss correction factor for tube configuration
(See Fig. 3b)
aPE = Tube entrance, exit and turn losses, psi
N = Number of tube passes
w = Feedwater flow (lbmlhr)
RE = Reynolds number
L = Total length of tube travel (ft)
Po. = Flow area of tubes per pass (in') )l =Viscosity (cp)
d = Nominal inside diameter of tubes (in)
For minimum wall tube: NOTE; CONSTANTS SHOWN INCLUDE A 5%
nominal ID = nominal OD of tube - 2 x SAFETY FACTOR.
(quoted minimum wall thickness + 112
wall tolerance)
For average wall tube:
nominal ID = nominal OD of tube - 2 x
(quoted average wall thickness)

S.O
60 100 200 300 sao 600

Average Feedwater Operating Temperature (OF)

•
DESIGN FEEDWATER VELOCITY AT 60 oF.
Fig. No. 2

5
 0.9
•
C 0.8

0.7

0.6
60 100 200 300 600

AVERAGE FEEDWATER OPERATING TEMPERATURE (OF)

DENSITY CORRECTION FACTOR

Fig. No. 3a •
K, = 1.6 K, = 1.3

Projected Tube Expanded Welded Tube with Slightly

or Fillet Welded Rounded Edges

LOSS CORRECTION FACTOR FOR TUBE CONFIGUBATION

Fig. No. 3b

6
•
 2.8 Nozzle Sizes 2.9 Steam Nozzle Location and Steam
It is recommended that line sizes based on the inside Distribution Dome
diameter be selected so that velocities listed below will The diameter of straight condensing heaters, as

•
not be exceeded at the normal full load operating con·
ditions. If a standard pipe reducer is utilized on exter-
nal piping to the heater in order to meet the maximum
velocities listed below, it is recommended that the
reducer be located at least 10 times the larger diam-
eter from the point of attachment to the closed feed-
water heater. For feedwater inlet nozzles, a transition
piece with a 7 degree included cone angle may be
attached to, or be integral with the inlet connection
in lieu of utilizing the pipe reducer. Piping configu-
rations not in compliance could result in undue wear,
which is a situation the user must consider when
designing the total system.
(a) Feedwater Nozzles - lOftlsec at 60 of (for
Carbon Steel tubed heaters see Paragraph 3.6).
(b) Condensate Drain Outlet Nozzles:
Subcooled Drains-
4 ftJsec at operating temperature
Saturated Drains-
1) Water level controlled in heater-
4 ftJsec at operating temperature
2) Water level not controlled in heater-
2 ftJsec at operating temperature
(c) Drain Inlet Nozzles:
1) Flashing Liquid-
G' ; 4,000
p
G ; Mass velocity-Ibm/sec/ft'
well as two zone (integral drains subcooler) heaters
is greatly dependent on the location of steam nozzles
and the resultant size of the steam distribution dome
within the shell. The maximum velocity in the distri-
bution dome at the maximum flow point along the
longitudinal axis of the heater should be no greater
than the steam inlet nozzle velocity given in 2.8(d).
The escape velocity into the dome as defined by the
flow past the conical segment between the penetration
point ofthe nozzle into the shell and the impingement
plate should be no greater than the dome velocity; but,
in no case is the distance between nozzle penetration
point and impingement plate to be less than the inside
nozzle diameter divided by 4.
An impingement plate under the nozzle shall be
provided and sized to prevent impingement of steam
on the tube bundle assuming a minimum angle of
diffusion of 45° from the point at which the nozzle
penetrates the shell.
2.9.1 Single Nozzle Heaters
The steam nozzle should be located on the thermal
centerline of the bundle. The thermal centerline is the
point along the tube bundle where the steam flow
(and duty) is distributed equally in both directions.
This will provide 2-way flow from the nozzle as shown
in Fig. No.4 as well as resulting in a dome area equal
to 112 the nozzle area and minimum shell diameter.
For any other location, it may be necessary to increase
the shell diameter.

•
(G not to exceed 250)
p ; Density of the mixture-Ibm/ft'
(pounds per hour of mixture
divided by ft'lhr ofliquid
plus ft'lhr of vapor at actual
conditions)
2) Steam from Flash Tanks-
G' ; 1,000 (150 ftJsec max. line
p velocity)
G ; Mass velocity-Ibm/sec/ft'
p ; Density ofvapor-lbm/ft'

3) Liquid from Flash Tanks - 4 ftisec at

operating temperature
\ (d) Steam Inlet Nozzle-
I V; 250 ftJsec
\ (psia)"
I

• 7
 •
THERMAL
CENTERLINE
OF
HEATER
I
: Ih
'I
{I
I
( -
~~
\1
1 ZONE SINGLE NOZZLE
¢
THERMAL
CENTERLINE
OF
HEATER
I

fr
I
I

9
- -

\' II
"91

2 ZONES SINGLE NOZZLE

~
•
STEAM NOZZLE LOCATION - SINGLE INLET
Fig. No. 4

2.9.2 Multi·Nozzle Heaters 2.10 Drain Nozzle

The ideal location for nozzles located along the
length of the heater shell is on the respective thermal
center-line for the section of the bundle to which the
nozzle provides steam. In practice this cannot always
be achieved; therefore, it may be necessary to increase
the shell diameter. However, in no case should the noz-
zles be located closer than the minimum dimension
given in Fig. No.5 in order to prevent undue restric-
The location of the drain nozzle outlet on a heater
without a drains subcooler zone should be based on
the criteria of2-way flow into the nozzle. The flow cen-
terline should be determined, taking into considera-
tion the location and flow rate of drains entering the
heater, as well as the uneven distribution of conden-
sate draining off the tube bundle. If the drain nozzle
is located at a point other than on the flow centerline,

tion of the entrance area into the bundle. If nozzles
are located closer, consideration should be given to off-
setting the nozzles, thus staggering the impingement
plates along the length of the heaters.
•
the drain area should be increased accordingly so that
the maximum velocity at any point in the drain area
does not exceed the velocity in the drain nozzle.

8
•
MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN MULTIPLE STEAM NOZZLES

2(D+2A)

i+-O .. i-~_
I

t
A "
+

• A = DISTANCE NECESSARY FOR DOME AREA REOUIREMENT AS DEFINED IN 2.9

SECTION SECTION
THERMAL THERMAL THERMAL
CENTERLINE CENTERLINE CENTERLINE
OF
I HEATER I
! II ! I

I I
(I
I

I (tY" - - - - -
\ \ ,
~
\1
-Q
1 ZONE MULTIPLE NOZZLES

• STEAM NOZZLE LOCATION - MULTIPLE INLETS

Fig,No,5

9
2.11 Control of Feedwater Heaters
2.11.1 General Control Considerations
Careful consideration must be given to the location
of equalizer connections for level controllers and gage
glasses to avoid false water levels. Because of the
internal construction of feed water heaters, changes
should not be considered before contacting the
Manufacturer.
In horizontal heaters, equalizing connections must
be located in or near a vertical plane where they will
not be subject to any differences of pressure. Heaters
with an integral drains subcooler must have the level
controller equalizer connections located at or near the
entrance to the zone.
In vertical heaters, the level controller equalizer
connections must straddle the level to be controlled.
The amount of rise in level permitted is governed by
the internal construction of the heater. The
Manufacturer shall indicate on his drawings the max-
imum rise in condensate level that may be permitted
without seriously affecting the performance of the
heater. The Purchaser should be guided by this infor-
mation when setting high water alarms.
Each heater shall have its own independent level
controller even though several heaters are operating
in parallel. The level controller selected must be of a
type that is capable of maintaining the level of con-
densate in the heater shell under steady load condi-
tions within plus or minus limits on the level indicated
by the Manufacturer.
Separate equalizer connections should be considered
for gage glasses, level controls, and water alarms.
Independently connected controls and alarms assure
the operation of at least one element in the event a
line becomes plugged, When arrangements require a
single set of equalizer connections, provisions should
be made to assure that lines are free from sediment.
2.11.2 Capacitance Requirements for
Vertical Heaters
For proper operation of vertical feed water heaters
(specifically Channel Down designs) the water level
must be accurately controlled. The level controller,
which in turn operates the heater control valve, is acti-
vated by changes in the condensate reservoir
within (or external to) the heater.
The net control volume of condensate available
within the heater will depend upon the specific type
of heater design. For example, a two zone heater
(condensing zone and drains subcooling zone) will
have, for the same shell diameter, more condensate
volume than a three zone heater (desuperheating zone
added). The net volume available within the control
range is determined by calculating the gross volume
less the total volume of tubes within this volume.
In order to avoid increasing the diameter of the
heater to obtain required control volume, an external
reservoir can be used. This is possible as the required
volume per inch of level (see equation below) is only
dependent upon the diameter of heater and not
overall length. As the object in providing required
heater volume and control systems is to ensure that
the heater operates within the design control range,
all factors involved in the total system must be com-
patible. The following describes the relationship
between the variables:
10
T
C
K X P.B.
where:
•
K Proportionality constant compatible with
=
the level controller.
C = Required Capacitance (gal/in). This is the
condensate volume per inch of depth,
within the control band.
T = Throughput (gal/min). This is the shell
side flow leaving the heater.
P.B. = Proportional Band Setting (percent).
The smaller the band, the more accurate must be
the level controller, but this increases the required
volume within the heater.
In determining water levels in a heater, certain
dimensions must be maintained. The high and low
water levels are normally two inches on either side of
the normal water level. This provides the available
volume for capacitance. If a desuperheating zone is
supplied, the distance from the maximum water level
to the exit of the zone must be at least twelve inches.
Similarly, the low level should be maintained several
inches above the drains subcooling zone inlet.
2.12 Overload and Abnormal Operating Modes
Where a heater, or bank of heaters is operated at a
level exceeding the design point, the flow rates may
be increased to a level which will cause malfunction
or damage to the operating units.
Listed below are three ofthe many possibilities that
can result in overload or abnormal conditions.
(a) Doubling the condensate or feedwater flow
causes approximately twice the steam to be
extracted.
(b) By-passing a heater or group of heaters causes
the feed water to enter the next higher stage at
a colder temperature. This will result in greatly
•
increased extraction steam flow into the next
higher stage operating heater or group of
heaters.
(c) Operation of the turbine generator at the over-
load limit will increase the shell and tube side
flows.
When such operation is anticipated, the effect on
each individual heater must be considered and speci-
fied so that the internals can be properly designed.
(See Paragraph 2.1.1 [ell.
If design limits are exceeded, metal wastage and
failure may occur within the feedwater heater. There
J
are no correlations presently available that can
adequately determine the relationship or wastage to
length of time at overload or abnormal operating
conditions. Refer to Appendix B5 for guidelines for
heaters out of service.
2.13 Vent Off·Take Piping
Each feedwater heater continuous venting system
should be individually piped to the condenser or
deaerator as applicable. Manifolding or cascading of
•
vents is not recommended. The vent off-take piping
system should be adequately sized to remove the
expected non-condensible flow. The off-take system
should be routed in the most direct manner possible
 eliminating any loop seals that can trap condensate.
The continuous vent off-take system should be insu-
lated to minimize potential for condensate build-up.
•
Shell side start-up vents should not be routed into
the continuous vent off-take system unless the system
has been designed for this service. They should be
piped directly to the condenser or to atmosphere
depending upon the pressure.
Tube side start-up vents should not be routed into
the continuous vent off-take or the shell side start-up
system unless those systems have been designed for
this service. These vents can be piped to atmosphere
except in those nuclear installations where
radioactivity potential dictates directing these
start-up fluids to the condenser or other specialized
"off-gas" systems.
Provisions should be made for venting a minimum
of 0.5% of the steam entering the heater.
2.14 Oxygen Content in a Deaerating Heater
Under certain operating conditions, and with spe-
cial design considerations incorporated into units,
maximum oxygen levels may be guaranteed for closed
deaerating feed water heaters (drains leaving units).
The maximum oxygen content in the drains leaving
the heater will be a function of several variables and
shall be determined in each case.
The applicable parameters will be the oxygen
content of extraction steam, the oxygen content in the
drains introduced into the heater, and the operating
conditions (i.e., temperature and pressure in the heater,
as solubility of gas is directly proportional to the par-
tial pressure of gas above the liquid - Henry's law).
•
3. MECHANICAL DESIGN STANDARDS
3.1 Code Requirements
The design and construction of all feedwater heaters
shall meet the requirements of the ASME Boiler &
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, includ-
ing applicable addenda and case rulings. This Code
is hereinafter referred to as the ASME Code. All units
shall be stamped with the AS ME Code Symbol.
Variances brought about by other applicable codes
shall be specified by the purchaser.
3.1.1 Corrosion Allowance
Corrosion allowance will be provided in accordance
with the table below:
Pressure Part
Thickness Corrosion Allowance
up to .25" per paragraph UCS-25
of the ASME Code
over.25" 0.0
tubes 0.0
Any corrosion allowance in excess of the above
values shall be provided when specified by the
•
purchaser.
3.2 Design Pressure
The purchaser shall specify the design pressures for
both the shell and tube sides. In addition, if the shell
11
The guaranteed oxygen content in drains leaving
the heater, considering venting, shall be as agreed
upon by Manufacturer and Purchaser. However, it is
recommended that guaranteed oxygen content not be
lower than 70 PPB.
The measurement of the oxygen level shall be in
accordance with the HEI Standard - "Method and
Procedure for the Determination of Dissolved
Oxygen."
As indicated above, in order to guarantee the oxygen
content of drains leaving the heater, the following
shall be specified by the Purchaser:
(a) The oxygen content in the extraction steam.
(b) The oxygen content of entering drains.
(c) The oxygen content of steam from other sources.
The Purchaser's specified levels of oxygen entering
the heater shall not be exceeded in order to maintain
the Manufacturer's guarantee of oxygen in the drains
leaving the heater.
Where specific data on oxygen levels cannot be pro-
vided, the specific levels shall be based on calculations
by the dilution method.
In order to maintain required oxygen level in a
deaerating closed feedwater heater, special consider-
ations should be given by the Manufacturer to the
design of the internals and venting arrangement of
the unit. The specific design shall be the responsibility
of the Manufacturer. The Purchaser should be aware
that the magnitude of the vent system flow removed
may be more than normally required for a non-deaer-
ating heater.
side of the heater is subjected to vacuum under any
conditions, the Purchaser shall so specify.
3.3 Design Temperature
The Purchaser shall specify the design tempera-
tures on both the shell and tube sides. It is suggested
that these design temperatures be established as fol-
lows:
(a) Shell Side - Enter the Mollier Diagram at the nor-
mal operating steam temperature and pressure
and follow a constant entropy line to the maxi-
mum operating pressure. Read the temperature
at that point and round off to the next higher
10 OF. For a heater with a desuperheating zone,
only the shell skirt need be designed for this
temperature. The design temperature of the
main shell barrel of such heater shall be at least
equal to the saturation temperature at the
design pressure.
(b) Tube Side - The maximum design temperature
shall be the saturated steam temperature cor-
responding to the shell side design pressure.
Where a desuperheating zone is employed, the
temperature of the straight lengths of tubes in
the de superheating zone shall be considered
to be 35 OF higher than the saturated steam
temperature corresponding to the shell side
design pressure.
 (c) The Purchaser shall specify the minimum TABLE III
design metal temperature (OF) for both the shell Maximum Temperature of Expanded
and tube side as required by ASME Code, Tube Joints

•
Section VIII, Division 1, paragraph UG-20.
Temp.
3.4 Hydrostatic Test Material OF
The test pressure shall be in accordance with the
Arsenical Copper 350
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1, paragraph
UG-99. The test temperature should be established as Admiralty Metal 350
recommended by the ASME Code. 90-10 Copper-Nickel 400
SO-20 Copper-Nickel 450
3.5 Nil Ductility Temperature
It is recommended that all materials used for forged 70-30 Copper-Nickel (Annealed) 500
carbon steel channels and tube sheets of high pressure 70-30 Copper-Nickel (Stress Relieved) 500
heaters be procured to the minimum requirement of 70-30 Nickel-Copper (Annealed) 550
Charpy"'l" notch values of 15 foot-pounds average for 70-30 Nickel-Copper (Stress Relieved) 550
3 tests. 12 foot-pounds minimum for anyone test, at Carbon Steel 650
a maximum test temperature of 40 OF.
Stainless Steel 500
3.6 Tubes
The useful life of a heater tube is normally affected
by the conditions of service, such as; water chemistry, 3.6.3 Tube Wall Thickness Limitations
operating temperatures and fluid velocities, as well as Average wall or minimum wall tubes are equally
the effects of short and long term shutdowns. These acceptable providing that, in the case of average wall
factors must be taken into consideration by the tubes, the calculated thicknesses for pressure require-
Purchaser when making a tube material selection. ment takes into consideration the plus or minus toler-
In the case of carbon steel tubed feedwater heaters, ance in wall thickness.
various combinations of nozzle and tube velocities TABLE IV
and channel configurations, as well as factors listed
above, can contribute to inlet metal wastage. Design Minimum Tube Wall Thickness

3.6.1 Tube Metal Temperature Copper and Copper Alloy 0.049" avg. wall
It is recommended that the maximum tube metal Nickel Alloy 0.049" avg. wall

•
temperature shown in Table II not be exceeded. Stainless Steel (U-Tubes) 0.035" avg. wall
Stainless Steel (Straight Tubes) 0.02S" avg. wall
TABLE II
Carbon Steel 0.050" avg. wall
Maximum Metal Temperatures for
Tube Materials For design purposes, tube wall thickness should
Temp. not be less than those shown in Table IV.
Material OF
3.6.4 Tube Length
Arsenical Copper 400 Circumferential welding of tubes to extend their
Admiralty Metal 450 lengths is not recommended.
90-10 Copper-Nickel 600
3.6.5 U-Tubes
80-20 Copper-Nickel 700
The minimum radius of U-bends should be 1-1/2
70-30 Copper-Nickel (Annealed) 700 times the tube diameter. The following formula should
70-30 Copper-Nickel (Stress Relieved) SOO be used to determine the required thickness of the
70-30 Nickel-Copper (Annealed) 900 tube wall before bending.
70-30 Nickel-Copper (Stress Relieved) SOO I
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
SOO
SOO
t= Pxd X(l+ d)
2S +.SP 4R !
t Tube wall thickness before bending, in I
d Outside diameter of tube, in
3.6.2 Tube Joint Temperature P Design pressure, psig
Where tubes are installed in steel tubesheets by
R = Radius of bend at centerline of tube, in
expansion only, the recommended maximum temper-
ature at the joint for which the tube materials shall S = Allowable design stress at the appropriate
be specified is tabulated in Table III. For this purpose, design temperature defined in 3.3 (b), psi
the temperature of the tube joint shall be considered
to be the outlet temperature of the feedwater at the 3.6.6 Stress Relieving U-Bends

specified operating conditions. Welded tube joints
should be used when temperatures range from the
values in Table III up to the maximum metal
temperatures given in Table II.
•
Cold work in forming U-bends may induce suscep-
tibility to stress corrosion cracking in certain materials
and environments. The Purchaser should specify if
stress relief of the U-bends is required.

