ASSIGNMENT

Course Code CEC401A

Course Name DSM AND FEM

Programme Bachelor of Technology

Department Civil

Faculty FET

Name of the Student Arjun Rathod

Reg. No 14ETCE001005

Semester/Year 4th Year

Course Leader/s Dr. H M Rajashekhar Swamy

i
<Subject Title> ii
 Declaration Sheet

Student Name Arjun Rathod

Reg. No 14ETCE001005
Programme B.Tech Semester/Year 4th Year
Course Code CEC401A
Course Title Direct stiffness method and Finite element analysis of structures
Course Date 22/02/2017 To 03/03/2017
Course Leader Dr. H M Rajashekhar Swamy

Declaration

The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have
conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook. All
sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are fully
referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of University
regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the
Date
Student

Submission date stamp

(by Examination &
Assessment Section)
Signature of the Course Leader and date Signature of the Reviewer and date

iii
<Subject Title> iv
 Question No. A1

Solution to Question No. A1:

A1.1 Methods of assembly of stiffness matrix:
The stiffness matrix of a spring Figure A

Where k denotes the stiffness of the spring. Using this determine the displacements of nodes 1 and 2 of the
system shown in Figure B

We know that when the two springs are in parallel they can be replaced by a single spring. In Fig. (b) K K 1
and K2 are the stiffness’s of springs that are parallel. We can replace then with a single spring of stiffness,
i.e. Ks = K1 + K2shown in figure below.

Idealization:
Let the spring be considered as an assemblage of two elements. By assuming the system to be a one-
dimensional structure, we have only axial displacement at any point in the element. As there are three
nodes, the axial displacements of the nodes, namely, ∅1 , ∅2 and ∅3 will be taken as unknowns.

Displacement model:
In each of the elements, we assume a linear variation of axial displacement ∅ so that
 (e) (e)
Where a and b are constants. If we consider the end displacements ∅1 (at x = 0) ∅2 (at X = l(e) )
are unknowns, we obtain
(e) (e)
(e) ( ∅2 −∅1 )
a = ∅1 and b =
l(e)

Where the superscript e denotes the element number. Thus

(e) (e) (e) x
∅(x) = ∅1 + ( ∅2 − ∅1 ) ∗
l(e)

Element stiffness matrix:

The element stiffness matrices can be derived from the principle of minimum potential energy. For this, we
write the potential energy of the spring (I) under axial deformation as
I = strain energy- work done by external forces
I = π(1) + π(2) + Wp
Where π(e) represents the strain energy of element e and Wp denotes the work done by external forces.

Where A(e) is the cross-sectional area of element e, l(e) is the length of element e, σ(e) is the stress in
element e, ∈(e) is the strain in element e, E (e) and is the Young's modulus of element e.
From the expression of ∅(x) we can write
d∅ (e) (e) 1
∈(e) = dx = ( ∅2 − ∅1 ) ∗ l(e)

And hence

This expression for π(e) can be written in matrix form as

1 (𝑇)
π(e) = 2 ∅𝑒 [K (e) ]∅→(𝑒)
(e)
→(𝑒) ∅1
Where ∅ ={ (e)
} = Vector of nodal displacements of element e
∅2
𝐴(𝑒) 𝐸 (𝑒) 1 −1
And K (e) = 𝑙 (𝑒)
[ ]is called the stiffness matrix of element e.
−1 1
The work done by external forces can be expressed as
WP = ∅𝑖 ∗ 𝑃𝑖

<Subject Title> 6
Where 𝑃𝑖 denotes the force applied in the direction of displacement ∅𝑖
If the spring as a whole is in equilibrium under the load
𝑃𝐴
𝑝⃗ = {𝑃1 }
𝑃2
The principle of minimum potential energy gives
dI
=0
d ∅𝑖

This equation can be rewritten as

2
dI d
= (∑ π(e) − 𝑊𝑃 )
d ∅𝑖 d ∅𝑖
𝑒=1

∑({K (e) ∅→(𝑒) } − 𝑝

⃗⃗) = 0
𝑒=1

Assembly of element stiffness matrices and element load vectors:

This step includes the assembly of element stiffness matrices [ K (e) ] and element load
Vectors 𝑝⃗ to obtain the overall or global equilibrium equations.
⃗⃗ = 𝑃
[K]∅ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑂

