Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGINEERING
1
The Environment and its
domains
Solid and
Hazardous
Air Pollution Waste
and Control Management
Atmosphere Lithosphere
Hydrosphere Biosphere
Water and
wastewater Public
treatment Health and
Ecology 2
Sustainable development
• Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
• Implications:
• Societal emphasis has to shift from a
destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy
of the Commons) to one that fosters long-
long-term
protection of the environment and its inhabitants
(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)
• Two conflicting objectives have to be reconciled
– improving quality of life vs. protecting the
environment 3
Driving forces for sustainability
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What is environmental engineering?
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Scope of environmental engineering
Pollution Control
identify sources of pollutants,
understand fate and transport of pollutants, and
design and engineer solutions
Environmental Impact Assessment
Assess short-
short-term and long
long--term impacts of current
and proposed projects
Environmental Auditing
Inventory of mass and energy for any facility to
minimize waste and inefficiency
Environmental Risk Assessment
Minimize risks to public health and environment
Environmental Management
Optimization of systems with due regard to user
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expectations
Evolution of the discipline
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More about the law……..
Year of Amend
Regulations notice ment
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 1988
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 1987
Environment Protection Act 1986 1991
Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989
Biomedical Waste Handling Rules 1998
Flyash Rules 1999
Recycled Plastics Usage Rules 1999 2003
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001
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What is a pollutant or contaminant?
10
Population growth
• World Population = 6.86 billion (US Census
Bureau)
• India’s population = 1.186 billion (Wikipedia)
• West Bengal’s population = 90 million
• Kharagpur’s population = 2.07 lakhs
India’s current annual growth rate = 1.34%
(World Bank, 2008)
1.000E+08
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
y = 2E-18e0.03x
R² = 0.995 12
1.000E+07
Time, years
Resource consumption
13
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Full.html
Power generation
14
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Full.html
WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTE
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Waste Management Hierarchy
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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Integrated
Solid Waste
Management
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‘Zero Pollution’
• Closed loop systems
• Waste from one process or
industry is used in another
process or industry within the
same facility or industrial estate
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Environmental Auditing
• Required by the law [EPA]
• Mass and energy balances
• Complete inventory of mass and energy for
the plant, facility or industry
• Helps detect inefficiencies, losses, and
waste generation points
• Evaluate options for minimizing waste
– Technical, environmental or economic
options
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Waste – to – energy (WTE) conversion
WASTE PROCESSING
FOR ENERGY
CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSING PROCESSING
AEROBIC
COMBUSTION COMPOSTING
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
GASIFICATION [BIOFUELS]
ANAEROBIC
PYROLYSIS
COMPOSTING
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BIOFUELS
21
http://keetsa.com/blog/eco-friendly/biofuels-answer-fuel-issues-what-about-food/
Plug flow anaerobic digester - US
22
http://web2.msue.msu.edu/manure/FinalAnearobicDigestionFactsheet.pdf
Bhadreswar Biogas
plant, Bhadreswar, West Bengal
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Food
Air
Water
Bioconcentration
in flora and fauna
Water
Heavy metal
containing
Soil ore tailings
Contaminated Sediment 26
Ground water-
water-soil contamination
– exposure pathways
Volatilization
Leaking
Underground
Inhalation Storage Tank
Ingestion of contaminated water (LUST)
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Bioconcentration factors
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Risk characterization:
Overall cancer risk due to As in water
What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with
arsenic?
• Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg
• Concentration in fish = C(water) x BCF
C(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kg
• If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for
30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is
CDI = 0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
= 1.1 x 10-3 mg/kg-
mg/kg-d
• Cancer risk = CDI x SF
(mg/kg-d)-1 x 1.1 x 10-3 mg/kg-
= 1.75 (mg/kg- mg/kg-d
= 1.925 x 10-3 or approx. 2 cancers per thousand people
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Risk characterization
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Risk management
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Environmental Risk Management
Contaminant concentration
or risk level
Detection limit
Cost of cleanup
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Civilization began with the felling of the
first tree and will end before the fall of
the last one
THANK YOU
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