12
 3.6.7 Tube Plugging
Tubes will occasionally fail when the assembled
bundle is hydrostatically tested to Code pressure.
•
Where the location is either inaccessible or impracti-
cal for replacement, the defective tube may be plugged
by an acceptable permanent procedure and the
Purchaser notified.
3.7 Tube Bundle
All baffies and support plates in the tube bundle
should be securely held in place by tie rods and
spacers, or equivalent construction. The tube bundle
shall be removable from the shell or the shell
removable from the tube bundle. Straight tubeifIxed
tubesheet apparatus is exempted from the removable
requirements.
3.7.1 Tube Layout
It is recommended that tubes be laid out on a
triangular pitch. Tubes shall have a minimum center-
to-center spacing equal to the tube diameter plus
3/16 inch or 1.25 times the nominal tube OD,
whichever is greater.
3.7.2 Baffles and Support Plates
3.7.2.1 Tube Holes
Baffie holes and tube support plate holes shall be
drilled 1164 inch greater than nominal outside diam-
eter of tubes, except that baffies in subcooling zones
may have holes 1/32 inch greater than nominal OD of
tubes. All burrs shall be removed to prevent damage
•
to the tubes.
3.7.2.2 Spacing and Tube Vibration
The design of the spacing of tube supports is a com-
plex problem which has been studied in great depth
by the HEI. However, since tube vibration is affected
by many factors, including but not limited to; (a) fluid
entrance port geometry, (b) fluid exit port configura-
tion, (c) the cross-flow and longitudinal flow
components as influenced by the baffie configuration
(e.g. segmental or other variations), it has not been
possible to establish a definitive criteria for calcula-
tion of support spans for all specific designs.
It is recommended that the basic criteria should be
the fluidelastic method described by H.J. Connors, Jr.
(ASME, Dec. 1970 pp. 42-56). Also, in liquid to liquid
zones such as integral or separate drain subcoo1ing
zones. vortex shedding criteria may be used as a sec-
ondary check. It is necessary for each Manufacturer
to establish the necessary coefficients and factors by
test, experience or analytical methods compatible with
the individual design configuration.
As a minimum requirement, baffles and support
plates shall be spaced so that the unsupported straight
lengths of the tubes will be no greater than 48 inch-
es for 5/8 inch OD tubes, 54 inches for 3/4 inch OD
tubes, 57 inches for 7/8 inch OD tubes and 60 inches
for 1 inch OD tubes. Each leg of all U-bends in the con-
•
densing zone shall be supported within 8 inches of the
point of tangency. These maximum unsupported
lengths are established for mechanical support of the
tube bundle only.
13
3.7.2.3 Support ofU-Bends
Any U-bend tubes wherein the diameter of the bend
plus twice the length from the tangent point to the last
support plate exceeds the values given in Paragraph
3.7.2.2 shall have provisions in the U-bend area for
support of such tubes.
3.7.2.4 Thickness
The minimum thickness of support plates and baf-
fles in the desuperheating and condensing zones shall
be 3/8 inch for shell diameters of 18 inches and small-
er and 5/8 inch for larger diameter shells.
The minimum thickness ofbaffies in the subcooling
zone of all heaters shall be 1/4 inch for spacing less
than 18 inches, and 3/8 inch for spacings of 18 inches
and greater.
3.7.2.5 Drain Subcooling Zone End Plate
The end plate of the drain subcooling zone in
horizontal heaters should be designed to prevent leak-
age of steam from the condensing zone into the drain
subcooling zone. Close tube to tube hole clearance
and adequate end plate thickness is provided for this
reason. 'Ib ensure that the latter is obtained, the end
plate tube hole drilling, exclusive of over-tolerance,
shall be the same as that used for the tubesheet as
provided in Table V. In addition, the end plate thick-
ness shall be not less than two inches.
3.7.2.6 Shrouds and Longitudinal Baffles
Shrouds and longitudinal baffies should have a min-
imum thickness of 1/4 inch.
3.7.2.7 Impingement Baffles
The tube bundles of feedwater heaters should be
designed to avoid direct impingement of incoming
shell side fluids on the tubes. A stainless steel impinge-
ment plate shall be placed in front of each shell inlet
nozzle. Flow area not less than the nozzle area shall
be provided between the nozzle and the impingement
plate (See Paragraph 2.9). The flow passages for dis-
tribution of fluids into the tube bundle should be
designed to minimize tube vibration.
3.8 Tubesheet
The thickness of tubesheets can be calculated for
bending and shear by the following formulae.''' The
greater ofT, or T, shall be used. Corrosion allowance
must be added as required.
Tubesheet thicknesses less than 1 inch are not
recommended.
T= FG./P
, 3 V:;;S
where:
T, = Thickness of tube sheet (in bending)
measured at bottom of partition grooves, in
G = Inside diameter of channel when tubesheet
is integral with channel, in
P = Design pressure, psig
S = Code allowable stress in tension, psi, for
tubesheet material at design metal
temperature
(1) Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association.
 F Design factor. See Paragraph 3.8.1 for For supported tubesheets (e.g. fixed tubesheets and
values ofF floating type tubesheets) integral with either or both
sides F shall be the value as determined by the curve
0.785

•
1- for square or rotated H in Figure No. 6.1.
Pitch )' square tube patterns
( tube O.D. 1.30
1.26
1.20
1- 0.907 1.15
U
for triangular or rotated 1.10
Pitch )' triangular tube patterns ~ 1.05
( tube O.D. ~ 1.00
~ 0.95
0.90 H
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.0. 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

Wall Thickness/I.D. Ratio for

where:
T, Effective tubesheet thickness,
(in shear) in
D, 4A _ Eqwvalent diameter of the tube
C - center limit perimeter, in
C Perimeter of the tube layout measured
stepwise in increments of one tube pitch
from center-to-center of the outer
most tubes, in. Figure No.6 shows the
application to typical triangular and
square tube patterns
Integral Tubesheets
Fig. No. 6.1
NOTE: If the tubesheet is integral with both the
tube side and shell side, Wall Thickness and I.D. are
to be based upon the side that would yield the smaller
value ofF.
3.8.2 Tubesheet Corner Radius
All Manufacturers have established corner radii
that they have determined through experience are
suitable for most applications. Integral tubesheets
with larger corner radii than the Manufacturer's stan·
dards are sometimes justified. The variables that
effect this area of discontinuity stresses are too numer-
ous to permit the use of an empirical relationship. It
is suggested that a minimum radius be specified with

+
the other data provided as recommended in Section
2.1.1. Additionally, the expected operating conditions,
including the number of expected cycles, such as num-
ber of cold starts, hot restarts, load trips, etc., the
temperature and pressure ranges should be identified
as well as the expected rate of change should be
defined in the Purchaser's specification. An evaluation
•
of the expected operating history can then be made by
"e" (perimeter) is the length of heavy line the Manufacturer to determine if larger corner radii
Fig. No.6 are justified for the specific conditions defined.
A Total area enclosed by perimeter C, in' 3.8.3 Tube Hole Diameters and Tolerances'"
P ;;; Design pressure, psig Tube holes in tubesheets should be finished to the
sizes and tolerances shown in Table V; 96% of the tube
S Code allowable stress in tension, psi, holes must not exceed the value for standard over·tol·
for tubesheet material at design metal erance. The tube holes shall be smooth, and burrs
temperature shall be removed to prevent damage to the tubes.
Outside tube diameter, in
TABLE V
Pitch = Tube center-to-center spacing, in Tube Hole Diameters and Tolerances for Tubesheets
NOTE: Shear will not control when TUba Hole Diameter & Under Tolerance
Nominal Over Tolerance
P
S < 1.6 (1 - Pitch
do)' Tube
0.0.
in-Standard Fit
Nominal Under
in Close Fit
Nominal Under
in

Standard Max.
in Oiameter Tolerance Diameter Tolerance
5/8 0.635 0.004 0.633 0.002 0.002 0.010
3.8.1 Design Factor 3/4 0.760 0.004 0.758 0.002 0.002 0.010
For unsupported tubesheets (e.g. V-tube tubesheets) 7/8 0.885 0.004 0.883 0.002 0.002 0.010
gasketed both sides F = 1.25. 1 1.012 0.004 1010 0.002 0.002 0.010
For supported tubesheets (e.g. fixed tubesheets and

floating type tubesheets) gasketed both sides F = 1.0.
For unsupported tubesheets (e.g. V-tube tubesheets)
integral with either or both sides F shall be the value
as determined by the curve V in Figure No. 6.1.
•
NOTES:
1) Special close fit tolerances are recommended
for tubes subject to work hardening.
(2) Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

14
 2) In no case shall the tube hole in the tubesheet, at least that required by the appropriate Code
minus the maximum O.D. of the tube, be less formula and thicker if required to meet proper
than 0.002 inches. deflection criteria.

•
3.8.4 Ligament Widths and Tolerances The recommended limit for channel cover deflection
Table VI tabulates the widths for nominal ligament, is:
minimum standard ligament and minimum permis- 0.03" for nominal diameters through 24"
sible ligament for the tube pitches shown. 96% of the 0.125% of nominal diameter (nominal diameter/SOO)
ligaments must be at least equal to the value for min· for larger sizes
imum standard ligament width and the remainder A method for calculation of channel cover deflection
must be at least equal to the value for minimum per· is:
missible ligament width.
y E<; (0.0435G'P + 0.5S.,A.h,) '"
TABLE VI
where:
Tubesheet Drilling Tolerances'"
Minimum Standard ligament
Y Channel cover deflection at the center, in
Nominal Nominal Thbe Nominal Minimum
Tube Tube Hole ligamenl Width, in
Permissible G Gasket load reaction diameter as defined by
0.0. Pilch Ola. Wi~th Tubesheel Thickness, in ligament the Code, in
In In Std. FII In 3 4 5 6 Width, In.
E Modulus of elasticity at design temperature,
5/S 13/16 0.635 0.178 0.133 0.128 0.122 0.117 0.090 psi
27/32 0.209 0.164 0.159 0.153 0.148 0.105 T ;; Thickness under consideration, in
7/S 0.240 0.195 0.190 0.184 0.179 0.120
P Design pressure, psi
3/.1 15/16 0.760 0.178 0.135 0.131 0.126 0.122 0.090
S, = Allowable bolting stress at design tempera-
3V32 0.209 0.166 0.162 0.157 0.153 0.105
ture, psi
1 0.240 0.197 0.193 0.189 0.184 0.120
1V!s 0.303 0.259 0.255 0.251 0.247 0.150 Actual total cross-sectional root area of bolts,
11/, 0.365 0.322 0.318 0.314 0.309 0.185 in2
7/, 13/32 0.885 0.209 0.168 0.164 0.160 0.157 0.105 h, = Radial distance from diameter G to bolt
11/, 0.240 0.199 0.195 0.192 0.188 0.120 circle, in
13f16 0.303 0.261 0.257 0.254 0.250 0.150 If the calculated deflection is greater than the rec-
1V, 0.365 0.324 0.320 0.317 0.313 0.185 ommended limit, the deflection may be reduced by
1 1% 1.012 0.238 0.198 0.195 0.192 0.189 0.120 acceptable methods such as:

•
1'/16 0.301 0.260 0.257
13f, 0.363 0.323 0.320
The above table of minimum standard ligaments is
based on a ligament tolerance not exceeding the sum
of twice the drill drift tolerance plus 0.030". Drill drift
tolerance =0.0016 x (thickness of tubesheet in tube
diameters), in.
NOTES:
l. Interpolate for intermediate tubesheet
thicknesses.
2. For thicknesses over 6" the minimum standard
ligament is calculated using procedure below
Table VI.
3. For tubesheet thicknesses below 3" use values
indicated for 3".
3.9 Channel Covers
(a) With Partition Seal Covers
When using the construction illustrated in Fig.
No. 16, where the partition rib does not form
a gasketed joint with the channel cover, the
appropriate ASME Code formula shall be used
to calculate the thickness of the channel cover.
(b) Without Partition Seal Covers
When using the construction illustrated in
Fig. No. 17, the effective thickness of a flat
0.254 0.251 0.150 Increase channel cover thickness by the cube
0.317 0.314 0.185 root of the ratio of calculated deflection to the
recommended limit.
Use of strong backs.
Change type of construction.
3.10 Heater Supports
Heater shall be supplied with two or more bracket-
type supports. These should be suitably proportioned
to carry the flooded heater loadings. Projection ofthe
supports on horizontally installed heaters shall be
greater than the nozzle projections to avoid interfer-
ence with the pedestals.
The Manufacturer provides the magnitude of the
static reactions that the heater will impose on the
building support structure in the flooded condition.
This data is based on the heater weight only and
shown on the Outline Drawing.
The power plant designer must consider the effect
of the piping system in addition to the static reactions.
When these reactions are combined at the heater sup-
port, the load transmitted to the building support
structure can be significantly increased.
3.11 Condenser Installation
When a feedwater heater is designed for installation
in the condenser exhaust neck, the fIxed end closure
seal plates that seal the heater to the condenser shall
be shipped loose and welded in the fIeld by the erectors

•
channel cover shall be the thickness at the bot-
tom of the pass partition groove (or the face if
there is no groove) minus corrosion allowance
in excess of groove depth. The thickness is to be
after the heater is in place. Provision for differential
expansion between the heater and the condenser neck
should be provided by the condenser manufacturer.
(3,4) © by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

15
Provisions for attaching lagging or shroucling on feed- actual loads. The procedure below permits estimating
water heaters within the condenser neck should be nozzle loads for cylindrical shells. (The procedure is
furnished by the Manufacturer. based in part on the design data included in Welding

The arrangement of the extraction lines and sup-
ports of the feedwater heater are subject to the
approval of Manufacturer (See Paragraph 2.9).
3.12 Welded Joint Construction
Where welded joints (shells, channels, tube ends)
are specified, construction details and procedures
shall be determined by the Manufacturer. Due con-
sideration must be given to design features, quality
of materials and ease of maintenance where welded
joints are used.
3.13 Connections-Nozzle Length
Nozzle projections for flanged and butt welded
connections should be between 6 and 8 inches.
3.14 Nozzle Loads
The determination of acceptable nozzle loads is a
complex problem involving the interaction of external
forces and moments applied at the vessel wall. These
loads are functions of the piping mechanical and ther-
mal design. Frequently, the piping's designer needs to
know the allowable loads at the nozzle in order to
determine the piping configuration and generate the
•
Research Council Bulletin 107"'.) The allowable loads
have been linearized to show the interaction between
the maximum permitted external raclialload and the
maximum permitted applied moment vector.
The procedure represents a simplification of the
method of WRC 107 and users of the procedure includ-
ed in this standard are cautioned that more exact
analysis is required to verifY the adequacy of final
designs. The stresses considered in developing the
procedure have been defined as secondary stresses
with stress limits established accorcling to that defi-
nition. Although the effect of internal pressure has
been included in the combined stresses, the effect of
pressure on nozzle thrust has not been included and
requires combination with other radial loads.
Loads exceeding those calculated by this method
usually require adclitional reinforcement. The user is
cautioned that the higher allowable loads obtained
through design modification may require strengthen-
ing other parts such as supports, supporting structure
and floors. It should be understood by the user that
the heaters are not intended to serve as anchor points
for the piping.

•
,
MlI;r.~r
'"

ELEVATION OR PLAN TRANSVERSE SECTION

NOZZLE LOAD NOMENCLATURE

Fig. No. 7

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING F IUU' = Maximum Resultant Radial Force, lbf'

NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES M RcM = Maximum Resultant Circumferential
AND MOMENTS IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS Moment, in-Ibf""
3.14.1 Nomenclature
P
r.
;:::: Design Pressure, psig
= Nozzle Outside Radius, in
MR..,. ~ Maximum Resultant Longitudinal
Moment, in-Ibf""
F RF = Maximum Resultant Force, lbf~
t
R"
T
= Mean Radius of Shell, in
= Shell Thickness, in
MRM = Maximum Resultant Moment, in-Ibf""
*Use absolute values.
I
S, = Yield Strength of Material at Design 3.14.2 External Forces and Moments
Temperature, psi To calculate the maximum force and moment, first
u = Stress Due to Design Pressure, psi evaluate J3 and -y. Then determine 0:, Sand d from
S, = ASME Section VIII, Division 1 Code Figures 8, 9 and 10 for the specified J3 and -y,
Allowable Stress, psi substitute into the equations below and calculate RRF,
J3 = Dimensionless Numbers RCM and RLM.

•
-y = Dimensionless Numbers
= Dimensionless Numbers (5) Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to
= Dimensionless Numbers External Loadings, KR. Wichman, AG. Hopper and J.L.
Mershon - Welding Research Council. Bulletin l07/August,
= Dimensionless Numbers 1965 - Revised Printing - March, 1979.

16
•
Calculate Pressure Stress

Determine n, ~, and Ll. from Figures 8, 9 and 10.

,,; 2~ (Rm- D;
Calculate Pressure Stress (a). 2.~~50) (37.5 - .7 5 ) ;
2
14,850 psi < S. ; 20,000 psi

If a is greater than S., then use S. as the stress Use (J' ; 14,850 psi in the equations for calculating
due to design pressure: F RRF and Maul'
Calculate Allowable Forces and Moments

R.,.2 ro 8y
Fm; r:' (s, - " ) ;
~
(37.5)' (31500 - 14850); 53533 Ibf
440 ' , ,
Rm~r. ( S, _ " )
Plot the value of F RRF as F RF and the smaller of MRC"
and MRL>' as MR.". The allowable nozzle loads are (37.5)' (15) (31,500)
bounded by the area FRF, 0, M"". 1,100 ; 605,966 in-Ibf

FRF
MR\.M ; Rm~r. ( S, - " ) ;

•
(37.5)' (15) (31500 - 14850) ;
340 ' ,
0'--_ _ _ _ _ _:::-.
1,039,177 in-Ibf

Plot the value of FRRF as FRF and the smaller of

3.14.3 Sample Problem MRCM and M...., as M,~,. The allowable nozzle loads are
bounded by the area of F RF, 0, and M"".
Determine Resultant Force and Moment
R",; 37.5 in S, ; 31,600 psi @ 4600

r. ; 15 in S. ; 20,000 psi F RF ; 53,533 Ibf

T ; 0.75 in
B
P 150 psig
;

0
•
f3; 0.875 ( ~) ; 0.875 ( 3~55); 0.35 M"" ; 605,966 in-lbf

y; ( ~) ; ~77~ ; 50 Therefore, a nozzle reaction of F ; 20,000 lbf and

M ; 100,000 in-Ibf would be allowable (point A) but
a nozzle reaction of F ; 5,000 Ibf and M ; 605,000*
From Figure 8, 0< ; 440 in-lbf would not be allowable (point B).
From Figure 9, ~ ; 1,100
From Figure 10, Ll. ; 340
*Note: Use absolute values in the graph.

• 17
 •
100000
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000

30000

20000

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000

3000

2000

•
100
90
80
70
60
50

30

20

10
o 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 050 0.55 0.60

ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS

Fig. No. 8

18
•
•
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000

3000

2000

2-
1000
900
800

•
700
600
500
400

300

200

100
90
80
70
60
50
40

30

20

10
o 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60

• ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS

Fig. No.9

19
60000
50000
40000

30000

20000

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000

3000

2000

<1
1000
900
800
700
600

•
500
400

300

200

90
80
70
60
50

30

20

10
9
8
7
o 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 050 0.55 0.60

ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS

Fig. No. 10

20
•
 • • 3.15 TOLERANCES
•
Standard tolerances for nozzle end prepara-
tions and nozzle support locations are indicated
~ ~ ~ in Figure No. 11 and 11a.
en D < 40" 118" ± 1/8" d < 6" 1116" The average inside diameter of nozzle weld
preparations may be measured after machining
~ 40" " D " 60" 3/16" ± 3/16" 6":s; d :s 10" 118"
z 60" < D " 80" 114" ± 114" 10" < d :s 24" 114" but prior to installation on the vessel.
g 80" < D 114" ± 5/16" 24" < d 5/16'"
:JJ Reference "0"
C
Front face of A..ml!x.
-i tuhcshcel, or
0 d < 6/1 1116"
r- inscribed line
m m 0.0. of 6" s d :s 14/1 1/8"
:JJ -------0-1
'I
t - - - - - - - - ± 1/2" whcshcct 14" < d 3/16"
»
z
0
m
en
B--jr- C

j
±1/2" --......t- ±3/16" 1 ~ JAAny
."

d~~1 ,. ,1
0 direction
:JJ
Z
0
Any
direction
1
C
d '

J:j
"JI;;
~. en ----- - - D ---
'+
'!'l »
'"
~
Zz
? c
.... en
.... c:
"C
"C
0

ILl L
C:J
:JJ
-i + 0"
r- f - - - - - ± 1/4" ± 1/8" - 1/16" ±3/16" I I ±I/R"
0
0
~
0
z .!i:..mi!J;.
en LEGEND
W"W 1/8"
m w<w,,~ 3/16" d = Nominal pipe size
z ~<W"W 114" D ~ Shell O.D.
Cl W ~ Support width WELD PREPARATION
r- w<w 3/P!'
iii Forged Nozzles Pipe Nozzles
::r:: + 1116"
Average inside diameter + 0.0156" Average inside diameter
c: - 1164"
z - 0.000"
COUPLINGS FLANGED NOZZLES
;;i Out of round 1116" max. Out of round
Maximum Angularity 3/16" The same tolerances apply to flanged d " 12" 118'
Extension ± 5/16" connections as are shown for butt 14"" d ,,24" 3/16"
Longitudinal from Ref. "0" ± 1" weld connections except diametric 24" < d s 30" 114'
Transverse 112" tolerances are per ANSI BIG.5 30" < d 3/8"
 ~ Cmax. ~
D < 1000mm 4mm ± 4mm d < 150 mm 2mm
1000 mm s D s 1500 mm 5mm ± 5mm 150 mm s d s 250 mm 4mm
1500 mm < D s 2025 mm 7mm ± 7mm 250mm < d s 600mm 7mm
2025 mm < D 7mm ± Bmm 600mm < d Smm
IJ)
Reference "0"
~ Front face of A..m.I!x.
z IUbesheet, or d < 150 mm 2mm

'~mm
C 150mm s d s 350mm 4mm
] I
inscribed line
:I> at 0.0. of 350mm < d
:II 5mm
±13mm I tubesheet

oJb~
C 1

c!.-
I
B ) - ± 1 3 mm--.l-
m
:II
:I> .,
±5mm
1 A
Any
Z d---i---+t-l - , direction
0 Any
m
..,
IJ) direction c
0
:II
- - D---
'+'
Z
"l0
rJO.' 1::1
. .-
'"'" "
zm
IJ)
;"':1>
.... z
c
ILl
C~::J
I.
~
IJ)
c f - - - - - - ± 7 mm ±4mm L+omm
-5mm
±5mm 1 1·+4mm

""
0
:II
-i
.-
0
0 Fmax.
LEGEND
~ Ws 350mm
350mm<Ws 900mm
4mm
5mm d = Nominal pipe size
0 D ~ Shell O.D.
z
IJ)
900 mm < W s 1350 mm 7mm
W ~ Support width
1350 mm < W lOmm WELD PREPARATION
Ie Forged Nozzles Pipe Nozzles
c Average inside diameter + 1 mm Average inside diameter +2mrn
z -lrom
-Omm
~ COUPLINGS FLANGED NOZZLES
Maximum Angularity 5mm The same tolerances apply to flanged Out of round 2 mm max. Out of round
Extension ± Bmm connections as are shown for butt ds300mm 4mm
Longitudinal from Ref. "0" ± 26mm weld connections except diametric 350mm s d s 600mm 5mm
Transverse 13mm tolerances are per ANSI B16.5 600 mm < d s 750 mm 7mm
750 mm < d lOmm
 4. MATERIAL DESIGN STANDARDS