Where [K] is called the assembled or global stiffness matrix = [K] = ∑2𝑒=1[K (e) ]
∅𝐴
⃗⃗ = {∅1 } is known as the vector of global displacements.
And ∅
∅2
For the given data the element stiffness matrix would be
1 −1
K (1) = 𝐾𝑠 [ ]
−1 1
1 −1
K (2) = 𝐾3 [ ]
−1 1
The overall stiffness matrix of the spring can be obtained by assembling the two elements
Stiffness matrices. Since there are three nodal displacement unknowns (∅𝐴 , ∅1 , ∅2 ),
the global stiffness matrix [K], will be of order three.
𝐾𝑠 −𝐾𝑠 0
[K] = [−𝐾𝑠 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾3 −𝐾3 ]
0 −𝐾3 𝐾3
The overall or global load vector can be written as
∅𝐴 𝑃𝐴
⃗⃗ ∅
𝑃 = { 1} = { 0 }
∅2 𝑃
Where 𝑃𝐴 denotes the reaction at node A.
The overall equilibrium equations

<Subject Title> 7
 𝐾𝑠 −𝐾𝑠 0 ∅𝐴 𝑃𝐴
[−𝐾𝑠 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾3 −𝐾3 ] { ∅1 } = { 0 }
0 −𝐾3 𝐾3 ∅2 𝑃

Solution for displacements:

If we try to solve for the unknowns ∅𝐴 , ∅1 , ∅2 and, we will not be able to do it since the global stiffness
matrix is singular. We will now apply boundary condition ∅𝐴 = 0
𝐾𝑠 −𝐾𝑠 0 0 𝑃𝐴
[−𝐾𝑠 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾3 −𝐾3 ] {∅1 } = { 0 }
0 −𝐾3 𝐾3 ∅2 𝑃
𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾3 −𝐾3 ∅1 0
[ ]{ }={ }
−𝐾3 𝐾3 ∅2 𝑃
((𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾3 ) )) = 𝐾3 ∅2 = 0
−𝐾3 ∅1 + 𝐾3 ∅2 = 𝑃
By solving these equations for ∅1 and ∅2 , we get
𝑃
∅1 =
𝐾𝑠

And
𝐾𝑠 +𝐾3 𝑃
∅2 = ( )𝐾
𝐾3 𝑠

1 1
∅2 = ( +𝐾 )𝑃
𝐾3 𝑠

Conclusion
Displacement of node 1
𝑃
∅1 =
𝐾𝑠

Displacement of node 2
1 1
∅2 = ( + )𝑃
𝐾3 𝐾 𝑠

A1.2 Motivations for development of FEM:

The finite element method has two main strengths
1. Geometry
2. Strong mathematical foundation

1. Geometry:
Very complex geometries can be used. This is probably the main reason why finite element methods
are used so frequently in industrial applications. Simulations of flow around cars and airplanes, oil

<Subject Title> 8
 reservoir simulation where the computational domain has cracks, structural mechanics applications
where stress and strain are computed for
complicated devices, such as a car engine, are just a few examples.

2. Strong mathematical foundation:

The finite element method has a very strong foundation in the theory of functional analysis developed
in the first half of the 20th century. This gives us access to powerful tools when analysing the error of
the approximate solution. We recommend you to read the courses Finite element method and analysis.

A1.3 Comparison of FEM and classical methods:

In classical methods exact equations are formed and exact solutions are obtained where as in finite
element analysis exact equations are formed but approximate solutions are obtained.
2. Solutions have been obtained for few standard cases by classical methods, where as solutions can
be obtained for all problems by finite element analysis.
3. Whenever the following complexities are faced, classical method makes the drastic assumptions’
and looks for the solutions:
(a) Shape
(b) Boundary conditions
(c) Loading
Fig. shows such cases in the analysis of slabs (plates).
To get the solution in the above cases, rectangular shapes, same boundary condition along a side
and regular equivalent loads are to be assumed. In FEM no such assumptions are made. The problem
is treated as it is.
4. When material property is not isotropic, solutions for the problems become very difficult in classical
method. Only few simple cases have been tried successfully by researchers. FEM can handle
structures with anisotropic properties also without any difficulty.
5. If structure consists of more than one material, it is difficult to use classical method, but finite
element can be used without any difficulty.
6. Problems with material and geometric non-linearities can not be handled by classical methods.
There is no difficulty in FEM.
Hence FEM is superior to the classical methods only for the problems involving a number of complexities
which cannot be handled by classical methods without making drastic assumptions. For all regular
problems,
the solutions by classical methods are the best solutions. Infact, to check the validity of the FEM programs

<Subject Title> 9
developed, the FEM solutions are compared with the solutions by classical methods for standard problems.