4.1 Materials 2) Plate

•
The materials used for pressure parts shall be in Carbon Steel
accordance with ASME material specifications, and ASME SA-285 Grade C
the stress values used shall be those permitted by the ASME SA-515
ASME Code. ASME SA-516
The following materials are typical and are provid- Alloy Steel
ed as a reference only. For information regarding ASME SA-204
material compatability, refer to Appendix B3. ASME SA-387 Grade 2, Class 1; Grade 11,
4.2 Quality Class 1 or 2; Grade 12, Class 1
All materials specified shall be considered the 3) Forged Steel
minimum qualities of their kind but specifications Carbon Steel
shall not exclude the use of any material of equal or ASME SA-181
superior quality. ASME SA-105
ASME SA-266 Class 1 or 2
4.3 Specifications ASME SA-350 Grade LF2
(a) Shells and Shell Covers (d) Tubesheets
1) Pipe 1) Plate
Carbon Steel Carbon Steel
ASME SA-106 ASME SA-285 Grade C
ASME SA-53 Grade A or B (0.35 percent ASME SA-515
maximum carbon) seamless ASME SA-516
Alloy Steel 2) Forgings
ASME SA-335 Grade PI, P2, PH or P12 Carbon Steel
2) Plate ASMESA-181
Carbon Steel ASME SA-266 Class 1 or 2
ASME SA-285 Grade C ASME SA-350 Grade LF2
ASMESA-515 (e) Tubes
ASME SA-516 Refer to paragraph 3.6 concerning tube

•
Alloy Steel material selection
ASME SA-204
ASME SA-387 Grade 2 Class 1; Grade H 1) Carbon Steel
Class 1 or 2; Grade 12 Class 2 ASME SA-214, UNS K01807 (Welded)
ASME SA-557-A2, UNS K01807 (Welded)
(b) Channels and Channel Covers ASME SA-557-B2, UNS K03007 (Welded)
1) Plate ASME SA-557-C2, UNS K03505 (Welded)
Carbon Steel ASME SA-179
ASME SA-285 Grade C ASME SA-210 A-I, UNS K02701 (SMLS)
ASME SA-515 ASME SA-210-C, UNS K03501 (SMLS)
ASME SA-516 ASME SA-556-A2, UNS K01807 (SMLS)
2) Forged Steel ASME SA-556-B2, UNS K02707 (SMLS)
Carbon Steel ASME SA-556-C2, UNS K03006 (SMLS)
ASME SA-181 2) Copper and Cooper Alloys
ASME SA-266 Class 1 or 2 Arsenical Copper - DPA
ASME SA-350 Grade LF2 (ASME SB-395, UNS C14200 (SMLS))
3) Pipe Admiralty Metals - B/C/D (SMLS)
Carbon Steel (ASME SB-395, UNS C44300, C44400,
ASME SA-106 C44500)
ASME SA-53 Grade A or B (0.35 percent 70-30 Copper-Nickel
maximum carbon) seamless (ASME SB-395, UNS C71500 (SMLS))
(c) Shell and Channel Nozzles 80-20 Copper-Nickel
1) Pipe (ASME SB-395, UNS C71000 (SMLS))
Carbon Steel 90-10 Copper Nickel
ASME SA-106 (ASME SB-395, UNS C70600 (SMLS))
ASME SA-53 Grade A or B (0.35 percent 3) Low Alloys
maximum carbon) seamless ASME SA-213 T11, UNS K11597 (SMLS)
Alloy Steel ASME SA-213 T22, UNS K21590 (SMLS)
ASME SA-335 Grade PI, P2, PH or P12

•
4) Nickel Alloys
70-30 Nickel-Copper
(ASME SB-163, UNS N04400 (SMLS))

23
 5) Stainless Steel - Austenitic
ASME SA-688 TP304, TP304L, TP304N
(UNS S30400, S30403, S30451 (Welded»
ASME SA-688 TP316, TP316L
(UNS S31600, S31603 (Welded))
ASME SA-249 TP316N, UNS S31651
(Welded)
ASME SB-676, UNS N08367 (Welded)
6) Stainless Steel - Ferritic
ASME SA-803 TP439, UNS S43035
(Welded)
29Cr-4Mo
ASME SA-268, UNS S44735 (Welded)
(I) Flanges
1) Forged Flanges
Carbon Steel
ASME SA-lSI
ASME SA-105
Alloy Steel
ASME SA-182
2) Plate Flanges
Carbon Steel
ASME SA-285 Grade C
ASME SA-5I5
ASME SA-5I6
5. DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF REPLACEMENT HEATERS/BUNDLES
5.1 Replacement of HeaterslBundles
Experienced personnel knowledgeable in past and
present industry practice including metallurgy,
fabrication, design and all phases of heater operation
should be consulted when the replacement of feed-
water heaters or tube bundles is being considered.
Information required when specifying replacement
equipment should include the entire original heat bal-
ance, the actual operating conditions, and any abnor-
mal and/or overload conditions that may affect the
redesign and selection of the replacement equipment.
Additional data should include tube material of all
the heaters and condenser and any pertinent infor-
mation concerning water chemistry and feedwater
treatment. Replacement tube material should be
compatible with existing system materials.
When specifYing, the Purchaser should identify all
the causes and types of failures, so that problems
inherent in the original equipment or system can be
avoided. Many failures, such as corrosion, drain cool~
er inlet erosion, and leaking welded tube joints can be
strictly equipment related or the result of system or
operational malfunctions. A change in tube material,
in addition to affecting surface area and/or perfor-
mance, may require changes in baffiing, desuper-
heating zone, and drain cooler zone to avoid recurrence
of original problems. Therefore, it is recommended
that the Purchaser consult with experienced
Manufacturers and designers on current needs when
developing specifications for replacements.
It should be recognized that it is not always possible
to meet all of the original features of arrangement,
24
(g) Bolting
1) Stud and Stud Bolts
ASME SA-193 Grade B7. Threads to be in
accordance with ANSI B1.1 for high strength
bolting. Sizes 1 inch and smaller shall be
threaded in accordance with the coarse
thread series, and 1-lJ8 inch and larger in
ie
diameter with the 8-pitch-thread series.
2) Nuts
ASME SA-194 Class 2H. Threads shall be in
accordance with those on studs, as noted
above.
(h) Gaskets
The choice of a suitable gasket material
depends on the design of the closure, and
therefore, the selection shall be in
accordance with the standards of the heater
Manufacturer or as specified by the
Purchaser.
(i) Baffles and Support Plates
1) Plate
Commercial Quality Steel
(j) Tie Rods and Spacers
1) Commercial Quality Steel
envelope size, or nozzle locations due to improvements
in the state of the art and changes in specification
requirements. Terminal points and overall dimensions
may be affected by internal design changes necessi-
tated by, for example, tube material changes.
•
Therefore. the Purchaser should review structural and
piping drawings of the area near and around the heater
showing adjacent equipment. It is also recommended
that evaluation parameters be given for relocation of
each nozzle; for example, state the order ofimportance
of meeting certain nozzle locations. Continuous vent
piping will likely require revisions since the state of
the art has advanced.
Many plant design parameters are established
based on the original equipment design and it is
recommended that the outline drawing of the heater
be included. If available, any additional information
concerning structural and piping, such as forces and
moments, should be included.
When retubing heaters, experienced Manufacturers
and designers can analyze and recommend any
required design changes. The condition of pressure
bearing components should be evaluated closely;
however, before considering retubing rather than
replacement.
For replacement heaters, the maximum tube side
pressure loss should be given along with the method
or penalty of evaluation. Where the restrictive or
available heater size is given, the tube side pressure
loss can be controlling.
 6. FEEDWATER HEATER PROTECTION
6.1 Safety Requirements
•
Because of the variety of protective measures and
devices in common use, compliance with the provisions
of the ASME Code for protection of closed feed water
heaters against over-pressure is the responsibility of
the Purchaser.
6.1.1 Tube Side Relief Valves
The tube side of the heaters shall be protected
against over-pressure from water expansion when the
water inlet and outlet valves are closed. A minimum
3/4" connection for installation of a relief valve shall
be provided between the water inlet and outlet valves.
6.1.2 Shell Side Relief Valves
When the shell design pressure is less than the tube
design pressure, a connection for a relief valve shall
be provided to protect the shell from over-pressure in
case of tube or tubesheet failure. The design temper-
ature and pressure of the valve should be equal to the
design temperature and pressure of the shell.
When no valves are present in the extraction line
and there are no means of isolating the heater shell
from the turbine, the user should be certain that the
control arrangements (high level alarms, emergency
dump systems, etc.) are such that corrective steps
can be taken before condensate (from tube rupture)
reaches the turbine.
Although the shell side relief valve is normally
exposed only to steam during normal operation of the
•
heater when not relieving, it may be required to pass
water (possibly flashing) when relieving, as the shell
will fill with water. Hence the valve should be sized
for liquid service. It is suggested that this relief valve
be sized to pass the larger of the following flows at 10
percent accumulation:
(a) Minimum of 10 percent of the maximum over-
load feedwater flow specified through the heater
based on water at T. (See Paragraph 2. 1. l[e]).
(b) Flow based on the clean rupture of one heater
tube resulting in two (2) open ends discharging
as orifices. Flow shall be determined for ori-
fices of a diameter equal to the nominal inside
diameter of the tubes using an orifice coeffi-
cient of 0.9, a pressure differential across the
orifice equal to the difference between the tube
and shell design pressures, and water at T •.
Q ; 54d'VP, - p.
Q ; Flow of water, gaVmin at 70 OF
d ; Nominal inside diameter of tubes, in
P, ; Tube side design pressure, psig
p.
; Shell side design pressure, psig
T" = The temperature to be used for valve selection
is the average tube side temperature at the
normal operating conditions, oF.
(c) In no event shall the value ofQ be greater than
the specified maximum overload feedwater flow.
(d) The valve manufacturer shall be responsible
e' for the selection of the valve based on data
25
supplied by the heater Manufacturer andlor
the user.
(e) Back pressure at the valve outlet connection
shall be considered zero psi unless otherwise
specified (See Paragraph 2.1.1 [fl).
6.2 Flashback Protection
Certain design features may be required in the feed-
water heater to restrict the stored volume of the con-
tained liquid and to confine flashed vapor. Details of
the flashback protection provisions shall be incorpo-
rated in the initial inquiry by the Purchaser.
The Manufacturer can provide the following infor-
mation to assist in the Purchaser's evaluation of
turbine overspeed during load rejections.
(a) Steam volume
(b) Condensate volume at the normal operating
level (not including drain volume in drain cool-
ing zone).
(c) Drain volume in drain cooling zone.
(d) Flow area at entrance to drain cooler.
(e) Flow area through flashback system. This area
will be the total flow area through flashback baf-
fle as well as clearance areas between drains
cooling zone and shell LD.
Maximum flow areas should be furnished by the tur-
bine manufacturer; however, the design of the heater
will not be compromised to meet this requirement.
6.3 Cleanliness and Corrosion Protection
Internal surfaces of all heaters shall be cleaned as
necessary to remove loose scale. Dirt, weld-rod stubs,
and other foreign objects shall be removed prior to
final assembly of heater parts. Excess oil and grease
shall be removed by wiping.
Liquids used for hydro-testing or cleaning shall be
drained from the heaters. All nozzles and openings
shall be covered to guard against damage and the
entrance offoreign objects during shipment.
When heaters are tubed with carbon steel, water
used for hydrostatic testing should be treated with a
suitable rust-inhibiting agent. Prior to shipment, the
heaters shall be drained and all openings sealed in
accordance with the Manufacturer's commercial pro-
cedure. Due to the complex internal design features
of a feedwater heater, it is not practical to complete-
ly eliminate all moisture from the heater.
Heaters should be thoroughly drained by tilting
and maneuvering as required to ensure that all pock-
ets are cleared. It is recommended that carbon steel
tubed heaters be heated and evacuated to remove
additional trapped moisture and that the heater be
purged and blanketed to a positive pressure with an
inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen, immediately after
evacuation. Some means to monitor the pressure
during shipment and storage should be provided by
the Manufacturer. The Purchaser should monitor the
pressure immediately after receipt and on a weekly
basis thereafter to insure that the inert blanket is
maintained continuously. The above procedure will
eliminate the excessive moisture that could be
detrimental to the tubing material. The user should
inspect and record the condition of all covers and seals
upon receipt of the heater at the job site. Any damaged
or defective seals must be reported immediately to the
Manufacturer.
After seals are broken and covers removed to per-
mit installation and attachment of piping, the user
should protect the heater internals against corrosion
and contamination and periodically inspect the heater,
prior to operation and during shut-down periods, for
corrosion damage. Appendix A should be consulted
for additional information.
6.4 Venting and Draining
All high and low points on shell and tube spaces of
a heater, not otherwise vented or drained by nozzles,
shall be provided with connections for vents and
drains (Refer to Paragraph 2.13).

7_ TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS

The type of installation selected must consider, as plant designer consult this Standard for guidance in
a minimum, space allocation, piping arrangements, the selection. The standard arrangements available
access for maintenance and repair, and operational are depicted in Fig. No. 12 thru 15 below.
considerations. It is recommended that the power

HORIZONTAL REMOVABLE BUNDLE SHOWN

REMOVABLE SHELL OPTIONAL
Fig. No. 12

OPTIONAL

I
I
1
\
I
/' - /. - -1-,...,---CD--c::::J.....--I..--.;J-~...J--+-~-t-L---,
'I
I
I
I
I :
.
'
•
\. L-(---'-'----i
HORIZONTAL IN CONDENSER EXHAUST NECK
Fig. No. 13

VERTICAL

CHANNEL UP CHANNEL DOWN

Fig. No. 14 Fig. No. 15
26
 8. CHANNEL TYPES

8.1 Full Diameter Access Channels The pass partition cover design shown in Fig. No.

•
For maintenance purposes, full diameter access
channels are more desirable than limited access chan-
nels; however, the full mameter access channels are
generally more costly than the limited access channels.
The common types of channels are discussed below:
8.1.1 Low Pressure, Full Access
Full diameter, bolted and gasketed channels are
recommended for low pressure heater designs where
the channel diameters are less than 48 inches.
FORGED STEel
OUTLET HUB TYPE flANGE
TUBESHEET
16 is the welded type; if desired, the pass partition
cover may be bolted and gasketed. The pass partition
design shown in Fig. No. 17 is more prone to interpass
leakage due to deflection of the channel cover.
8.1.2 High Pressure, Full Access
Fig. No. 18 shows a typical high pressure, full diam-
eter channel where the full hydraulic load is not taken
by bolts in tension. Such a design transfers the full
hydraulic load to the channel barrel by the use of
shear members. The final closing joint may be either
welded or mechanically sealed. The use of this type
of channel in larger diameters and higher pressures
is limited by the availability of forgings. The need for
special cover handling equipment should be consid-
ered when specifying this type of channel. This type
of channel generally will be more costly than the
manway access channels.

OUTLET
GASKET

FINAL
TUBE PASS ClOSING JOINT
PARTITION WELDED OR
SHEll OR SKIRT MECHANICAllY
COVER
SEALED
PASS PARTITION
caVER
PASS
PARTITION
COVER

•
TUBE

COVER
STEel PLATE
INLET CHANNEL BARRel

Fig. No. IS

COMBINATION PASS
FORGED STEel PARTITION
TUBESHEET
OUTlET HUB TYPE flANGE AND CHANNel
BARRel
INLET

Fig. No. IS
8.2 Manway Access Channels
8.2.1 Minimum Access Manway Sizes
GASKET When the user has decided upon a manway access
PASS PARTITION
TUBE channel, the following should be considered:
8.2.1.1 Minimum Manway Sizes
The minimum acceptable man way sizes are 12" xI6"
TUBESHEET
elliptical and 16" circular.
(OVER
8.2.1.2 Pass Partition Cover Design and Type
Pass partition cover design must be such that it
does not restrict channel entry through the access
SHEll OR SKIRT opening. A design with a pass partition cover which
STEEL PLATE is parallel with the tubesheet face may require a larg-
INLET CHANNEL BARREL er manway opening in order to gain access. This entry
restriction can be eliminated by sloping the pass par-

• Fig. No. 17

27
tition cover. The end of the cover adjacent to the cen-
ter ofthe tubesheet should be approximately four (4)
inches from the tubesheet face; however, this distance
will vary because of hydraulic and maintenance
considerations required for the design of the pass par-
tition section which is perpendicular to the tubesheet
face. Pass partition covers are to be designed for the
maximum expected differential pressure.
Pass partition covers should be sectioned as
required to remove them through the man way, rather
than having personnel being restricted by the covers
lying in the bottom of the channel. Should welded
pass partition covers be used, they should not be ther-
mally cut closer than 112" to the pressure boundary.
Fig. No. 19
28
The pass partition cover type is an option for the
Purchaser to consider. Welded covers provide a more
positive seal but require thermal cutting for access.
Bolted and gasketed covers are more readily remov-
able but are more susceptible to interpass leakage.
Shown in Fig. No. 19 is a typical bolted and gasketed
pass partition cover design. It is important that fas-
teners be locked in place in order to avoid having stray
fasteners introduced into the condensate!feedwater
system. Recommended weight of removable sections
should not exceed 50 pounds for ease of handling.
FASTENER AND
LOCKING SYSTEM
 8.2.2 Low Pressure, Manway Access heater designs could be one of the two (2) designs
Manway access channels used for low pressure shown below:

•
Option A Option B Option C

SEAL WelD
COVER GASKET

PRESSURE
SEALING
SEALING COVER
DIAPHRAGM
PLATE COVER

OUTlET
OUTlET
REINFORCING PAD
(IF REQUIRED)

PASS
PARTITION
TUBE TUBE COVER

TUBESHEET TUBESHEET PASS PARTITION

•
HEMISPHERICAL HEAO
ELLIPTICAL HEAD

SHEll OR SKIRT SHEll OR SKIRT

INLET STEEL PLATE
INLET CHANNel BARREl

Fig. No. 20 Fig. No. 21

Fig. No. 20 shows a channel design using a hemi-
spherical head which may present difficulties in fit-
ting nozzles and manway around the hemisphere's
periphery. This design generally has a greater access
restriction. Due to the nozzle centerlines being approx-
imately 30° off the vertical plane, 30° elbows are gen-
erally required in the piping if vertical runs are
required. Fig. No. 21 shows channel design using an
elliptical head which provides greater access and does
not have the nozzle configuration complications of the
hemispherical head.
The manway sealing joint would be one of the con-
figurations shown above Fig. Nos. 20 and 21. One
configuration (Option A) has a seal welded diaphragm
which provides all welded construction when required.
The other optional configurations have gasketedjoints
with one being externally gasketed and the other hav-
ing an internal gasket which is called a "pressure
sealing type" design.

e·
29
8.2.3 High Pressure, Manway Access heater designs could be one of the three (3) designs
Manway access channels used for high pressure shown below:

Option A Option B Option C

COVER

PRESSURE
SEALING SEALING
DIAPHRAGM COVER
PLATE
COVER

OUTlET ounET
SHell OR PASS
SKIRT PARTITION
F=r__-4-HL..~COVER

PASS PARTITION
COVER
TUBE

INLET INLET
HEMISPHERICAL
HEAD

Fig. No. 22
Fig. No. 22 shows a channel design using a
hemispherical head which may present difficulties in
fitting nozzles and manway around the hemisphere's
periphery. This design generally has a greater access
restriction. Due to the nozzle centerline being approx-
imately 30° off the vertical plane, 30° elbows are
generally required in the piping if vertical runs are
required. Fig. Nos. 23 and 24 show channel designs
which do not have the nozzle configuration
complications ofthe hemispherical head.
•
Fig. No. 23 Fig. No. 24
The manway sealing joint would be one of the
configurations shown above Fig. Nos. 22, 23, and 24.
One configuration (Option A) has a seal welded dia-
phragm which provides all welded construction when
required. The other optional configurations have gas-
keted joints with one being externally gasketed and
the other having an internal gasket which is called a
"pressure sealing type" design. The pressure sealing
type is used when bolting may be too large for the
externally gasketed joint.

30
 • • •
OPTIONAL

!D
::;!
FEEDWATER
OUTLET "~
r
rJI ."
-I m
::a m
:I>
15
:I:
-I
~
:1:0 ~
00 m
::az J:I
NO
..
"'l om
zZ
J:
~
z
);!!I!
r-z ~
~

.'"
? s:"
0;;1
em
((
m
J:I
Z
zo
:::!:E \" / -I
m
z!:j
"m ~ '/ /" -t ~
J:I
Z
::a

\ ~"L
:I:
m Df ~
>
!:j
m
::a ,
U·TUBES
o
~ w,~"""
""
I
PROTECTIVE
1 r/
CHANNEL
J:I
$!
SHIELD Z
/ SEE FIG. No. 15 C)
HEATER SUPPORT DRAIN FEEDWATER THRU 17 AND
19THRU 23
m
OUTLET INLET FOR TYPICAL 3:
CHANNEL m
CONFIGURATIONS z
Cil
 OPTIONAL

TIE RODS STEAM INLET FEEDWATER OUTLET

AND SPACERS

IMPINGEMENT SHELL SKIRT

U-TUBES BAFFLE

PROTECTIVE
SHIELD
'0
011>
",
:J:<l.N
0"0
"Z
~S'm
NCO ..,
"J O.,m
~-
'!" Z"m
~<l.C
W
Z ,en::
'"
.
? 3:5-!i

'"
onm
c:gll
Z=:J:
\, ",'

~
::!.g
ZN"i
Cl om
"ll
"
..!!!.

WATER LEVEL
DRAINS SUBCOOLING DRAIN /
ZONE ENCLOSURE OUTLET CHANNEL
HEATER SUPPORT SEE FIG. No. 15
DRAINS SUBCOOLING
TUBE SUPPORTS OPTIONAL ZONE BAFFLES FEEDWATER THRU 17 AND
DRAINS SUBCOOLI NG INLET 19THRU 23
ZONE BY-PASS FOATYPICAL
CHANNEL
CONFIGURATIONS
• • •
DESUPERHEATING FEEDWATER
DRAIN
SHELL OUTLET
INLET ZONE SHROUD
SKIRT

U-TUBES
TUBE SUPPORTS

CHANNEL
DRAIN WATER LEVEL
OUTLET SEE FIG. No. 15
THRU 17 AND
19THRU 23
FOR TYPICAL
HEATER SUPPORT CHANNEL
CONFIGURATIONS
 DESUPERHEATING
DRAIN INLET ZONE SHROUD
FEEDWATER OUTLET

HEATER SUPPORT
CHANNEL
See Fig. No. 16
TIE RODS & SPACERS DRAINS SUBCOOLING DRAINS SUBCOOLING Ihru 18 and
ZONE ENCLOSURE ZONE BAFFLES 20 thru 24
for typical
FEEDWATER channel
INLET configurations
 "U"TUBES

•
TIE RODS AND
SPACERS

IMPINGEMENT
BAFFLE

STEAM INLET

• IMPINGEMENT
BAFFLE

DRAIN INLET
TUBE SUPPORTS

WATER LEVEL

PROTECTIVE
SHIELD

DRAIN OUTLET

CHANNEL HEATER SUPPORT

FEEDWATER
FEEDWATER OUTLET
INLET

•
STRAIGHT CONDENSING FEEDWATER HEATER
Vertical Channel Down Mounting
Fig. No. 29

35
 "U"TUBES

TIE RODS AND

SPACERS

SHELL
•
IMPINGEMENT
BAFFLE

STEAM INLET

IMPINGEMENT
BAFFLE
TUBE SUPPORTS

DRAIN INLET

WATER LEVEL

•
DRAINS SUBCOOLING
ZONE ENCLOSURE

OPTIONAL
DRAINS SUBCOOLING
ZONE BY-PASS PROTECTIVE
SHIELD
DRAINS SUBCOOLING
ZONE BAFFLES

DRAIN OUTLET

HEATER SUPPORT
CHANNEL

/JfJ
FEEDWATER
FEEDWATER
OUTLET
INLET

2-Z0NE FEEDWATER HEATER

•
(Condensing and Subcooling Zones)
Vertical Channel Down Mounting
Fig. No. 30

36
 TUBES

• TIE RODS ,,"'''....._

SPACERS

TUBE SUPPORTS

BAFFLE

DRAIN INLET
ZONE SHROUD

WATER LEVEL

• DRAINS "U~""UULIN'-'~_
ZONE ENCLOSURE "'::--~

ZONE BAFFLES

DRAINS SUBCOOLING
ZONE BY-PASS

INLET

DRAIN OUTLET

HEATER SUPPORT

INLET OUTLET

3-Z0NE FEEDWATER HEATER

•
(Desuperheating. Condensing and Subcooling Zones)
Vertical Channel Down Mounting
Fig. No. 31

37
 CHANNEL

•
FEEDWATER _____
OUTLET ____
FEEDWATER
INLET

PROTECTIVE
SHIELD

TUBE SUPPORTS

IMPINGEMENT
BAFFLE

STEAM INLET

HEATER

•
SUPPORT

TIE RODS AND

SPACERS IMPINGEMENT
BAFFLE

DRAIN INLET

"U"TUBES

WATER LEVEL

DRAIN OUTLET

•
STRAIGHT CONDENSING FEEDWATER HEATER
Vertical Channel Up Mounting
Fig. No. 32

38
• OUTLET

SHELL
~_DRAIIN OUTLET

PROTECTIVE
SHIELD

_DRAIN'S SUBCOOLING
ZONE BAFFLES

IMPINGEMENT ~. DFlAlr~s
SUBCOOLING
BAFFLE ZONE ENCLOSURE

STEAM INLET

TIE RODS ANIJ~__

SPACERS
~~HIEA1·ER SUPPORT

• TUBE SUPPORTS
BAFFLE

__-DRIAIN INLET

"U" WATER LEVEL

OPTIONAL
DRAINS SUBCOOLING
ZONE BY-PASS

2-Z0NE FEEDWATER HEATER

•
(Condensing and Subcooling Zones)
Vertical Channel Up Mounting
Fig. No. 33

39
 CHANNEL

OUTLET

STEAM INLET
FEEDWATER
INLET

DRAIN OUTLET
•
SHELL

ZONE SHROUD

DRAINS SUBCOOLING
ZONE BAFFLES

BAFFLES

DRAINS SUBCOOLING
ZONE ENCLOSURE
TUBE

HEATER SUPPORT

TIE RODS "",u""'~

SPACERS
IMPINGEMENT
BAFFLE

DRAIN INLET
•
WATER LEVEL

OPTIONAL
DRAINS SUBCOOLING
ZONE BY·PASS

3-Z0NE FEEDWATER HEATER

(Desuperheating, Condensing and subcooling Zones)
Vertical Channel Up Mounting
Fig. No. 34

40
 APPENDIX A
GUIDELINES FOR INSTALLATION, OPERATION,
AND MAINTENANCE OF FEEDWATER HEATERS
•
A1 INSTALLATION OF CLOSED FEEDWATER HEATERS
A1.1 General Considerations
Feedwater heaters should be installed with
sufficient clearance to allow convenient and proper
maintenance of the units without disturbing adjacent
equipment. Installation should be made so that cranes
and hoists installed in the plant can be used to ser-
vice the heaters. Ample space should be provided for
the removal of covers, shells, or bundles and for the
retightening of all bolted joints. Similarly, for heaters
with welded joints, space should be provided to
permit disassembly and rewelding of all joints. For
heaters to operate properly, they must be correctly
oriented. Horizontal heaters should be installed level
and vertical heaters should be installed plumb.
For condenser neck mounted heaters, shell
protective stainless steel lagging and condenser neck
closure plate, when required, are shipped loose for
field attachment.
A1.2 Installation Under Freezing Conditions
•
In order to avoid damage from freezing, the user
must prevent water from remaining in a heater
exposed to freezing conditions after a plant is shut
down. The user should also provide and maintain
proper protection from freezing of the equipment
before, during and after installation. It has been
demonstrated that tubes in horizontal positions will
not drain sufficiently by gravity alone to preclude
freezing damage.
A1.3 Pre-Operational Cleaning and Flushing
Operation
The pre-operational cleaning and flushing operation
must consist of chemicals and water that are not detri-
mental to the equipment (tubing in particular). It is
recommended that the Purchaser's metallurgist be
consulted for specific cleaning procedures or the
Purchaser should engage a chemical company which
can provide them with this service.
Under no circumstances should the heater be laid
up using the flushing or cleaning solutions.
• 41
AI,4 High Level Condensate Dump
If a high level condensate dump connection has
been provided, also referred to as a "drains subcool-
ing zone by-pass" or an "emergency dump", this should
be routed directly to the condenser.
A1.5 Accessories
Accessories required by the Purchaser can be
provided by the Manufacturer. The normal practice is
to have the Manufacturer provide shell side safety
valves, tube side thermal relief valves, and operating
air vent orifice plates (when external orifice plates are
required) with the remaining accessories provided by
the Purchaser.
Prior to purchase and operation, the Purchaser
should consider the following accessories, which
are required for proper operation and testing of a
feedwater heater:
(1) Gage glass with a sight range equal to or exceed-
ing the maximum liquid level range.
(2) Diaphragm (;ontrol valve and level controller for
maintaining the liquid level within the heater.
(3) High and low level alarms to alert the operator
of any abnormal levels within the heater.
(4) Pressure measuring equipment should be pro-
vided for the following:
a. Feedwater inlet and outlet connections.
b. Steam inlet connection.
c. Drains outlet connection.
d. Shell.
(5) Temperature measuring equipment should be
provided for the following:
a. Feedwater inlet and outlet connection.
b. Steam inlet connection.
c. Drains outlet connection.
d. Shell vapor.
e. Shell condensate.
 A2 CLOSED FEEDWATER HEATER OPERATION
A2.1 Initial Start-Up Precautions
It is important that all bolted joints be tightened
uniformly and in a diametrically staggered pattern as
illustrated in Figure No. 35, except for special closures
or spiral wound gasketed closures, when the instruc-
tions of the Manufacturer should be followed.
The bolts should be retightened shortly after the
heater has been put in service for the first time.
Periodic checks should be made during the first six
months of operation to insure that all bolted joints
remain tight. It is recommended that removable insu-
lation be used at all major bolted connections on the
shell and heads so that these joints can be checked and
tightened as noted in Figure 35. Retightening of bolts
Method of Tightening Bolted Joint.
(1) Tighten all bolts hand tight.
(2) Tighten bolts, one flat at a time in pattern shown.
(3) Continue until joint is tight.
BOLT TIGHTENING SEQUENCE
Fig. No. 35
and periodic verification of bolt torque should only be
done when the vessel is not pressurized. Refer to the
Manufacturer's instruction manual for additional
precautions and specific operating procedures.
A2.2 Liquid Level Control
The control of the liquid level is important to the
proper operation of the heater. The liquid level is used
to provide a water seal between the condensing zone
and the entrance to the integral drains subcooling
zone or the heater drain connection. This serves the
same purpose as a steam trap and will isolate one
extraction point from another. The primary purpose
of the condensate seal is to promote single phase con-
densate flow through the drains subcooling zone.
Improper liquid levels may result in the loss of the
42
water seal allowing steam to flow directly into the
•
drain piping or through the entrance to the drains sub-
cooling zone. Steam flow into a drains subcooling zone
reduces its effectiveness for subcooling and can lead
to erosion and/or vibration. In horizontal heaters with
a drains subcooling zone, the loss of the water seal may
eliminate essentially all of the subcooling. This two-
phase flow through the subcooling zone can result
from steam by-pass leaking through the end plate of
a horizontal subcooling zone and/or flashing of the
incoming drains entering the integral subcooling zone.
Liquid level standpipes and their associated gage
glasses sense the level through static taps. In both ver-
tical and horizontal heaters, the steam flow velocity
past the higher connection may be different from the
velocity at the liquid surface. In the absence of shock
or friction losses, the pressure of the stream having
the lesser velocity will be greater as a result of
Bernoulli or momentum exchange effects. More com-
mon is steam flow into the vapor equalizing line of the
standpipe. Condensation in the vapor equalizing line
results in a lower pressure above the float than inside
the heater leading to a higher level in the float cage.
These effects result in measuring higher levels than
actually exist inside the heater. This leads, in some
cases, to loss of the necessary submergence on the
entrance to the subcooling zone, resulting in flashing.
Although the required liquid level location can be
accurately marked, measurement of the actual liquid
level can be difficult. In heaters with drains subcool-
•
ing zones, the proper location can be obtained by the
liquid level test stated below.
Steam flow paths in heaters are complex and the
effect upon liquid levels of flow mal distribution can-
not always be evaluated. When liquid level connections
can not be located in areas aflaw steam velocities, the
proper level location must be established by test.
Momentum effects will generally affect the
measured level if one of the control connections is
located near a steam or drains inlet. When tubes in
drains subcooling zones near the zone entrance fail
prematurely or when drain subcooling zones fail to
properly subcool, false liquid levels are usually the
cause of the difficulty and the level should be raised.
In the case of a horizontal heater with an integral
drain cooler having a siphon-type inlet (as opposed to
a full-length, submerged drain cooler), consideration
should be given to performing a test to establish a true
level at the subcooler inlet. This would avoid (a) severe
erosion due to steam entering the drain cooling zone
due to an excessively low level, or (b) a less danger-
ous, but expensive scenario where a loss of
performance occurs due to an excessively high level
in the heater.
In this test the drain cooler approach is measured
at a series of liquid levels, as illustrated in figure 36,
beginning with a relatively high level, and incre-
mentally dropping the level until the "knee" in the
curve is reached. At this point the level is low enough
•
that the seal at the inlet to the drain cooling zone is
broken and the steam enters or condensate flashes,
creating a two-phase mixture.
 measured either from the bottom of the shell or from
the heater shell centerline. When the operating level
at the design load results in a DCA approaching the

•
design DCA, the level should be set, as a minimum,
2" above that test elevation but should not be set
lower than the Manufacturer's original level marker.
This set point for the Normal Liquid Level should
LEVEL BELO~ SNORKEL
be marked on the level indicator as well as on any
VAPOR [rH[R[NG SUBCOOLER
level plate provided on a shell mounting bracket,
if available.
Parallel heaters may operate at slightly different
'KNEE' IN CURVE pressures as a result of differing steam piping, foul-
LEVEL AT BOTTOM or SNORKEL ing, or maldistribution of feed water between the
heaters. Individual liquid level controls and gage
NORMAL LEVEL glasses are required to provide proper level locations
LlOUID SEAL MAINTAINED under operating conditions that will differ between
parallel operated heaters.

L2'-
LIQUID LEVEL HEIGHT
LIQUID LEVEL TEST
Fig. No. 36
Th avoid premature tube failures, a level test sbould
be conducted as soon as possible, preferably within the
first month of operation. The level test should moni-
tor the Drain Cooler Approach (DCA) temperature
difference against the elevation of the liquid level
A2.3 Liquid Level Control in Vertical Channel
Down Heaters
The subcooling zone arrangement and level control
settings for a typical channel down heater are covered
in Figure 37.
The vertical channel down feedwater heater
arrangement is more forgiving with respect to
mechanical damage to the tubes and baffies of the sub-
cooling zone caused by a low shell liquid level, than
with a horizontal heater with a full pass "short" drain
cooler. Inadequate subcooling performance in either
case results in the drains out flow being close to or at
the saturated condition.

• [OUAlIZING
uPPER lEC 1-18-
24" "'AX.

"z
STEAM INLET

Note: All numbers

u;
z
w
shown are for exam-
a ple only. Individual
8 heater designs and
HIQ-l II + 8 " - -
rOR ALARI.I
levels vary.

HIGH LL + 2 " - - NORMAL

NORt.lA\. LL - -
U""'O
LEVEL
lOW lL - 2 " - - 5" (MINIMUM)
!.lIN. LL -4' - -
rr--'-,j'--IIf----I1f--....I. TOP cw
a sc SHROUD

, w
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0
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a
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LOW[R LEG -12" '-
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a (~
ORIFICE a ~;::
IF REO'O.
~ '"
u
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F'"
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SHEll DRAIN • "' w
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SHEll. OUr.lP
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SHELL DRAIN

• AlSO 14' CAG[ CLASS

A LOHG(R RANG( STANOARO

•
CONTROL NAY aE APPUEO

CONDENSING AND SUBCOOUNG

TYPICAL VERTICAL CHANNEL DOWN HEATER

Fig. No. 37

43
A2.4 False Liquid Level Indication
Of all the possible reasons for false sensing of
vaporlliquid interface levels in closed feedwater
heaters, the following appear to be most commonly
encountered. Note that when a false high shell liquid
level indication is adjusted down to the "normal" set
level, the actual liquid level in the shell is set
equivalently too low.
• Excessive condensing in a top equalizing leg
that is too long induces a compensating flow
into the leg. This results in a pressure loss
causing a rise of the level in the sensor and
gage glass relative to the actual level in the
shell. It should be obvious that the longer the
vapor equalizing leg, the greater will be the
discrepancy between indicated level outside the
heater and actual level inside the heater. For
any given vapor equalizing leg length, insula-
tion of the equalizing piping will minimize the
false level indication.
• A high localized velocity of steam across the top
equalizing connection opening in the shell aspi-
rates or reduces pressure in the top equalizing
leg, which raises the level in the sensor relative
to the actual level in the shell.
• A cascade of condensate flowing down a vertical
channel down shell into the top equalizing con-
nection tends to flood the sensor and thus raise
the level indication relative to the actual level
in the shell.
• Sediment or partially closed valve settings in
the bottom equalizing leg inhibit the return of
excess condensate to the shell, resulting in a
higher level in the sensor than actually exists in
the shell.
• Any loop seals trapping condensate in the top
equalizing leg or high points trapping gas in the
bottom leg will cause a false level indication.
• Improperly installed or closed gage glass valves
result in false indications.
Often a false level indication tends to be relatively
stable at a given load and unstable fluctuations in
indicated level generally result from some other cause.
Whatever the cause and magnitude of a false level
indication, regular monitoring of the drains approach
temperature will provide an immediate, accurate
determination as to whether the actual shell liquid
level is adequate.
There will always be some discrepancy between the
indicated level and the actual level, since condensa-
tion in the vapor equalizing leg will always be present
to some degree. For this reason, as well as the com-
bined effect of the other factors identified above, the
heater operating level should always be established
by conducting a level test. Please see paragraph A2.2
for level test recommendations.
A2.5 Effect of Low Liquid Levels on External
Drain System
The suppression of subcooling due to low shell
liquid levels causes the heater drains to approach the
saturation temperature. Any subsequent line pres-
sure loss through valves and/or in the piping causes
condensate flashing, with gross tendencies toward
vapor binding, slug flow, and resultant problems such
44
as pipe movement, andlor banging and choking asso-
ciated with two-phase flow in a piping system. If the
system utilizes a heater drain pump, the loss of sub-
cooling can have a significant adverse effect on the nec-
essary net positive suction head requirement and/or
cavitation.
Heater liquid levels should be controlled by dis-
placement sensors or by any other type of sensors
that are responsive to rapid changes in the shellliq-
uid level and that faithfully reflect changes in extrac-
•
tion, cascaded drains or possible internal leakage
flows. Although heater levels must be set by temper-
ature, namely the level that provides the rated drains
approach temperature, heater levels are not to be con-
trolled by temperature. Time delays in sensing tem-
perature changes would probably result in
unacceptable, erratic level swings.
A2.6 Effect of Load Rejection on Shell
Liquid Level
Shell liquid levels are affected by rapid increases or
rejection of unit load. Both cases, in their own way, can
cause a sharp rise in shell liquid level and an adequate
margin between the normal and alarm or dump lev-
els must be allowed. Traditionally, the normal and
alarm levels have been set too close. This does not per-
mit reasonable load swings, without alarm, or allow
adequate range oflevel adjustment to obtain the spec-
ified drains approach temperature. Also, on a sud-
den, high rate ofload reduction, vapor is generated in
the condensate in the shell, as the saturation tem-
perature drops below the actual condensate temper-
ature.Asmall amount of vapor, due to its much greater
•
specific volume, sharply increases the overall volume
of the condensate/vapor mix in the shell until the tur-
bine extraction pressure stabilizes and the vapor is
released from the condensate. This transient, which
may best be called a "swell", must be accommodated
without unnecessary alarm or dumping as long as
the level is controlled within safe limits as shown in
Figure 38 for horizontal heaters and Figure 37 for ver-
tical channel down heaters.
A2.7 Effect of Failed Thbes on
Heater Operation
The shell liquid level is also significantly affected
by continued operation with failed tubes. The drains
control system is required to pass the added flow from
the two broken ends of each clean ruptured tube and
from impingement failures.
It will be noted that flow from only a few ruptured
tubes will exceed 10% of rated feedwater flow in short
order, particularly in high pressure heaters.
Continued operation with damaged tubes can rapid-
ly escalate leakage flows due to secondary failures
resulting from feedwater impingement on adjacent
tubes. Oversized valves in low pressure heater drain
systems often mask increasing leakage by maintain-
ing a normal liquid level until additional tubes fail.
To keep this condition from occurring, any incom·
ing drains should be diverted to the condenser when
the level rises above the normal high operating level
at least 3" to 6". Additionally the station operators
should mark the valve stem position of the Drain
Control Valve in its normal 100% drain flow position.
On each shift the valve stem position should be