A1.4 Conclusion:
Displacement of node 1
𝑃
∅1 =
𝐾𝑠

Displacement of node 2
1 1
∅2 = ( +𝐾 )𝑃
𝐾3 𝑠

Question No. B1

Solution to Question No. B1:

Analyze Continuous beam shown in Figure1 by Direct stiffness method. Draw SFD, BMD and
elastic curve.

<Subject Title> 10
Solution
Step 1: Discretization
Equilibrium equations
𝑀1 𝑘 𝑘12 𝜃𝐴
[ ] = [ 11 ][ ]
𝑀2 𝑘21 𝑘22 𝜃𝐵

Step 2: Element Stiffness Matrices

4𝐸𝐼⁄ 2𝐸𝐼⁄
[𝑘] = [ 𝑙 𝑙]
2𝐸𝐼⁄ 4𝐸𝐼⁄
𝑙 𝑙
Beam element 1 (AB)
𝐸𝐼 4 2
[𝑘]𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
12 2 4
0.3333 0.1666
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.1666 0.3333
Beam element 2 (BC)
𝐸𝐼 4 2
[𝑘]𝐵𝐶 = [ ]
12 2 4
0.3333 0.1666
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.1666 0.3333
Beam element 3 (CD)
𝐸𝐼 4 2
[𝑘]𝐶𝐷 = [ ]
8 2 4
0.5 0.25
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.25 0.5

Step 3: Assembly of global stiffness matrix

𝑘11 = [𝑘11 ]1 + [𝑘11 ]2 + [𝑘11 ]3
= 0.3333EI + 0.3333EI + 0
= 0.6666EI
𝑘21 = [𝑘21 ]1 + [𝑘21 ]2 + [𝑘21 ]3
= 0 + 0.1667EI + 0
= 0.1666EI
𝑘12 = [𝑘12 ]1 + [𝑘12 ]2 + [𝑘12 ]3
= 0 + 0.1666EI + 0
= 0.1666EI

<Subject Title> 11
𝑘22 = [𝑘22 ]1 + [𝑘22 ]2 + [𝑘22 ]3
= 0 + 0.3333EI + 0.5EI
= 0.8333EI

[𝒌] = 𝑬𝑰 [𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔]

𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑

Step 4: Assembly of global load value

[𝑷] = [𝑷𝑵 ] − [𝑷𝑭𝑬𝑴 ]
𝑀1 𝑀 𝑀
[ ] = [ 1𝑁 ] − [ 1𝐹𝐸𝑀 ]
𝑀2 𝑀2𝑁 𝑀2𝐹𝐸𝑀
𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 0
𝑊𝑙2 20∗122
𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 = − =− = −240
12 12
𝑊𝑙2 20∗122
𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 = = = 240
12 12
𝑊𝑙 5∗8
𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐷 = − =− = −8
8 8
𝑊𝑙 5∗8
𝑀𝐹𝐷𝐶 = = =8
8 8
𝑀1𝑁 0
[ ]=[ ]
𝑀2𝑁 0
𝑀1𝐹𝐸𝑀 𝑀 − 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 0 − 240 −240
[ ] = [ 𝐹𝐵𝐴 ]=[ ]=[ ]
𝑀2𝐹𝐸𝑀 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 − 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐷 240 − 5 235
𝑀1 0 −240 240
[ ]=[ ]−[ ]=[ ] 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀2 0 220 −235

Step 5: Solve for unknowns

[𝒌][𝑫] = [𝑷]
0.6666 0.1666 𝜃𝐴 240
𝐸𝐼 [ ][ ] = [ ]
0.1666 0.6666 𝐵𝜃 −235
𝜃𝐴 1 453.16
[ ]= [ ]
𝜃𝐵 𝐸𝐼 −372.61

Step 4: Member end forces

𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀 4 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴
[ ] = [ 𝐹𝐴𝐵 ] + [ ] [ ]
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 2 4 𝑙 𝜃𝐵
For span AB
𝑀𝐴𝐵 0 0.3333 0.1666 0 1
[ ] = [ ] + 𝐸𝐼 [ ][ ]
𝑀𝐵𝐴 0 0.1666 0.3333 453.16 𝐸𝐼