•
VENT DUCT SKIRT
Clearance to Avoid F'leoding Duct
+ Allowance tor Level Gradient
SUBCOOLING ZONE
00
SUBCOOLER INLET
TRADITIONAL NLl -11'\"
TYPICAL HORIZONTAL HEATER
Fig. No. 38
checked, and if the valve opening is greater than the
marking, then a broken tube is very likely introduc-
ing feedwater into the heater shell.
• In any discussion of the operation of a closed feed-
water heater with tube leaks, it is very important to
keep in mind the fact that a shell safety valve is
designed to release a given amount of water (not
steam) at a shell pressure 10% above the design
pressure of the shell. If tubes continue to fail, it must
be recognized that the safety valve capacity will be
exceeded. In such a case, the shell pressure will
continue to rise and, in short order, can cause the
shell to rupture. In other words, a safety valve pro-
vides a limited margin of time to get the heater offline
to avoid an accident.
A2.S Effect of Plugged Thbes
When a tube is plugged and becomes inactive in a
horizontal heater that has a short drain cooler, two
corollary events must be considered. If the plugged
tube is in a bottom row, it contributes to pressure loss
of the entering saturated condensate without atten-
dant subcooling. Several such tubes can aggravate
the failure problem and a liquid level test is necessary
to establish a new adequate shell liquid level. Please
see A2.2 for level test recommendations. Further, the
condensate choke is lost between the inactive tube OD
and the drilled hole in the subcooling end plate, per·
mitting the bypass of wet vapor from the condensing
zone into the subcooling zone. This not only leads to
erosion of the tube, if carbon steel, and of the hole in
• 45
-J-I
~ HEATER
PER HEATER DESIGNER
___ _ LI DUMP/TRIP
_____
~ OF HEATER
TO BOTTOM ROW
OF TUBES
CENTER OF
+6- ,,- CONTROL
RANGE
,
Note: All numbers
shown are for example
only. Individual heater
designs and levels vary.
the end plate, but also can produce a similar effect on
performance as an inadequate shell liquid level.
Another liquid level test should be performed to
reestablish the normal level. As a recommended prac-
tice when tubes are plugged in the bottom rows, the
controlled level should be raised to submerge these
plugged tubes when the row is 50% plugged or more.
A2.9 Start-Up Limitations
For normal start-ups, the entire string of heaters is
subjected to increasing feed water flow rates. This is
normal and will usually be acceptable provided the
flow rates are changed gradually and within the tem-
perature ramp rates provided in the Manufacturer's
instruction manual, if any.
One start-up condition that requires special pre-
cautions is when one heater of the string has been out
of service and is "cold" and needs to be restarted. This
situation occurs when one heater is isolated for
maintenance or repairs and the remaining heaters are
kept in service. When this heater is ready to be put
back into service, a different start-up procedure may
be required. The owner should either follow the
Manufacturer's instruction manual or call the
Manufacturer directly for specific instructions.
A2.10 Shutdown Limitations
The same precautionary measures used at start-up
are also recommended for shutdown in order to
prevent thermal shock by rapid or forced cooling.
 A3 MAINTENANCE OF FEEDWATER HEATERS
A3.1 In·Plant Cleaning
It must be recognized that many solutions used in
the cleaning operating may contain corrodents which
will have an effect on the materials in a feed water
heater. Use of such solutions must be done in a
controlled manner, and care must be taken to assure
that the accumulated effect does not affect the thick-
ness of pressure-bearing components or contaminate
the materials. In-plant cleaning of the feed water
heater internals is generally accomplished by a pre-
operational cleaning and flushing operation used to
clean all vessels, piping, etc., prior to initial operation.
Also, in-plant cleaning ofthe feedwater heater tubing
surface is required when the heater performance
becomes impaired due to fouling of the tubing. Due to
the triangular pitch, it is not possible to mechanical-
ly clean other than the perimeter tubes' surfaces;
therefore, the generally accepted cleaning method is
chemical cleaning.
A3.2 Chemical Cleaning
It is recommended that the Purchaser's
metallurgist be consulted for specific cleaning proce-
dures or the Purchaser should engage one of the
chemical cleaning companies which can provide them
with this service.
A3.3 Stagnant or Entrapped Areas
It is imperative that all stagnant or entrapped areas
within the heater are properly flushed in order
to avoid excessive exposure to the chemical
cleaning agent.
A3.4 Special Product Warnings (Safety)
Ultimate responsibility for the safe operation and
maintenance of heaters rests with the user, but the
following will provide a description of areas where
special precautions should be observed.
It is imperative that the user become thoroughly
familiar with all instruction manuals that are
provided, as these documents will provide important
safety instructions. A number of applicable areas to
be observed prior to and during operation will be
described below. (The list is not intended to be
all inclusive).
1. Prior to performing any work on a unit be cer-
tain that all valves are tagged and all pressures
on the unit are relieved. If maintenance cannot
be performed during an outage, then personnel
should be protected from incoming fluids by
double valves.
2. Any temporary gaskets are to be replaced prior
to initial operation (with required permanent
gaskets).
3. Do not gag any safety valves during operation.
4. Be certain that all closures are secured as
required prior to pressurizing a unit.
5. The nameplate maximum allowable working
pressures are not to be exceeded. The
Manufacturer's instructions on test water
temperature should be observed to avoid nil
ductility temperature problems.
46
6. All extemalleaks must be repaired immediately.
•
7. If a heater has temporary non-welded tapered
tube plugs installed, a pneumatic test might be
considered for determining if plugs are leaking.
The pressure should be limited to fifty percent
of the shell design pressure or 10 psig,
whichever is lower.
8. All gage glasses must be protected against
damage, as this can be a source of dangerous
leakage.
9. The following must be observed when personnel
plan to enter or are working near a heater.
A. Positive lock stops should be used to prevent
accidental opening of any steam or water
valves.
B. If any insulation is removed, precautions
should be observed to avoid injuries (both
during repair/inspection operations and after
start-up).
C. Proper ventilation must be supplied when
making internal repairs on a heater.
D. Prior to performing work on nuclear
installations the radioactivity level should be
determined to be certain it is within
acceptable levels.
E. Do not use chlorinated solvents (or similar
solvents) such as carbon tetrachloride, etc.,
•
inside a unit for weld repair processes, etc.
F. Pools of water must be dried prior to use
of electrical devices including electric arc
cutting and/or arc welding equipment.
G. The user shall pay particular attention to
any safety notices on the heater.
A3.5 Lay-Up Procedure for Non-Operating
Heaters
In order to reduce shell anu Lube side corrosion to
a minimum in non-operating heaters, the following
lay-up procedures are recommended.
For heaters expected to be out of service for an
extended period, both the shell and tube sides should
be drained, dried, and, after air is removed, a
nitrogen blanket at 5 psig should be maintained. This
applies to heaters with all types of tube materials.
The above is also the preferred method for units
temporarily out of service, or in by-pass mode
(for limited period), but if this is not possible then the
following procedures should be observed.
1. Tube side - condensate should be maintained in
the system with a pH compatible with all tube
materials.
2. Shell side - air must be removed from the shell
side as soon as the unit is shut down and a
nitrogen blanket at 5 psig should be maintained.
Note: As an alternate to nitrogen blanketing,
steam blanketing may be considered. Steam
temperature should not exceed tubeside design
temperature.
 A3.6 Repair Procedures should be listed in the specifications. In the prepara-
Repair welding after the heater has been in service tion ofthe specification the Purchaser should consid-
can be broken down into the following categories: er pre-operational and post-operational spares.

• A3.6.1 Tube Leak Repairs

1. Refer to Manufacturer's instruction manual for
specific repair sequence recommendations.
2. Isolate heater from operating systems and allow
to cool down to safe working temperature. If
valves leak, keep heater out of service until
A3.7.1 Spare Parts
The recommended spare parts for feedwater heaters
are listed below.

Spare Parts
Tube Plugs
Typical
Quantity
10% of
Comments
1b include
unit can be taken off the line. Refer to A3.4 tube count special welding
concerning safety precautions. supplies if welded
plugs are used.
3. Record tube failure location by establishing all
Bolting:
the data listed below which will permit an early
diagnosis of potential failure modes. A layout of Manway Cover, 10% of A set implies a
the tube pattern is usually provided in the Channel Cover, or Sets bolt and nut.
instruction manual for this purpose. Pass Partition
Cover
The data to be recorded is: row number, tube Gaskets 2 Sets This set should
number, inlet or outlet tube leg, and longitudi- include gaskets
nal failure location with respect to the tubesheet for pass partition
face. This can be done by pressurizing the shell cover.
side with nitrogen at 10 psig maximum and by NOTE: Proper
inserting a plug along the length of the tube and storage procedures
observing changes in the direction of flow. Eddy must be observed
current devices may also be used. Proper safety since some gasket
precautions shall be observed when working in materials can
the presence of nitrogen. deteriorate in a
4. Defective tube welds can be repaired by follow- short time if
ing the Manufacturer's instructions. improperly stored.
Diaphragm (if used) 1 Set Including special
5. Failed tubes can be plugged with tapered
welding supplies if

•
drive plugs when tube joint is mechanically
expanded only. Welded tube joints must be required.
plugged by the installation of a welded tube plug Accessories As recommended by
or specialty plug as recommended by the (when supplied the accessory
Manufacturer. by the heater manufacturer.
Manufacturer)
6. Tubes that are ruptured completely in two must Pass Partition Nuts 1 Set
be anchored as recommended by the Manu-
facturer prior to plugging the tube ends.
7. Leak testing and hydrostatic testing of the repair A3.7.2 Special Tools
should be in accordance with the Manufacturer's The recommended special tools for feedwater
recommendations. heaters are listed below:
8. Specifications for feed water heaters should Special Tools Typical Quantity Comments
require that tube plugging procedures be includ-
ed in instruction manuals. Tube 1 set roller Drivers optional
Expanders expanders for Spare rolls
A3.6.2 Pressure-Boundary Repairs each tube optional
1. The recommendation of the Manufacturer diameter
should be solicited when this type of repair is and gage
contemplated.
2. Any repair or penetration of the heater pres- A3.8 Inspection
sure boundary should be reviewed with the local Feedwater heaters should be inspected periodical-
Authorized Inspection Agency servicing the ly to reveal any evidence of corrosion or other
plant site prior to the repair. Approval of the abnormal conditions which may affect the
repair method by the Authorized Inspector is performance an:llife of the equipment.
necessary to preserve the integrity of the vessel
as an ASME Code approved pressure vessel. A3.9 Alterations or Repairs
It is recommended that any alterations or repairs
A3.7 Spare Parts and Special Tools which may become necessary during installation, test-
The following list of typical spare parts and special

•
ing or operation be made under the Manufacturer's
tools should be considered by the Purchaser of feed- direction and in accordance with his recommendations.
water heaters. The specific parts and quantities

47
 APPENDIXB
GENERAL FEEDWATER HEATER INFORMATION
Bl Vertical Feedwater Heaters
The majority of feedwater heaters are installed in
a horizontal position. However, some users prefer a
vertical installation since less floor space is required.
The channels can be either above or below the shells
with most installations using the channel below the
shell, commonly called "channel down". This design
enables the plant designer to run the feedwater pip-
ing between the heaters at a lower, more consistent
elevation and shell removal may be somewhat sim-
plified. If the channel is above (channel up), the tube
bundle must be removed, necessitating breaking the
major connections and handling heavier parts to gain
similar access. In either of the vertical heater config-
urations complete tube bundle access may be more dif-
ficult than in the case of horizontal heaters.
Other considerations for vertical heaters involve
proper distribution of steam and condensate within
the shell. In some designs the condensate will fall
like rain from the tube supports while steam usually
rises against the flow. A means of separation is
required to preclude the steam flow from holding up
the condensate with a resulting slugging or surging
which could result in heater vibration, hydrodynam-
ic instability, and impaired thermal performance.
In vertical channel down feedwater heaters, the
desuperheating zone must be longer than the drain
subcooling zone to prevent flooding and possible water
backflow to the turbine. This may require an inactive
tube section below the de superheating zone and/or
thermal limitations to the design such as reduced
subcooling and no desuperheating.
A channel down feed water heater with a drain
subcooling zone and no desuperheating zone requires
flooded, ineffective surface alongside the drain
subcooling zone. A channel up heater with a drain
subcooling zone requires a full length section to accom-
plish a siphon-type lifting of the condensate. Part-
load operation must be considered to assure sufficient
pressure differential with the downstream heater to
lift the drains without flashing. System upsets which
break this siphon can occur, and it should be recog-
nized that reestablishing the siphon is difficult, if not
impossible, without a shutdown. Either flashing or
breaking the siphon could result in a vapor-water
mixture with resulting tube erosion and vibration.
Water level control becomes more critical in verti-
cal channel down heaters, especially those with desu-
per heating zones since there is less capacitance
(storage volume per inch of water level) available.
This may require a larger diameter shell or a greater
level control band. Generally, more sophisticated level
control systems are required to compensate for low
capacitance.
As shown in Figure 39, vertical feed water heaters
present a unique level control requirement. Unlike
horizontal heaters, which have a large surface area
at the condensate-vapor interface, vertical channel
48
down heater shells, which basically have less free sur-
face area within the confines of the cross section of the
shell I.D., may require a 112 inch damping orifice in
•
the bottom equalizing leg to increase the effective
capacitance. The damping orifice will reduce the effect
of short rapid level fluctuations but will not effect
level trends. In this manner the small capacitance of
the vertical heater becomes more effective. The cross
sectional area of the vertical channel down heater
shell may be enlarged to increase capacitance as
required and shown in Figure 39. Capacitance of a ver-
tical heater can also be increased by increasing the
level control range from a minimum of ±2" to ±3" or
±4" or as required to satisfy drain flow of the heater.
As this control range is increased consideration should
be given to increasing the float of the controller to
longer float lengths.
As the level is dropped in a vertical channel down
heater, the point is reached where the indicated level
coincides with the top of the draincooler shroud. This
point must be indicated on the gage glass and also on
the level indication in the control room. The heater
should never be operated below this point since
control of drain flow through the subcooler and the
normal drain outlet piping would be completely lost.
•
AIl of the above considerations should be evaluat-
ed by the Purchaser against the advantages described
in the first paragraph.
B2 Cycling and Off Load Conditions
Since the performance of a feedwater heater is guar-
anteed at one specific "design point" condition (refer
to paragraph 2.1), other possible operating conditions,
referred to as "offload conditions", must be evaluat-
ed by varying some of the terminal conditions in order
to predict the possible performance for the same
heater design. This is more common with cycling uuits,
which vary load with demand rather than base units,
which typically meet a constant load. Cycling makes
it difficult to optimize heater design since limits on
velocities and pressure drops, for example, must be
checked for worst case conditions, which can alter the
design significantly. One major area of concern with
cycling is when a desuperheating zone is used.
Developing a design to prevent "wet tubes" at all
required conditions is often very difficult. (Refer to
Section B4.1)
Plant cycling can be detrimental to existing equip-
ment because, until recently, most equipment was not
designed to accommodate the fatigue effects of daily
thermal and mechanical cycles.
B3 Material Compatibility in Operating
Environments
Tubing is protected from chemical attack as the
result of passivation or the formation of protective
films. If the integrity of the film is destroyed, the base
material may enter into solution, gradually reducing
• SHELL
.J
NORMAL
LIOUID LEVEL
SU9COOUNG
ZONE
f= F=
1101
l 1UBESHEET
:A J DRAINS
STANDARD SHEll OPENING
IN SHROUD
FREE SURFACE AREA FOR SHELL LIQUID LEVEL CONTROL
the wall thickness. Each tube material has a pH range
within which chemical attack on the protective films
or on the base material is minimized. Certain envi-
•
ronments enhance the formation of protective films .
Chemical additives which are introduced to main-
tain proper feedwater quality can break down, pro-
ducing gases that are corrosive to some tube materials.
Control of pH alone is not necessarily a true repre-
sentation of the gas content. The operator must assure
that proper measurement of corrosion-producing gases
is obtained to assure good water chemistry. In addi-
tion to pH control, it is recommended that electrical
resistivity also be checked.
The tubing material must be selected in conjunction
with other materials used in the system. Early
failures result from lack of consideration of the com-
patibility of the various system materials that must
operate in a common environment.
During the life of a generating unit, advances are
made in chemical treatment of feedwater. Before
adopting new technologies, the system materials
should be reviewed to determine whether or not the
new treatment will be compatible. For example, the
change from solids treatment to volatile treatment has
resulted in rapid attack of some types of feed water
heater tubing.
Heaters removed from service for relatively long
periods of time are sometimes filled with treated
water. These additives should also be reviewed for
compatibility with the tubing. Chemical cleaning solu-
tions should be carefully reviewed for compatibility as
well as complete drainage and flushing requirements.
The responsibility for the operating environment is
with the user. For this reason, the user is responsible
for the initial material selection and material
compatibility with the intended environment.
I
TUBE ORCLE
DRAIN
BLISTER PIPE OUTlET BUSTlE RING
EXTENSION PIPE EXTENSION
Fig. No. 39
83.1 Compatibility of Thbe Materials
When selecting tube materials for mixed systems
(different alloys in the feedwater heaters and surface
condensers), the chemistry (specifically pH) of the
condensate system is of primary importance and must
be considered.
The mechanism of failure will be peculiar to the
specific alloy proposed and will involve the following
for indicated alloys. Corrosion of copper-based alloys
will eventually result in the copper pickup plating
out in the system (turbine, etc.), while carbon steel
erosion-corrosion problems can cause tube failures
(especially at tube inlets and drain cooler inlet area
on the shell side). The optimum pH required to con-
trol copper-base material problems is not the same as
that required for carbon steel, and this is the basis of
the problem. For example, carbon steel alloys require
a pH of about 9.5, while the corresponding pH for
copper-base materials is between 8.8-9.0. In a mixed
system, a compromise pH level, usually in the range
of9.2, would be selected.
If stainless steel tubes are used with carbon steel
tubes, a pH of 9.5 is often maintained.
The above mentioned pH levels provide the
normally selected values for some materials and mixed
systems; however, these are only examples. It is
recommended that the user consult a chemist to deter-
mine the pH level best suited for their system when
considering all parameters.
In addition to pH, there are other parameters to
consider in reducing potential metallurgical problems
in tubing (e.g. velocity, temperature, oxygen content,
chloride level, etc.); therefore, the particular station
chemistry, and history of any tube problems, must be
considered in the analysis. Some of the operating
parameters may not be able to be changed to accom-
49
modate alloy selection, but their effect upon specific
alloys must be considered in the selection process.
84 Specific Zone Designs (See Figures in
Section 9)
84.1 Desuperheating Zone
Without a desuperheating zone, the feed water can
only approach the saturated steam temperature, but
cannot equal or exceed it. Additional temperature rise
can be obtained by use of a desuperheating zone which
exchanges the sensible heat in the steam through the
influence of the large temperature difference between
the steam and the feed water. Although the heat trans-
fer rate in a gas to liquid heat exchanger is less than
that in the condensing zone, the temperature
difference is much greater and, therefore, each square
foot of surface in the desuperheating zone will
transfer a significant amount of heat. Using a desu-
perheating zone permits heating of the feedwater to
a temperature higher than the shell side saturation
temperature. When superheat is available, the
additional cost of a desuperheating zone is usually
economically justifiable due to the cycle efficiency
improvement which is realized.
The use of a desuperheating zone is subject to some
limitations. First, the steam temperature at the exit
of the zone must be sufficient to heat the exposed
tubing to a temperature exceeding the condensing
temperature. Secondly, there must be sufficient heat
in the entering steam to permit heating the
feedwater to the desired outlet temperature.
The requirements on steam temperature leaving
the desuperheating zone indicated above apply not
only to design conditions. Other operating parameters
should be considered to avoid wet tube conditions.
The amount by which the tube wall metal temper-
ature within the zone exceeds the saturated steam
temperature at the corresponding pressure is referred
to as "dry wall safety margin". This should be a
minimum of 2°F at the design point.
B4_1.1 Dry Wall Safety Margins at DSZ Outlet
The condition known as "wet tubes" occurs when the
tube wall metal temperature within the desuper-
heating zone is at or below the saturated steam tem-
perature at the corresponding pressure (Le. inlet
steam pressure minus desuperheating zone pressure
drop) allowing steam to condense on the tube wall. The
lowest tube wall metal temperature within the desu-
perheating zone occurs at the shell side outlet of the
zone; therefore, if the tube wall temperature is
designed to be at some "safety margin" value above
the saturated temperature at the desuperheating zone
outlet, the tube wall at the outlet as well as through-
out the entire de superheating zone will remain dry.
Since steam velocities within the desuperheating
zone are relatively high, it is important to avoid any
condensation of the steam on the outside of tubes
within the desuperheating zone because entrained
water droplets at high velocity can cause major dam-
age. A calculation for "dry wall safety margin" at the
desuperheating zone outlet is performed at the opti-
mized "design point" condition. The designer can
adjust the margin by changing the superheated steam
50
outlet temperature and pressure drop of the desu-
perheating zone to obtain the desired minimum safe-
ty margin value and optimized heater design at the
"design point" condition.
It must be recognized, however, that the dry wall
safety margin varies with every set of operating con-
ditions. Check rating the optimized heater design at
other "off design" or "offload" conditions will show a
range of varying safety margins, which could be high-
er or lower than the minimum. The margin could even
appear to be negative (i.e. producing wet tubes). This
is not a concern with "base-loaded" units which oper-
ate at or near the "design point" continuously and
may only experience "wet tubes" during infrequent
shut downs and restarts. The varying safety margin
is a concern, however, when units are subjected to
"cycling" load operation that may occur on a continu-
al basis.
Designing a heater for a minimum safety margin at
"off load" conditions may require decreasing the sur-
face in the desuperheating zone to increase tube wall
metal temperature at the DSZ outlet. This will result
in a larger and more costly heater. It is difficult to
design a heater to avoid "wet tubes" at all loads, as
noted in paragraph B2; therefore, when units are sub-
jected to "cycling" load operation, consideration must
be given to the potential for a "less than optimized"
heater design which may include minimized desu-
perheating zone length and options such as (a) an
increase in heater size to obtain full performance, (b)
optimized heater size but with decreased heater per-
formance or (c) elimination of the desuperheating
zone with decreased heater performance, if design
•
temperatures allow.
84_2 Condensing Zone
The condensing zone is the major internal section
of all feedwater heaters. A large amount of tube
surface area held in place by tube support plates
condenses all of the incoming steam and additional
steam produced by flashing of incoming drains, if any.
In the process of condensing the steam, entrained
non-condensible gases must be continuously removed
in order to prevent blanketing of surfaces, resulting
in loss of performance and corrosion (refer to
paragraph 2.13).
84_3 Subcooling Zone
The use of a subcooling zone exchanges sensible
heat between the saturated condensate and the cold-
er incoming feedwater. The drains outlet tempera-
ture is subcooled below the saturation temperature of
the condensate, thus reducing the potential for flash-
ing and erosion in piping and valves.
When the shroud of the subcooling zone is exposed
to the steam within the shell, a certain amount of
heat is transferred from the hotter steam through the
shroud to the colder condensate within the zone. This
is referred to as "reheat" since it is adding heat back
into the condensate, which is being cooled. A calcula-
tion is done to produce a "corrected" MTD which adds
in additional surface area to compensate for the added
duty. Shrouds which are covered with saturated
condensate in the shell, referred to as "flooded" zones,
have much less reheat since the transfer of heat is
 lower for liquid than condensing vapor. The only way
to obtain "no reheat" is through the use of an
external drain cooler.
A frequently requested optiaRal feature is a drains
•
subcooling zone "by-pass", or "emergency dump" con-
nection on the shell. If significantly large shell side
overload conditions are possible that require conden-
sate dumping, this allows condensate to be removed
directly from the shell without passing through the
subcooling zone, thus reducing the restriction to flow
and decreasing the potential for mechanical damage
to the zone.
B5 Heaters Removed from Service
Today's large installations frequently require more
than one stream, so that heaters operate in parallel
as well as in series. When one of the parallel heaters
is isolated for maintenance, the total stream may flow
through the remaining heaters unless by-passes are
provided or load limitations are imposed.
Feedwater heater piping systems, valves, and the
feedwater heater itself shall be designed with con-
sideration given to the fact that the steam flow to a
feed water heater will increase when a parallel heater
or stream is removed from service.
The increase in steam flow is related to the thermal
effectiveness which is defined as:
p= t,-t, =1- lit, =1- 1 way with an J.D. of20" or larger without increasing
T, - t, lit, eUAlWC
Where:
tz condensing zone outlet temperature, OF
tl = condensing zone inlet temperature, OF
•
Ts = saturated steam temperature, OF
lit, = condensing zone outlet temperature
difference = T,- t" OF
~tl = condensing zone inlet temperature
difference = Ts- tIt OF
U heat transfer rate, Btu/hr-ft'-OF
A heating surface, ft'
W feed water flow, lbm/hr
C feedwater heat capacity, BtuJIbm-oF
Each feedwater heater system is unique; however,
typical changes in steam flow are given in the Table
below. (Note: as indicated, the multipliers are typical
only for a specific design and should not be used as
the basis of design performance.)
STEAM FLOW MULTIPLIER
(One stream to be removed)
Design Condensing
Zone Thermal Original Streams
Effectiveness 2 Streams 3 Streams
.88 1.58 1.33
.90 1.61 1.35
.92 1.64 1.36
.94 1.67 1.38
The system designer shall determine the specific
• steam flow multiplier for his system upon selection of
his feed water heaters.
51
B6 Manway Sizes for Hemispherical Heads
From an accessibility standpoint, it is obviously
desirable to make the man way as large as possible,
but there are size, weight, and economic conse-
quences to consider.
An optimum choice for most purposes is an 18"
J.D. ifit is round, or an 18" x 14" opening ifit has
an obround profile. There are a number of older
heaters that have been built with smaller openings,
such as 16" J.D., but access into them is usually dif-
ficult.
Larger sizes (such as 20" or 24") may seem desir-
able, but can be very costly, as these sizes often
require an enlargement of the hemispherical head,
which also affects the tubesheet thickness. The fea-
sibility of larger sizes depends on the bundle size,
the design pressure, as well as the orientation of
the nozzles and manway. For the configuration of
Fig. 22 of Section 8.2.3 (which includes the major-
ity of hemispherical head designs), the head size is
particularly sensitive to the man way size. For the
low pressure hemispherical head of Fig. 20, Section
8.2.2, or the hemi-plus-barrel design shown in Fig.
24 of Section 8.2.3, the sensitivity is less.
In a retrofit situation, where there are limita-
tions on space, it may be impossible to use a man-
the feedwater nozzle projection or in the case ofver-
tical heaters, relocating structural members.
In the case of feed water heaters designed for new
power plants, where the diameter is not limited,
then the economics may be the main consideration
in determining the man way size. If an access open-
ing diameter greater than 20" is selected, consid-
eration should be given to a configuration other
than hemispherical.
B7 Integral Flash Chamber Considerations
Integral flash chambers are shell extensions
beyond the V-bends for flashing drains inlets. They
are unique to horizontal feedwater heaters and
come in varying designs. Fig X-X shows just one
possible arrangement. The purpose of integral flash
chambers is to conservatively allow for the intro-
duction of flashing drains into the heater. The
empty space behind the V-bends allows for maxi-
mum entrance area to disperse the kinetic energy
of the flashing drains and minimizes any droplet
entrainment of the flashing steam as it enters the
tube bundle. Integral flash chambers may also be
lined with stainless steel material depending on
design. The result is a reduced potential for dam-
aging tube vibrations, erosion, and in some rare
cases reduced condensing zone performance due to
flooding of the condensing zone tubes. One should
consider an integral flash chamber if one ofthe fol-
lowing conditions occur:
• Experience with previous equipment in a simi-
lar service indicates additional protection for the
inlet drains is required.
• A large quantity of inlet drains being introduced
into the feedwater heater. One typical installation
that experiences large drain inlet flows is
 nuclear power stations.
• Excessive kinetic energy being released due to the
percentage of flashing of the incoming drains and
the configuration of the shell and bundle. As a
minimum, G2/_ as defined in Section 2.8.c should
always be less than 4,000 for the entrance area.
Based on the design, this may require an integral
flash chamber.
Before specifYing an integral flash chamber, one
should consider the following factors:
• Only horizontal heaters may have an integral
flash chamber. Vertical heaters would require a
separate external flash-pot arrangement.
• Integral flash chambers take up additional shell
length. An integral flash chamber would result in
a larger tube bundle and shell if the heater length
were limited. This may cause further shell and
channel piping changes for a replacement heater.
At minimum, the piping location for the drains
inlet line would change.
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
Fig,No,40
Symptoms: Pass Partition Leaks (Exhibited by reduced feedwater temperature rise, and higher TTD.)
Possible Causes:
Pass partition gasket failure
Pass partition nut failure due to
cycling operation
Pass partition cracking due to cycling
Water hammer or abnormal operating conditions
Erosion damage from feedwater inlet nozzle
Symptoms: 'lUbe Failures
Possible Causes:
Excessive tube vibration due to abnormal
operating conditions
Excessive tube vibration due to location
of connections
Chloride attack-stainless steel tubing
Stagnant water during extended shutdown
Ammonia attack~opper alloy tubing
B8 Floating Pass Partitions
Floating pass partitions are a design concept to
aid in minimizing the temperature effects due to the
temperature difference ofthe incoming fluid versus
the outgoing fluid. This design is generally not used
in feed water heaters as the temperature rise in
low pressure heaters is in the 50 degree F. range
and in high pressure heaters is in the 100 degree
F. range.
Feedwater heater manufacturers have standards
for the utilization of floating pass partitions that
have been established through experience and/or
analysis. The manufacturer will establish whether
a floating pass partition design is warranted based
on the information provided by the purchaser as
recommended in Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.
Concern for weld fatigue of pass partitions under
normal and cyclic operation has been minimized
due to today's weld techniques, joint geometry and
additional non-destructive examination.
B9 Troubleshooting Guide (see Figure 40)
Possible Solutions:
•
Consult supplier for appropriate replacement
Consult supplier over stud and nut material selections,
and consider tack welding replacement nuts, self
locking nuts, or tension controlled washers
Consult supplier over possible repairs
Make repairs as required and review operating
procedures
Consult supplier and review pass partition plate
material
Possible Solutions:
Correct abnormal conditions. Contact supplier for
reevaluation
Reevaluate connections for baffies, shields, or
impingement protection
Review water chemistry and tube compatibility
Tubes may need to be rinsed and dried for extended
'.
shutdown.
Check with plant chemist
52
 Maintenance or construction damage Plug or replace as required

Tube inlet erosion Check water flow and adjust to design. Check water
quality, especially suspended solids

• Symptoms: Fluctuating or Unstable Liquid Levels

Possible Causes:

Malfunctioning level controller / control valves

Possible Solutions:

Check to ensure that level controller and control valves

are functioning properly. Ensure that control valves are
correctly sized

Improper piping size Check for any reduction in the condensate outlet
piping size that may cause a restriction to flow

Transient operating conditions Evaluate after steady state is reached

False instrumentation readings Check calibration of instrumentation (See Section A2.4

in the Standard).

Inadequate controller response for available Check to ensure that level controller and control valves
capacitance (Vertical Head Down) are correctly selected to achieve specified level range
with available capacitance. Check level controller feed
back gain setting.

Symptoms: Decreased Performance Due to Improper Venting

Possible Causes: Possible Solutions:

Blocked air vents Inspect and repair vent opening(s) and orifice platers)

• Insufficient air vent piping capacity

as required

Calculate piping system air release and check vent size.

Check that vent piping area is greater than or equal to
the combined vent lines areas if manifolded.

Missing or unused startup vent line or valves Check that all startup vents are piped and valves are
being opened during startup and closed when operating.

Improper vent piping Check that all orifice plates are located in a horizontal
run of piping that is sloping away from the heater and
not trapping condensate that could stop venting. Any
vertical piping run should have an appropriate drainer
at the bottom.

Symptoms: Unusual Sounds: Horizontal Heaters, Vertical Channel Down Heaters, Vertical
Channel Up Heaters

Possible Causes: Possible Solutions:

Consult the supplier of the equipment for evaluation.

Weld failure in drains cooler shroud or end plate Remove shell and rep')ir weld

Air trapped in drains cooling zone Open cooling zone start up vent or add additional vent in
shell skirt section

• Condensate or feedwater entering

desuperheating zone
Repair failed tube, check operating water level or check
for functioning steam trap at desuperheater drain

53
Weld failure of drains cooler shroud
Symptoms: Decreased Draincooler Performance-Higher than expected DCA
Possible Causes:
Low liquid levels
Draincooler shroud damage
Draincooler endplate damage
Abnormal operating conditions
BI0 Emergency Liquid Bypass for
Feedwater Heaters
The main function of shellside liquid by-pass
connections on feed water heaters is to prevent
water from flooding and damaging associated com-
ponents connected to the heater like vents and
most importantly the steam turbine. Water induc-
tion from plant equipment into the turbine occurs
mainly due to problems arising during start-up
and shut-down and is often associated with once
through flow steam generator units. Feedwater
heaters however can also become a source of water
ingress during operational periods when tubes rup-
ture, or when normal drains back up, if the appro-
priate bypass mechanisms are not in place. An
additional source of water that needs to be consid-
ered in the design of the bypass is the cascading of
drains that typically occurs from higher to lower
pressure heaters. It is recommended that mecha-
nisms be in place that will isolate all of these
sources of water.
Two suggested external system arrangement
options are provided in the ASME TDP-l
Recommended Practices for The Prevention of
Water Damage To Steam Turbines Used for Electric
Power Generation to achieve this goal. The first
option would be provision of a bypass in the
Primary drain line from the heater as well as auto-
matic isolation ofthe steam extraction to the heater.
The second option provided mainly for condenser
neck heaters would be to isolate the tubeside flow
in place of the extraction line isolation in the first
option. Schematics for both of these arrangements
can be found in the ASME TDP-l.
The level control is integral to all of these sug-
gested arrangements. With heaters that have
drains cooling zones level controls are provided to
maintain adequate height above the entrance to the
Remove shell and repair weld
Possible Solutions:
Check to ensure liquid levels are being properly
maintained. Perform a Liquid Level Test as described
in Section A2.2 of Appendix A in the HEI Standards for
Power Plant Heat Exchangers
Consult the supplier of the equipment for possible
repairs
Consult the supplier of the equipment for possible
repairs
Operating conditions other than the "Design Case" will
result in different DCA readings
drains cooling zone in addition to monitoring high
levels for possible liquid ingress into the turbine.
Location and accurate level indication are critical
to the prevention of damage to the heater and tur-
bine. Additional guidelines are described in HEI
and in addition the OEM should be consulted on
specific heater designs.
Also with respect to heaters having integral
•
drains cooling zones, an additional emergency
bypass can be located on the feedwater heater itself.
A suggested schematic is show in Fig. 4l. The noz-
zle should be located in an area that will facilitate
drainage. Due to the variety of configurations the
final location should be discussed with the OEM.
The connection should be sized to 4 ft/sec maximum
liquid velocity at operating conditions.
On figure 41, level connections for normal oper-
ation and for emergency dump are shown sepa-
rately. If the same level stand is used the level
should be located as close to the drains cooling inlet
area as possible so that proper level readings for the
inlet are obtained.
Although figure 41 is for horizontal heaters, an
additional emergency bypass can be beneficial to a
Vertical Head Up (VHU) heater also. In those VHU
heaters with an integral drains cooling zone, the
condensate must be pushed upward from the bot-
tom of the shell to the drains outlet just below the
tube sheet. Under low load conditions, a reduced
pressure condition in the shell, in addition to a pos-
sible lower differential pressure with the next shell,
can cause the water level to rise within the shell.
In addition to loss of performance due to flooding
surface, there is a potential for the water level to
rise to the height of the steam inlet nozzle. A drains
bypass can be located in the bottom of the shell or
•
shell cover for this specific design.
54
 A further note should be made on the capacitance
of Vertical Head Down (VHD) Feedwater heaters. As
a result of the arrangement ofVHD heaters the avail-
able volume to be filled (capacitance) before water
• enters the steam inlet is much less than in horizontal
heaters. For this reason the drains by-pass connec-
tion is important in protecting from drains flowing into
the DSZ and ultimately the turbine.
I
L ____ _ 1-------
By-P to
~~==r or'rM:-:-a-'in""D=',-'ain-L:-e-ve-:-,--.
Shutoff Signal to
DCS
Fig_ No. 41 Emergency By-pass to prevent water
damage to turbine for heaters with drains cool-
ing zones. (Adapted fromASME TDP-l - 1998)
B11 High Pressure Closures: Gasketed vs.
•
Welded Diaphragm
The selection between gasketed or welded
diaphragm closures is usually a matter of prefer-
ence for plant maintenance personnel. These pref-
erences are individually derived from plant
experiences. Both closures are acceptable for most
• 55
channel arrangements; i.e. full access and man-
way access. Figures Option A & Option B in
Section 8.2.3 are typical arrangements for these
closures.
Gasketed closures may be limited by bolting for
certain arrangements due to channel design pres-
sure and/or the channel ID opening.
Gasketed Closures
Advantages:
• Quick access for maintenance crews.
• Requires no burning, grinding, or welding
operations.
Disadvantages:
• More subject to leakage than a welded
diaphragm.
• Generally requires larger bolting.
• Generally results in larger channels.
• Higher initial capital cost.
Maln Or(l!nG Outlet
Welded Diaphragm Closures
Advantages:
• Less subject to leakage than a gasketed closure.
• Generally requires smaller bolting.
• Generally results in smaller channels.
• Lower initial capital cost.
Disadvantages:
• Longer access times required for maintenance
crews.
• Requires burning and/or grinding along with
welding operations.
• Safety Issue - Care must be taken to prevent
pressurization ofthe channel side without the
channel cover (properly bolted) in place.
 APPENDIX C REFERENCE DATA

'.
C·I METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
NAME SYMBOL OTHER UNITS
inch/inches in
foot/feet ft
meter (SI) m
millimeter mm
square inch in2
square foot ft'
square meter (SI) m'
square centimeter em'
square millimeter mm'
cubic inch ins
cubic foot ft'
gallon (US liquid) gal
cubic meter (SI) m'
liter L
pound mass (avoirdupois) Ibm
kilogram (SI) kg
pound force (avoirdupois) lbf
kilogram force kgf
newton (SI) N m' kg/s'
degree Fahrenheit OF
kelvin (SI) K Note 5.
degree Celsius (SI) °C Note 5.

•
British thermal unit
(International Table) Btu
kilocalorie
(International Table) kcal
joule (S!) J N . ffiJ m 2 • kg/s2
kilojoule kJ
second (customary) sec
second (SI) s
minute min
hour (customary) hr
hour (metric) h
watt (SI) W Jls, N . mis, m' . kg/s'
megawatt MW
pound force/square inch psi lbflin'
inches of mercury in Hg .;;
feet of water ftH,O
pascal (SI) Pa Nlm', kg/em . s')
kilopascal kPa , ,
bar bar
millimeter of mercury mmHg
torr torr
centipoise cp

Notes:
1. (SI) Denotes an "International System of Units" unit.

•
2. Pressure should always be designated as gage or absolute.
3. The acceleration of gravity, g, is taken as 9.80665 mls'.
4. One gallon (U S liquid) equals 231 in'.
5. For temperature interval, 1 0 K = 1°C exactly.

56
 APPENDIX C-1 - Continued

PREFIXES DENOTING DECIMAL MULTIPLES OR SUBMULTIPLES

• PREFIX
mIcro
milli
centi
deci
deca
SYMBOL
I<
m

d
c

da
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR
0.000 001 ~ 10~
0.001 ~ 10"
0.01 ~ 10"
0.1 ~ 10"
10 ~ 10'
hecto h 100 ~ 10'
kilo k 1 000 ~ 10'
mega M 1 000 000 ~ 10'
giga G 1000000 000 ~ 10'

CONVERSION FACTORS
LENGTH
MULTIPLY BY TOOBTAlN
In 2.540 X 10" m (SIl
In 2.540 X 10' mm
ft 3.048 X 10" m (SIl
ft 2.540 X 10' mm

AREA
MULTIPLY BY TOOBTAlN
in 2 6.451600 X 10· m' (SIl
in2 6.451600 x 10' mm'
ft2 9.290304 x 10" m' (SIl
ft2 9.290304 x 10' mm'

• MULTIPLY
in 3
in 3
ft3
ft3
BY
1.638706
1.638706
2.831685
2.831685
x
x
x
x
10'
10"
10"
10'
VOLUME
TOOBTAlN
m'
L
m'
L
(SIl

(SIl

gal 3.785412 X 10· m' (SIl

gal 3.785412 L

MASS
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Ibm 4.535924 X 10" kg (SIl

FORCE
MULTIPLY BY TOOBTAlN
Ibf 4.448222 N (SIl
Ibf 4.535924 x 10" kgf
kgf 9.806650 N (SIl
,<
TEMPERATURE
K ~ (OF + 459.67)11.8 K ~ (Oe + 273.15) (SIl
°e ~ (OF - 32)/1.8 °e ~ ( K - 273.15) (SIl
OF ~ 1.8 °e + 32 OF ~ 1.8 K - ·~59.67
ENERGY, WORK OR QUANTITY OF HEAT
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

.'
Btu 1.055056 x 10' J (SIl
Btu 2.519958 x 10" kcal
ft·lbf 1.355818 J (SIl
ft·lbf 3.238316 x 10· kcal

57
 APPENDIX C-l - Continued

MULTIPLY
Btulhr
Btulhr
Btulhr
BY
POWER (ENERGYITIME)

2.930711 x 10-'
2.930711 x 10-'
2.519958 x 10-'
TO OBTAIN
W
MW
kcal/n
(SI)
(SI)
(SI)
:.
PRESSURE OR STRESS (FORCE/AREA)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
psi 6.894757 x 10' Pa (SI)
psi 6.894757 kPa
psi 6.894757 x 10-' bar
psi 7.030696 x 10" kgflcm'
IbfYft' 4.788026 x 10' Pa (SI)
IbfYft' 4.788026 x 10-' kPa
Ibf/ft' 4.882428 kgflm'
inHg (32°F) 3.38638 x 10' Pa (SI)
inHg (32°F) 3.38638 kPa
inHg (32°F) 3.38638 x 10-' bar
inHg (32°F) 3.45315 X 10-' kgflcm'
inHg (32°F) 2.540 X 10' mmHg
torr (O°C) 1.33322 X 10' Pa (SI)
torr (O°C) 1.0 mmHg
ftH,o (39.2°F) 2.98898 X 10' Pa (SI)
ftH,o (39.2°F) 2.98898 kPa
ftH,o (39.2°F) 3.047915 X 10' kgflm'

VELOCITY (LENGTHITIME)

'.
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
ftJsec 3.048000 X 10-' m/s (SI)
ftimin 5.080000 X 10-' m/s (SI)

MASS FLOW RATE (MASSITIME)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Ibm/hr 1.259979 X 10· kg/s (SI)
Ibm/hr 4.535924 X 10" kglh

VOLUME FT>OW RATE (VOLUMEITIME)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
ft'/min 4.719474 X 104 m 3/s (SI)
ft'/min 1.699011 m'th
gal/min 6.309020 X 1O~ msts (SI)
gal/min 2.271247 X 10-' m'th
gal/min 3.785412 Umin

MASS VELOCITY (MASSITIME-AREA)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Ibm/(hr . ft') 1.35623 X 1O~ kg/(s'm') (SI)
Ibm/(hr . ft') 4.882428 kg/(h'm')
Ibm/(sec . ft') 4.882428 kg/(s'm') (SI)

SPECIFIC VOLUME (VOLUMEIMASS)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

(.
ft'llbm 6.242797 X 10-' m'lkg (SI)
ft'llbm 6.242797 X 10' lJkg
gal!lbm 8.345406 X 10-' m'lkg (SI)
gal!lbm 8.345406 kgIL lJkg

58
 APPENDIX C-l- Continued

DENSITY (MASSNOLUME)

•
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Ibm/in' 2.767990 X 10' kg/m' (SI)
Ibm/in' 2.767990 X 10' kglL
Ibm/ft' 1.601846 X 10' kg/m' (SI)
Ibm/ft' 1.601846 X 10" kgIL
Ibm/gal 1.198264 X 10' kg/m' (SI)
Ibm/gal 1.198264 X 10" kgIL

ENTHALPY (ENERGY/MASS)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Btullbm 2.326000 X 10' J/kg (SI)
Btullbm 2.326000 kJ/kg
Btullbm 5.555556 X 10" kcal/kg

HEAT CAPACITY AND ENTROPY (ENERGY/MASS-TEMPERATURE)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Btu/(lhm . OF) 4.186800 X 10' J/(kg'oC) (SI)
Btu/(lhm . OF) 4.186800 kJ/(kg'oC)
Btu/(lbm . OF) 1.000000 kcalJ(kg . °C)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (ENERGY-LENGTHITIME-AREA-TEMPERATURE)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Btu' inl(hr . ft' . OF) 1.442279 X 10" W/(m'oC) (SI)
Btu' inl(hr . ft' . OF) 1.240137 X 10" kcal . m/(h . m' . °C)
Btu' ftI(hr . ft, . OF) 1.730735 W/(m'oC) (SI)

• Btu . ftI(hr . ft' . OF)

cp
cp
1.488164

DYNAMIC VISCOSITY (MASSITIME-LENGTH

MULTIPLY BY
1. 000000 X 10"
1.000000
kcal . m/(h . m' . °C)

OR FORCE-TIME/AREA)
TO OBTAIN
Pa's
mPa's
(SI)

Ibm/(hr . ft) 4.133789 X 104 Pa's (SI)

Ibm/(hr . ft) 4.133789 X 10" cp
Ibm/(sec . ft) 1.488164 Pa's (SI)
Ibm/(sec . ft) 1.488164 X 10' cp
Ibf· sec/ft' 4.788026 x 10' Pa's (SI)
Ibf· sec/ft' 4.788026 X 10' cp

HEAT FLUX DENSITY (ENERGYITIME-AREA)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Btu/(hr . oft') 3.154591 W/m' (SI)
BtU/(hr . oft') 2.712460 kcalJ(h . m')

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (ENERGYITIME-AREA-TEMPERATURE)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Btu/(hr . ft' . OF) 5.678263 W/(m"oC) (SI)
BtU/(hr . ft' . OF) 4.882428 kcalJ(h . m' . °C)

FOULING RESISTANCE (TIME-AREA-TEMPERATUREIENERGYl

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

•
hr . ft' . °FlBtu 1.761102 X 10" m 2 • 0 e/W (SI)
hr . ft' . °FlBtu 2.048161 x 10" h . m' . °C/kcal

59
 C-2 AREAS OF CmCULAR SEGMENTS

hID

0.001
.002
.003
.004
.005
.00&
C hID
0.050
0.00004 .051
.00012 .052
.00022 .OS3
.00034 .054
.00047
.00062
,055
.056
C hID
0.01468 0.100
.01512 .101
.01556 .102
.01601 .103
.01646 .104

.01691
.01737
.IOS
.106
C
0.04087 O.ISO
.04148 .151
.04208 .152
.04269 .15J
.04330 .154
.04391
.04452
hID

.155
.156
C hID
0.073P7 0.200
.07459 .201
.07531 .202
.07603 .203
.07675 .204

.07747
.07819
.205
.206
C
0.11182
.11262
.11343
.11423
.11504
,11584
.11665
hID
0.250
.251
.252
.253
.2M
.255
.256
C hID
0.15355 0.300
.15441 .301
.15528 .302
.15615 .303
.15702 .304
.15789
.15876
.lOS
.306
, C
0.19817 0.350
.19908 .351
.20000 .352
.20092 .353
.20184 .354

.20276
.20368
hID

.JSS
.356
C hID
0.24498 0.400
.24593 ,401
.24689 .402
.24784 .403
.24880 .404

.24976
.25071
.405
A06
C hID

.29631 .453
.29729 .454
.29827
.29926
.4'55
.456
C
0.29337 0.450 0.34278
.29435 .451
.29533 .452
.J/l378
.34477
.34577
.34676

.34776
.34876
•
.007 .00078 .057 .01783 .107 .04514 .157 .07892 .207 .11746 .257 .15964 .307

....
.20460 .357 .25167 A07 .30024 .457 .34975
.008 .00095 .058 .01830 .108 .04576 . 158 .07965 .208 .11827 .25• .16051 .308 .20553 .358 .25263 A08 .30122 .458 .35075
.009 .00113 .059 .01877 .109 .04638 .159 .08038 .209 .11908 .259 .16139 .309 .20645 .359 . 25359 .30220 .459 .35175
.010 .00133 .060 .01924 .110 .04701 .\60 .08111 .210 .11990 .260 .16226 .310 .20738 .360 .25455 .410 .30319 .460 .35274
.011 .00153 .061 .01972 .111 .04763 .161 .08185 .211 .12071 .261 .16314 .311 .20830 .361 .25551 .411 .30417 .461 .35374
.012 .00175 .062 .02020 .112 .04826 .162 .08258 .212 .1215':; .262 .16402 .312 .20923 .362 .25647 .412 .30516 .462 .35474
.013 .00197 .063 .02068 .113 .04889 .163 .08332 .213 .12235 .263 .16490 .313 .21015 .363 .25743 .413 .30614 .463 .35573
.014 .00220 .064 .02117 .114 .04953 .164 .08406 .214 .12317 .264 .16578 .314 .21108 .364 .25839 .414 .30712 .464 35673
.015 .00244 .065 .02166 .115 .05016 .165 .08480 .215 .12399 .265 .16666 .315 .21201 .365 .25936 .415 .30811 .465 .35773
.016 .00268 .066 .02215 .116 .05080 .166 .08554 .216 .12491 .266 .16755 .316 .21294 .365 .26032 .416 .30910 .466 .35873
.017 .00294 .067 .02265 .117 .05145 .167 .08629 .217 .12563 .267 .16843 .317 .21387 .367 .26128 .417 .31008 .467 .35972
.018 .00320 .068 .02315 .118 .05209 .168 .08704 .218 .12646 .268 .16932 .318 .21480 .368 .26225 .418 .31107 .468 .36072
.019 .00347 .069 .02365 .119 .05274 .169 .08779 .219 .12729 .269 .17020 .319 .21573 .369 .26321 .419 .31205 .469 .36172
.020 .00375 .070 .02417 .120 .05338 .170 .08854 .220 .12811 .270 .17109 .320 .21667 .370 .26418 .420 .31304 .470 .36272
.021 .00403 .071 .02468 .121 .05404 .171 .08929 .221 .12894 .271 .17198 .321 .21760 .371 .26514 .421 .31403 .471 .36372
.022 .00432 .072 .02520 .122 .05469 .172 .09004 .222 .12977 .272 .17287 .322 .21853 .372 .26611 .422 .31502 .472 .36471
.023 .00462 .073 .02571 .123 .05535 .173 .09090 .223 .13060 .273 .17376 .323 .21947 .373 .26708 .423 .31600 .473 .36571
.024 .00492 .074 .02624 .124 .05600 .174 .09155 .224 .13144 .274 .17465 .324 .22040 .374 .26805 ,424 .31699 .474 .36671
.025 .00523 .a75 .02676 .125 .05666 .175 .09231 .225 .13227 .275 .17554 .325 .22134 .375 .26901 .425 .31798 .475 .36771
.026 .00555 .076 .02729 .126 .05733 .176 .09307 .226 .133l! .276 .17644 .326 .22228 .376 ,26998 .426 .31897 .476 .36871
.027 .00587 .077 .02782 .127 .05799 .177 .09384 .227 .13395 ·.277 .17733 .327 .22322 .377 ,27095 .427 .31996 .477 .36971
.028 .00619 .078 .0283& .128 .05866 .178 .09460 .228 .13478 .:>:78 .17823 .328 .22415 .378 .27192 .428 .32095 .478 .37071
.029 .00653 .079 .02889 .129 .05933 .179 .09537 .229 .13562 .279 .17912 .329 .22509 .379 .27289 .429 .32194 .479 .37171
.030 .00687 .080 .02943 :130 .00000 .180 .09&13 .230 .13646 .280 .18002 .330 .22603 .380 .27386 .430 .32293 .480 .37270
.031 .00721 .081 .02998 .131 .06067 .181 .09&90 .231 .13731 .281 .18092 .331 .22697 .381 .27483 .431 .32392 .481 .37370
.032 .00756 .082 .03053 .132 .06135 .182 .09767 .232 .13815 .282 .18182 .332 .22792 .382 .27580 .432 .32491 .482 .31470
.033 .00791 .083 .03109 .133 .06203 .183 .09845 .233 .13900 .283 .18272 .333 .22886 .383 .27678 .433 .32590 .483 .37570
.034 .00827 .084 .03163 .134 .06271 .184 .09922 .234 .13984 .284 ,18362 .334 .22980 .384 .27775 .434 .32689 A84 .37670
.035 .00864 .085 .03219 .135 .06339 .185 .10000 .235 .14069 .285 .18452 .335 .23074 .385 .27872 A35 .32788 .485 .37170
.035 .00901 .086 .03275 .136 .06407 .186 .10077 .236 .14154 .296 .18542 .33& .23169 .386 .27969 .436 .32887 .486 .37870
.037 .00938 .087 .03331 .137 .06476 .187 .10155 .237 .14239 .287 .18633 .337 .23263 .387 .28067 .437 .32987 .487 .37970
.038 .00976 .088 .03387 .138 .06545 .188 .10233 .238 .14324 .288 .18723 .338 .23358 .388 .28164 .438 .33086 .488 .38070
.039 .01015 .089 .03444 .139 .06614 .189 ,10312 .239 .14409 .289 .18814 .339 .23453 .389 .28262 .439 .33185 .489 .38170
.0<0 .01054 .090 .03501 .140 .06683 .190 .10390 .240 .14494 .290 .18905 .340 .23547 .390 .28359 .440 .33284 .490 .38270
.041 .01093 .091 .03559 .141 .06753 .191 .10469 .241 .14580 .29\ .18996 .341 .23642 .391 .28457 .441 .33384 .491 .38370
.042 .01133 .092 .03616 .142 .06822 .192 .10541 .242 ·.14S16 .292 .19086 .342 .23737 .392 .28554 .442 .33483 .492 .38470
.043 .01113 .093 .03&74 .143 .06892 .193 .10626 .243 .14751 .293 .19177 .343 .23832 .393 .28652 .443 .33582 .493 .38510
.044 .01214 .094 .03732 .144 .06963 .194 .10705 .244 .14837 .29' .19268 .34' .23927 .394 .28750 .444 .33682 .494 .38670
.0<5 .01255

.......,
.095 .03791 .145 .07033 .195 .10784 .245 .14923 .295 .19360 .345 .24022 .395 .28848 .445 .33781 .495 .38770
.046 .01297

.......,
.096 .D3a50 .14& .07103 .196 .10864 .246 .15009 .296 .19451 .346 .24117 .396 .28945 .446 .33880 .496 .38870
.04' .01339 .03909 .147 .07174 .197 .10943 .247 .15095 .29' .19542 .341 .24212 .39' .29043 .447 .33980 .497 .38970
.01382 .03968 .148 .07245 .198 .11023 .248 .15182 .29. .19634 .us .24307 .398 .29141 .448 .34079 .498 .39070
.01425 .099 .04028 .149 .07316 .199 .11102 .249 .15268 .29' .19725 .34' .24403 .39' .29239 .449 .34179 .499 .39170
.500 .39270

I
D1.0 Calculation of Area I
\
AREA ~ D' x C
where
D ~ Diameter, in I
h ~ Segment height, in '·1
C ~ value taken from Table for hiD; or
~ ,,/4 (0</360-sino</2,,), a in degrees, or
~ (a -sin 0<) /8, " in radians
~------o------~
"~ 2cos- 1_ 2;) l (

','

60
 APPENDIX C·3
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY E OF MATERIALS FOR GIVEN TEMPERATURES

• Stainless Steel
(Austenitic)
Modulus of Elasticity E _ Value Given x 1()6 psi. for Temp. of of
-325 -200 -100 70 200 300 400 500 600 700

30.3 29.7 29.1 28.3 27.6 27.0 26.5 25.8 25.3 24.8 24.1 23.5
800 900

1·-
1000

-
--
Carbon Steel
(C <0.300/0)
31.4 30.8 30.2 29.5 28.8 28.3 27.7 27.3 26.7 25.5 24.2 22.4 -

Carbon Steel -
31.2 30.6 30.0 29.3 28.6 28.1 27.5 27.1 26.5 25.3 24.0 22.3
(C >0.30%)
Carbon· Molybdenum
Steel
31.1 30.5 29.9 29.2 28.5 28.0 27.4 27.0 26.4 25.3 23.9 22.2 -
Nickel -
29.6 29.1 28.5 27.8 27.1 26.7 26.1 25.7 25.2 24.6 23.9 23.2
Steel
Chrome-Molybdenum Steel
(Ih Cr to 2 Cr)
31.6 31.0 30.4 29.7 29.0 28.5 27.9 27.5 26.9 26.3 25.5 24.8 -
Chrome-Molybdenum Steel
(2 1/. Cr to 3 Cr)
32.6 32.0 31.4 30.6 29.8 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.7 27.1 26.3 25.6 -
Chrome-Molybdenum Steel
32.9 32.3 31.7 30.9 30.1 29.7 29.0 28.6 28.0 27.3 26.1 24.7 -
(5 Cr to 9 Cr)
Straight
Chromium Steel
31.2 30.7 30.1 29.2 28.5 27.9 27.3 26.7 26.1 25.6 24.7 23.2 -

• Nickel Alloy 20Cb-3

(Cr·Ni·Fe-Mo-Cu·Cb)
Nickel Alloy 200/201
(Ni/Ni Low C)
Nickel Alloy 400/405
30.0 29.4 28.8 28.0 27.3 26.9 26.6 26.2 25.9 25.5 24.9 24.4 23.8
I--
32.1 31.5 30.9 30.0 29.3 28.8 28.5 28.1 27.8 27.3 26.7 26.1 25.5

27.8 27.3 26.8 26.0 25.4 25.0 24.7 24.3 24.1 23.7 23.1 22.6 22.1
I-- - -

(Ni·Cu)
Nickel Alloy 600
33.2 32.6 31.9 31.0 30.2 29.9 29.5 29.0 28.7 28.2 27.6 27.0 26.4
(Ni·Cr·Fe)
Nickel Alloy 625
32.1 31.5 30.9 30.0 29.3 28.8 28.5 28.1 27.8 27.3 26.7 26.1 25.5
(Ni·Cr·Mo-Cb)
Nickel Alloy 800/800H
(Ni·Fe-Cr) 30.5 29.9 29.4 28.5 27.8 27.4 27.1 26.6 26.4 25.9 25.4 24.8 24.2

Nickel Alloy 825

(Ni·Fe·Cr·Mo·Cu) 30.0 29.4 28.8 28.0 27.3 26.9 26.6 26.2 25.9 25.5 24.9 24.4 23.8

I·
Nickel Alloy B
33.3 32.7 32.0 31.1 30.3 29.9 29.5 29.1 28.8 28.3 27.7 27.1 26.4
(Ni·Mo)
Nickel Alloy B·2
(Ni·Mo) 33.6 33.0 32.3 31.4 30.6 30.1 29.8 29.3 29.0 28.6 27.9 27.3 26.7

References: ASME Section II, Part D

61
 APPENDIX C-3 - Continued
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY E OF MATERIALS FOR GIVEN TEMPERATURES

Nickel Alloy C·4

(Ni·Mo·Cr)
Modulus of Elasticity E - Value Given x 10 6 IJsi, for Temp.
-325 -200 -100 70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

31.9 31.7 30.7 29.S 29.1 28.6 2S.3 27.9 27.6 27.1 26.5 25.9 25.3
OF of
900 1000 •
Nickel Alloy C·276
31.9 31.7 30.7 29.S 29.1 2S.6 2S.3 27.9 27.6 27.1 26.5 25.9 25.3
(Ni·Mo·Cr)
Nickel Alloy G
(Ni·Cr·Fe-Mo-Cu) - - - 27.S 27.1 26.7 26.4 26.0 25.7 25.3 24.7 24.2 23.6

Nickel Alloy N
(Ni·Mo-Cr·Fe)
- - - 31.7 30.9 30.4 30.1 29.6 29.3 2S.S 2S.2 27.6 26.9

Nickel Alloy X
30.5 29.9 29.4 2S.5 27.S 27.4 27.1 26.6 26.4 25.9 25.4 24.S 24.2
(Ni·Cr·Mo-Fe)
Nickel Alloy 330
30.0 29.4 28.S 28.0 27.3 26.9 26.6 26.2 25.9 25.5 24.9 24.4 23.S
(Ni·Fe-Cr·Si)
Copper Metals-OFIDLPIDHPIDPA
(Alloys 1021120/1221142)
1S.0 17.7 17.5 17.0 16.6 16.3 16.0 15.6 15.1 14.5 - - -
Red Brass
(Alloy 230)
1S.0 17.7 17.5 17.0 16.6 16.3 16.0 15.6 15.1 14.5 - - -
Muntz Metals
(Alloys 280/365)
15.9 15.6 15.4 15.0 14.6 14.4 14.1 13.8 13.4 12.8 - - -
Admiralty Metals-B/CID
(Alloys 443/4441445)
16.9 16.6 16.5 16.0 15.6 15.4 15.0 14.7 14.2 13.7 - - -
Naval Brass
(Alloys 464/4651466/467)
15.9 15.6 15.4 15.0 14.6 14.4 14.1 13.8 13.4 12.S - - -

Aluminum Bronze
(Alloy 60S)
IS.5 18.2 18.0 17.5 17.1 16.8 16.5 16.1 15.6 15.0 - - -
Aluminum Bronze D
(Alloy 614)
IS.0 17.7 17.5 17.0 16.6 16.3 16.0 15.6 15.1 14.5 - - -
Aluminum·Nickel Bronze
(Alloy 630)
18.6 18.2 IS.0 17.5 17.1 16.S 16.5 16.1 15.6 15.0 - - -
Aluminum Brass- B
(Alloy 687)
16.9 16.6 16.5 16.0 15.6 15.4 15.0 14.7 14.2 13.7 - - -
95-05 Copper·Nickel
(Alloy 704)
IS.0 17.7 17.5 17.0 16.6 16.3 16.0 15.6 15.1 14.5 - - - il
90·10 Copper Nickel
(Alloy 706)
19.0 IS.7 IS.5 IS.0 17.6 17.3 16.9 16.6 16.0 15.4 - - - "

S0-20 Copper· Nickel

(Alloy 710)
21.2 20.S 20.6 20.0 19.5 19.2 IS.S IS.4 17.S 17.1 - - -
70-30 Copper Nickel
(Alloy 715)
23.3 22.9 22.7 22.0 21.5 21.1 20.7 20.2 19.6 IS.S - - -
Unalloyed Titanium
Grades I, 2, 3, & 7 - - - 15.5 15.0 14.6 14.0 13.3 12.6 11.9 11.2 - -
References: ASME SectIOn II, Part D

62
 --------................
•
Carbon Steel
70 100 150
•
"Thermal Conductivity k, Btu-ft/hr-ft'-'F for Temp 'F of"
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
•
700

"ASME SA-214, UNS K01807 (WELDED)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-557 -A2, UNS K01807 (WELDED)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-557-B2, UNS K03007 (WELDED)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-557-C2, UNS K03505 (WELDED)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-179, UNS K01200 (SMLS)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-210 A-1, UNS K02701 (SMLS)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-21 O-C, UNS K03501 (SMLS)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-556-A2, UNS K01807 (SMLS)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-556-B2, UNS K02707 (SMLS)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6
"ASME SA-556-C2, UNS K03006 (SMLS)" 30.0 29.9 29.6 29.2 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.6

Copper and Copper Alloys

Arsenical Copper - DPA
" (ASME SB-395, UNS C14200 (SMLS))" 112
Admiralty Metals - B/C/D (SMLS)
" (ASME SB-395, UNS C44300, C44400, C44500)" 64.0 65.4 67.7 70.1 72.4 74.7 77.1 79.4
70-30 Copper-Nickel
" (ASME SB-395, UNS C71500 (SMLS))" 17.0 17.5 18.3 19.1 19.9 20.8 21.6 22.4 23.2 24.0 24.8 25.7 26.5 27.3
80-20 Copper-Nickel
" (ASME SB-395, UNS C71000 (SMLS))" 21.0 21.5 22.3 23.1 23.9 24.7 25.5 26.3 27.1 27.9 28.7 29.5 30.3 31.1
90-10 Copper Nickel
" (ASME SB-395, UNS C70600 (SMLS))" 26.0 26.9 28.4 29.9 31.5 33.0 34.5 36.0 37.5 39.1 40.6 42.1

Low Alloys
"ASME SA-213 T11, UNS K11597 (SMLS)" 25.8 25.9 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.2 24.9 24.6 24.2 23.8 23.4 23.0 22.6
"ASME SA-213 T22, UNS K21590 (SMLS)" 20.9 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.1 20.9 20.7

Nickel Alloys
70-30 Nickel-Copper 12.6 12.9 13.4 13.9 14.5 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.6 17.0 17.5 17.9 18.4 18.9
" (ASME SB-163, UNS N04400 (SMLS))"

Stainless Steel - Austenitic

"ASME SA-688 TP304, TP304L, TP304N" 8.6 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.8
" (UNS S30400, S30403, S30451 (Welded))"
"ASME SA-688 TP316, TP316L" 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.0
" (UNS S31600, S31603 (Welded))"
"ASME SA-249 TP316N, UNS S31651 (Welded)" 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.0

"ASME SB-676, UNS N08367 (Welded)" 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1

Stainless Steel - Ferritic

"ASME SA-803 TP439 , UNS S43035 (Welded)" 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.9 14.1
29Cr-4Mo
" (ASME SA-268, UNS S44735 (Welded))" 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.8 12.0

References: ASME Section II, Part D, 1995 Edition 1988 Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
Allegheny Teledyne Incorporated Copper Development Association
 C-5 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TUBING

Tube
OD
(in)
Nominal External
Surface
Tube (ft·)
BWG
per Ft. of Gauge

10
Thick-
ness
(in)

0.134
Nominal
Tube
ID
(in)

0.232
Nominal
Internal
Area
(in~)

0.0423
Ratio
ODIID

2.155
Constant
C·

66.
WtlFt
(Steel)
(lbmlft)
0.524
Trans-
verse
Metal
Area (inl)
0.1541
Moment of
Inertia
(in·)

0.002926
•
11 0.120 0.260 0.0531 1.923 83. 0.487 0.1433 0.002844
12 0.109 0.282 0.0625 1.773 97. 0.456 0.1339 0.002758
13 0.095 0.310 0.0755 1.613 118. 0.411 0.1209 0.002615
14 0.083 0.334 0.0876 1.497 137. 0.370 0.1087 0.002457
15 0.072 0.356 0.0995 1.404 155. 0.329 0.0968 0.002280
Y, 0.1309 16 0.065 0.370 0.1075 1.351 168. 0.302 0.0888 0.002148
17 0.058 0.384 0.1158 1.302 181. 0.274 0.0805 0.002001
18 0.049 0.402 0.1269 1.244 198. 0.236 0.0694 0.001786
19 0.042 0.416 0.1359 1.202 212. 0.206 0.0604 0.001598
20 0.035 0.430 0.1452 1.163 227. 0.174 0.0511 0.001390
21 0.032 0.436 0.1493 1.147 233. 0.160 0.0470 0.001294
22 0.028 0.444 0.1548 1.126 242. 0.141 0.0415 0.001160
10 0.134 0.357 0.1001 1.751 156. 0.703 0.2067 0.006693
11 0.120 0.385 0.1164 1.623 182. 0.648 0.1904 0.006412 I
12
13
0.109
0.095
0.407
0.435
0.1301
0.1486
1.536
1.437
203.
232.
0.601
0.538
0.1767
0.1582
0.006143
0.005733 I
,
14 0.083 0.459 0.1655 1.362 258. 0.481 0.1413 0.005311 "

% 0.1636
15
16
0.072
0.065
0.481
0.495
0.1817
0.1924
1.299
1.263
283.
300.
0.426
0.389
0.1251
0.1144
0.004863
0.004543
'I
I

17 0.058 0.509 0.2035 1.228 317. 0.352 0.1033 0.004195

'.
18 0.049 0.527 0.2181 1.186 340. 0.302 0.0887 0.003704
19 0.042 0.541 0.2299 1.155 359. 0.262 0.0769 0.003285
20 0.035 0.555 0.2419 1.125 377. 0.221 0.0649 0.002833
21 0.032 0.561 0.2472 1.114 386. 0.203 0.0596 0.002528
22 0.028 0.569 0.2543 1.098 397. 0.179 0.0525 0.002345
10 0.134 0.482 0.1825 1.556 285. 0.882 0.2593 0.012882
11 0.120 0.510 0.2043 1.471 319. 0.808 0.2375 0.012211
12 0.109 0.532 0.2223 1.410 347. 0.747 0.2195 0.011600
13 0.095 0.560 0.2463 1.339 384. 0.655 0.1955 0.010704
14 0.083 0.584 0.2679 1.284 418. 0.592 0.1739 0.009822
15 0.072 0.606 0.2884 1.238 450. 0.522 0.1534 0.008912
'Y. 0.1963 16 0.065 0.620 0.3019 1.210 471. 0.476 0.1399 0.008278
17 0.058 0.634 0.3157 1.183 492. 0.429 0.1261 0.007601
18 0.049 0.652 0.3339 1.150 521. 0.367 0.1079 0.006661
19 0.042 0.666 0.3484 1.126 543. 0.318 0.0934 0.005874
20 0.035 0.680 0.3632 1.103 567. 0.268 0.0786 0.005036
21 0.032 0.686 0.3696 1.093 577. 0.246 0.0722 0.004661
22 0.028 0.694 0.3783 1.081 590. 0.216 0.0635 0.004145

. lqW'd ve IDeIty
*L' . In. 'tJ
lee seCDnd = pounds per tube per hour S ' f iC graVIty
peel . 0f water at 60 d ego F = 1.0
C X specific gravity of liquid

For weights of other materials, multiply carbon steel weights by the following factors:
90-10 CuNi UNS C70600 -1.140 Nickel-Copper (Alloy 400) -1.126
70-30 CuNi UNS C71500 -1.140 Nickel-Iron-Chrome (Alloys 800/800H) -1.013
Arsenical Cu UNS C14200 - 1.140 300 Series Stainless Steel- 1.013
Admiralty UNS C44300 - 1.088

64
•
 C·5 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TUBING

• Nominal External
Tube
OD
(in)
Surface
per Ft. of
'lUbe (ft')
BWG
Gauge

10
11
Nominal Nominal
Thick-
ness
(in)

0.134
0.120
Tube
ID
(in)

0.607
0.635
Internal
Area
(int)

0.2894
0.3167
Ratio
OD/ID

1.442
1.378
Constant
C·

451.
494.
WtlFt
(Steel)
(lbm/ft)
1.061
0.969
Trans·
verse
Metal
Area Uni )
0.3119
0.2846
Moment of
Inertia
(in 4 )
0.022110
0.020793
12 0.109 0.657 0.3390 1.332 529. 0.893 0.2623 0.019628
13 0.095 0.685 0.3685 1.277 575. 0.792 0.2328 0.017966
14 0.083 0.709 0.3948 1.234 616. 0.703 0.2065 0.016370
15 0.072 0.731 0.4197 1.197 655. 0.618 0.1816 0.014758
Y, 0.2291 16 0.065 0.745 0.4359 1.174 680. 0.563 0.1654 0.013653
17 0.058 0.759 0.4525 1.153 706. 0.507 0.1489 0.012484
18 0.049 0.777 0.4742 1.126 740. 0.433 0.1272 0.010882
19 0.042 0.791 0.4914 1.106 767. 0.374 0.1099 0.009558
20 0.035 0.805 0.5090 1.087 794. 0.314 0.0924 0.008161
21 0.032 0.811 0.5166 1.079 806. 0.288 0.0847 0.007539
22 0.028 0.819 0.5268 1.068 822. 0.254 0.0745 0.006689
10 0.134 0.732 0.4208 1.366 657. 1.241 0.3646 0.034994
11 0.120 0.760 0.4536 1.316 708. 1.129 0.3318 0.032711
12 0.109 0.782 0.4803 1.279 749. 1.038 0.3051 0.030731
13 0.095 0.810 0.5153 1.235 804. 0.919 0.2701 0.027957
14 0.083 0.834 0.5463 1.199 852. 0.814 0.2391 0.025339
15 0.072 0.856 0.5755 1.168 898. 0.714 0.2099 0.022732
1 0.2618 16 0.065 0.870 0.5945 1.149 927. 0.650 0.1909 0.020965
17 0.058 0.884 0.6138 1.131 957. 0.584 0.1716 0.019111
18 0.049 0.902 0.6390 1.109 997. 0.498 0.1464 0.016594

•
19 0.042 0.916 0.6590 1.092 1028. 0.430 0.1264 0.014529
20 0.035 0.930 0.6793 1.075 1060. 0.361 0.1061 0.012367
21 0.032 0.936 0.6881 1.068 1073. 0.331 0.0973 0.011411
22 0.028 0.944 0.6999 1.059 1092. 0.291 0.0855 0.010106
10 0.134 0.857 0.5768 1.313 900. 1.420 0.4172 0.052150
11 0.120 0.885 0.6151 1.271 960. 1.289 0.3789 0.048516
12 0.109 0.907 0.6461 1.240 1008. 1.184 0.3479 0.045409
13 0.095 0.935 0.6866 1.203 1071. 1.046 0.3074 0.041113
14 0.083 0.959 0.7223 1.173 1127. 0.925 0.2717 0.037110
15 0.072 0.981 0.7558 1.147 1179. 0.811 0.2382 0.033167
lYs 0.2945 16 0.065 0.995 0.7776 1.131 1213. 0.737 0.2165 0.030516
17 0.058 1.009 0.7996 1.115 1247. 0.662 0.1944 0.027750
18 0.049 1.027 0.8284 1.095 1292. 0.564 0.1656 0.024021
19 0.042 1.041 0.8511 1.081 1328. 0.486 0.1429 0.020982
20 0.035 1.005 0.8742 1.066 1364. 0.408 0.1199 0.017818
21 0.032 1.061 0.8841 1.060 1379. 0.374 0.1099 0.016423
22 0.028 1.069 0.8975 1.052 1400. 0.328 0.0965 0.014525

I. .. .' pounds per tube per hour

*Llqwd velOCIty In feet/second = . . .. Specific gravity of water at 60 deg. F = 1.0
I C X speCIfic graVIty of lIqUid
I

65
 C-6 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEEL TUBING

Nominal
Tube
OD
(in)
External
Surface ~
FlofTu
(ft')
Nominal
Thick-
ness
(in)
.150
Nominal
Tube
ID
(in)
.325
Internal
Area
(in2)
.0830
Ratio
OD/ID

1.923
Constant
C·

129.
WtlFI
\Steel}
( bm/ft)
.762
Transverse Moment of
Metal Area
(in')
.2238
Inertia
(in4)
.006942
•
.135 .355 .0990 1.761 154. .707 .2078 .006711
.125 .375 .1104 1.667 172. .668 .1963 .006519
.110 .405 .1288 1.543 201. .606 .1780 .006169
.105 .415 .1353 1.506 211. .584 .1715 .006034
% .1636 .095 .435 .1486 1.437 232. .538 .1582 .005733
.085 .455 .1626 1.374 254. .491 .1442 .005386
.075 .475 .1772 1.316 276. .441 .1296 .004991
.065 .495 .1924 1.263 300. .389 .1144 .004543
.060 .505 .2003 1.238 312. .362 .1065 .004298
.055 .515 .2083 1.214 325. .335 .0985 .004037
.050 .525 .2165 1.190 338. .307 .0903 .003761
.150 .450 .1590 1.667 248. .962 .2827 .013519
.135 .480 .1810 1.562 282. .888 .2608 .012926
.125 .500 .1963 1.500 306. .835 .2454 .012464
.110 .530 .2206 1.415 344. .753 .2212 .011658
.105 .540 .2290 1.389 357. .724 .2128 .011358
'I. .1963 .095 .560 .2463 1.339 384. .665 .1955 .010704
.085 .580 .2642 1.293 412 . .604 .1776 .009977
.075 .600 .2827 1.250 441. .541 .1590 .009170
.065 .620 .3019 1.210 471. .476 .1399 .008278
.060 .630 .3117 1.190 486. .443 .1301 .007790
.055 .640 .3217 1.172 502. .409 .1201 .007296
.050 .650 .3318 1.154 518. .374 .1100 .006769
.150 .575 .2597 1.522 405. 1.163 .3416 .023408
.135 .605 .2875 1.446 448. 1.068 .3138 .022198

•
.125 .625 .3068 1.400 479. 1.002 .2945 .021284
.110 .655 .3370 1.336 526. .900 .2644 .019739
.105 .665 .3473 1.316 542. .864 .2540 .019174
'k .2291 .095 .685 .3685 1.277 575. .792 .2328 .017966
.085 .705 .3904 1.241 609. .718 .2110 .016648
.Q75 .725 .4128 1.207 644. .641 .1885 .015212
.065 .745 .4359 1.174 680. .563 .1654 .013653
.060 .755 .4477 1.159 698. .523 .1536 .012824
.055 .765 .4596 1.144 717. .482 .1417 .011962
.050 .775 .4717 1.129 736. .441 .1296 .011066
.150 .700 .3848 1.429 600. 1.363 .4006 .037301
.135 .730 .4185 1.370 653. 1.248 .3669 .035147
.125 .750 .4418 1.333 689. 1.169 .3436 .033556
.110 .780 .4778 1.282 745. 1.047 .3076 .030918
.105 .790 .4902 1.266 765. 1.005 .2952 .029968
1 .2618 .095 .810 .5153 1.235 804. .919 .2701 .027957
.085 .830 .5411 1.205 844. .831 .2443 .025791
.075 .850 .5674 1.176 885 . .742 .2179 .023463
.065 .870 .5945 1.149 927. .650 .1909 .020965
.060 .880 .6082 1.136 949. .603 .1772 .019650
.055 .890 .6221 1.124 970 . .556 .1633 .018289
.050 .900 .6362 1.111 992. .508 .1492 .016881
.150 .825 .5346 1.364 834. 1.563 .4595 .055889
.135 .855 .5741 1.316 896. 1.429 .4199 .052396
.125 .875 .6013 1.286 938. 1.336 .3927 .049854
.110 .905 .6433 1.243 1003. 1.194 .3508 .045701
.105 .915 .6576 1.230 1026. 1.145 .3365 .044221
1'.. .2945 .095 .935 .6866 1.203 1071. 1.046 .3074 .041113
.085 .955 .7163 1.178 1117. .945 .2777 .037798
.075 .975 .7466 1.154 1165. . .842 .2474 .034269
.065 .995 .7776 1.131 1213. .737 .2165 .030516
.060 1.005 .7933 1.119 1238. .683 .2007 .028552
.055 1.015 .8091 1.108 1262. .629 .1849 .026529

•
.050 1.025 .8252 1.098 1287. .575 .1689 .024445
• Liquid velocity in feet/second", pounds per tube per hour Specific gravity of water at 60 deg. F = 1.0
C x specific gravity of liquid

66
 C-7 CHART FOR SOLVING LMTD FORMULA

• 00

70
LMTD = GTTD-LTTD
Log. GTTD 60
, LTTD
50

/,j'

/0
10

8
7
6

• 5

w ro 100

GREATER TERMINAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

NOTE 1 - For points not included on this sheet multiply Greater Terminal Temperature Difference and Lesser
Terminal Temperature Difference by any multiple of 10 and divide resulting value of curved lines
by same multiple.

NOTE 2 - The determination of the LMTD must be done for each individm,l zone of a feedwater heater.

67
 C·S.l CLOSED FEEDWATER HEATER SPECIFICATION SHEET - ENGLISH UNITS

Customer Date
Engineer/Consultant Cust. Ident. No.
Address Mfg. Ident. No.
Plant Name Proposal No.
Plant Location Job No.
1 Service of Unit Item No.
2 Size Type Prepared By
3 Surface Per Shell Effective Sq. Ft. Total Sq. Ft.
4 No. of Shells Per Unit No. of Units Position
PERFORMANCE OF ONE SHELL
Shell Side Tuhe Side
5 Fluid Circulated Steam Drains Feedwater
6 Total Fluid Entering #IHR.
7
8 Inlet Enthalpy BTU/#
9 Outlet Enthalpy BTU/#
10 Inlet Temperature of ( SAT.)
11 Outlet Temperature of
12 Operating Pressure PSIA
13 Number of Passes
14 Velocity FT/SEC Not Applicable
15 Pressure Drop PSI DSH DC
Surface Transfer Rate Reference
Heat Exchanged Sq. Ft. LMTD BTUIHR- Baffle Temperature
BTUIHR Effective of SQ. FT._oF Spacing Differences
16 Desuperheating Zone of

•
TTD
17 Condensing Zone
18 Drain Subcooling Zone DCA of
CONSTRUCTION - EACH SHELL
Shell Side Tube Side
19 Design Pressure PSIG
20 Test Pressure PSIG
21 Design Temperature OF SHELL SKIRT
22 Minimum Design Metal Temperature of Shell Side Tube Side
23 Tubes No. (U's) (STR) O.D. BWGWALT.. (Avg/min) Length
24 Shell Steel J.D. THICKNESS Pitch TRIANGULAR
25 Shell Cover Steel - Welded to Shell Shell Skirt THICKNESS
26 Channel Steel Channel Cover Steel
27 Tubesheet Steel Overlay
28 Support Plates - Steel Air Bame Zone Bame - Steel
29 Shrouds: DSH DC Impingement Baffies
30 TYPe Joints-Shell Side Tube Side
31 Gasket·Shell Channel
32 Connections: Steam - Inlet (WE.) (FLGD) Drains - Inlet (W.E.) (FLGD)
33 Drains - Outlet (WE.) (FLGD)
34 Feedwater - Inlet (WE.) (FLGD) Outlet (WE.) (FLGD)
35 Code Requirements: ASME SECT. VIII DIV. Heat Exchange Institute
36 Weights - Shell and Bundle Bundle Flooded
37 Accessories: Shell RehefValve Tube Side Relief Valve
38 Shell Gage Glass
39 Method of Tube Attachment (Rolled) (Welded)

•
40 Remarks:
41
42
43

68
 C-8_2 CLOSED FEEDWATER HEATER SPECIFICATION SHEET - SI UNITS

•
Customer Date
Engineer/Consultant Cust. Jdent. No.
Address Mfg. Jdent. No.
Plant Name Proposal No.
Plant Location Job No.
1 Service of Unit Item No.
2 Size Type Prepared By
3 Surface Per Shell Effective m' Total m'
4 No. of Shells Per Unit No. of Units Position
PERFORMANCE OF ONE SHELL
SheU Side Tube Side
5 Fluid Circulated Steam Drains Feedwater
6 Thtal Fluid Entering Kgls
7
8 Inlet Enthalpy kJlKg
9 Outlet Enthalpy kJIKg
10 Inlet Temperature °C ( SAT.)
11 Outlet Temperature °C
12 Operating Pressure (abs) kPa
13 Number of Passes
14 Velocity mls Not Applicable
15 Pressure Drop kPa DSH DC
Surface Reference
Heat Exchanged m' LMTD 'Iransfer Rate Bame Temperature
MW Effective °C w/mz.oC Spacing Differences
16 Desuperheating Zone

•
TTD °C
17 Condensing Zone
18 Drain Subcooling Zone DCA °C
CONSTRUCTION - EACH SHELL
SheU Side Tube Side
19 Design Pressure kPag
20 Test Pressure kPag
21 Design Temperature °C SHELL SKIRT
22 Minimum Design Metal Temperature °C Shell Side Tube Side
23 Tubes No. (U's) (STR) O.D. BWGWALL (avg/min) Length
24 Shell Steel LD. THICKNESS Pitch TRIANGULAR
25 Shell Cover Steel - Welded to Shell Shell Skirt THICKNESS
26 Channel Steel Channel Cover Steel
27 Tubesheet Steel Overlay
28 Support Plates - Steel Air BafIle Zone Baffie - Steel
;
29 Shrouds: DSH DC Impingement Baffies
30 Type Joints-Shell Side Tube Side
31 Gasket-Shell Channel
32 Connections: Steam - Inlet (WE.) (FLGD) Drains - Inlet (WE.) (FLGD)
33 Drains - Outlet (WE.) (FLGD)
34 Feedwater - Inlet (W.E.) (FLGD) Outlet (W.E.) (FLGD)
35 Code Requirements: ASME SECT. VIII DIY. Heat Exchange Institute
36 Weights - Shell and Bundle Bundle Flooded
37 Accessories: Shell Relief Valve Tube Side Relief Valve
38 Shell Gage Glass
39 Method of Tube Attachment (Rolled) (Welded)

•
40 Remarks:
41
42
43

69
 C-S.3 CLOSED FEEDWATER HEATER SPECIFICATION SHEET - MKH UNITS

•
Customer Date
Engineer/Consultant Cust. Ident. No.
Address Mfg. Ident. No.
Plant Name Proposal No.
Plant Location Job No.
1 Service of Unit Item No.
2 Size Type Prepared By
3 Surface Per Shell Effective m' Total m'
4 No. of Shells Per Unit No. of Units Position
PERFORMANCE OF ONE SHELL
Shell Side Tube Side
5 Fluid Circulated Steam Drains Feedwater
6 Total Fluid Entering Kg/h
7
8 Inlet Enthalpy kcallKg
9 Outlet Enthalpy kcallKg
10 Inlet Temperature °C ( SAT.)
11 Outlet Temperature "C
12 Operating Pressure (abs) kglcm 2
13 Number of Passes
14 Velocity mls Not Applicable
15 Pressure Drop kg/cm2 DSH DC
Surface Transfer Rate Reference
Heat Exchanged m' LMTD kcallh - Baffle Temperature
kcallh Effective "C m 2 • OC Spacing Differences
16 Desuperheating Zone

•
TID "C
17 Condensing Zone
18 Drain Subcooling Zone DCA "C
CONSTRUCTION - EACH SHELL
Shell Side Tube Side
19 Design Pressure k/cm2g
20 Test Pressure klcm 2g
21 Design Temperature "C SHELL SKIRT
22 Minimum Design Metal Temperature °C Shell Side Tube Side
23 Tubes No. (U's) (STR) O.D. BWGWALL (avg/min) Length
24 Shell Steel J.D. THICKNESS Pitch TRIANGULAR
25 Shell Cover Steel- Welded to Shell Shell Skirt THICKNESS
26 Channel Steel Channel Cover Steel
27 Thbesheet Steel Overlay
28 Support Plates - Steel Air Bame Zone Bame - Steel
29 Shrouds: DSH DC Impingement Baffies
30 Type Joints-Shell Side Tube Side
31 Gasket-Shell Channel
32 Connections: Steam - Inlet (WK) (FLGD) Drains - Inlet (WE.) (FLGD)
33 Drains - Outlet (W.E.) (FLGD)
34 Feedwater - Inlet (WK) (FLGD) Outlet (WE.) (FLGD)
35 Code Requirements: ASME SECT. VIII DIY Heat Exchange Institute
36 Weights - Shell and Bundle Bundle Flooded
37 Accessories: Shell ReHef Valve Tube Side Relief Valve
38 Shell Gage Glass
39 Method of Tube Attachment (Rolled) (Welded)

•
40 Remarks:
41
42
43

70
 Heat Exchange Institute, Inc.

• PUBLICATION LIST
TITLE
Standards for Closed Feedwater Heaters,
7th Edition, 1998
Standards and Typical Specifications
for Deaerators,
6th Edition, 1998
Performance Standards for Liquid Ring
Vacuum Pumps,
2nd Edition, 2000 (R 1994)
Standards for Direct Contact Barometric
and Low Level Condensers,
7th Edition, 1995
Standards for Steam Jet Vacuum Systems,
5th Edition, 2000 (R 1995)
Standards for Power Plant Heat Exchangers,
4th Edition, 1998
Standards for Steam Surface Condensers,
9th Edition, 1995
Addendum 1 Standards for Steam Surface

•
Condensers,
9th Edition, 2002

1300 Sumner Avenue

Cleveland, Ohio 44115-2851
216-241-7333
FAX: 216-241-0105
www.heatexchange.org
e-mail: hei@heatexchange.org

71