<Subject Title> 12
 75.496
=[ ]
151.03
For span BC
𝑀𝐵𝐶 −240 0.3333 0.1666 453.16 1
[ ]=[ ] + 𝐸𝐼 [ ][ ]
𝑀𝐶𝐵 240 0.1666 0.3333 −372.61 𝐸𝐼
−240 151.03 − 62.07 −240 88.96
=[ ]+[ ]=[ ]+[ ]
240 75.49 − 124.19 240 −48.7
−151.04
=[ ]
191.3
For span CD
𝑀𝐶𝐷 −5 0.5 0.25 −372.61 1
[ ] = [ ] + 𝐸𝐼 [ ][ ]
𝑀𝐷𝐶 5 0.25 0.5 0 𝐸𝐼
−5 −186.30
=[ ]+[ ]
5 −93.15
−191.3
=[ ]
−88.15

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 75.496 𝑘𝑁/𝑚,

𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 151.03 𝑘𝑁/𝑚,
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −151.04 𝑘𝑁/𝑚,
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 191.3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚,
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −191.3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚,
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = −88.15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚,

Question No. B2

Solution to Question No. B2:

Case 1:
5 24
The supports yield providing clockwise reaction of 𝐸𝐼 at A and downward settlements equal to 𝐸𝐼 at B and
12
𝐸𝐼
at C

<Subject Title> 13
YEILDING
Step 1 : discretization and kinematic Indeterminacy

𝜃𝐵 , 𝜃𝐶
𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
4 24 12
∆𝐴 = ∆𝐵 = ∆𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Step 2 : element stiffness matrices
𝑀1 𝐾 𝐾12 𝜃𝐵
{ } = [ 11 ]{ }
𝑀2 𝐾21 𝐾22 𝜃𝐶
Element 1
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = [ 𝐿 𝐿 ]
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
𝐿 2 4
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
4 2 4
1 0.5
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.5 1
Element 2
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = [ 𝐿 𝐿 ]
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
𝐿 2 4
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
6 2 4
0.66 0.33
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.33 0.66
Step 3: Assembly of global stiffness matrices
𝐾11 = (𝐾11 )1 + (𝐾11 )2
= 1𝐸𝐼 + 0.66𝐸𝐼 = 1.66𝐸𝐼
𝐾21 = (𝐾21 )1 + (𝐾21 )2
= 0 + 0.33𝐸𝐼 = 0.33𝐸𝐼
𝐾12 = (𝐾12 )1 + (𝐾12 )2
= 0 + 0.33𝐸𝐼 = 0.33𝐸𝐼
𝐾22 = (𝐾22 )1 + (𝐾22 )2
= 0 + 0.66𝐸𝐼 = 0.66𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = 𝐸𝐼 [1.66 0.33]
0.33 0.66
Step 4: force vector
{𝑃} = {𝑃𝑁 } − {𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 }
𝑃 𝑃
= { 1𝑁 } − { 1𝐹𝐸𝑀 }
𝑃2𝑁 𝑃2𝐹𝐸𝑀
0 𝑀 + 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴
𝑃𝑁 = { } 𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 = { 𝐹𝐵𝐴 }
0 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵
Fixed end moments

<Subject Title> 14
 −𝑃𝑙 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 = + 𝜃𝐴 − 2 ∆
8 𝑙 𝑙
4𝐸𝐼 4 6𝐸𝐼 24
= −2.5 + − 2
4 𝐸𝐼 4 𝐸𝐼
= −2.5 + 4 − 9 = −7.5
𝑃𝑙 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 = + 𝜃𝐵 − 2 ∆
8 𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 24 6𝐸𝐼 24
= 2.5 + − 2
4 𝐸𝐼 4 𝐸𝐼
= 2.5 + 12 − 9 = 5.5
𝑤𝑙 2 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 = − + 𝜃𝐵 − 2 ∆
12 𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 24 6𝐸𝐼 12
= −12 + − 2
6 𝐸𝐼 6 𝐸𝐼
= −12 + 8 − 2 = −6
𝑤𝑙 2 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 = + 𝜃𝐶 − 2 ∆
12 𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 4 6𝐸𝐼 12
= 12 + − 2
6 𝐸𝐼 6 𝐸𝐼
= 12 + 1.33 − 2 = 11.33
𝑀 − 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 = { 𝐹𝐵𝐴 }
𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵
5.5 − 6 −0.5
={ }={ }
11.33 11.33
Step 5: solve for unknown
[𝐾]{∆} = {𝑃}
1.66 0.33 𝜃𝐵 0.5
𝐸𝐼 [ ]{ } = { }
0.33 0.66 𝐶𝜃 −11.33

1.66𝜃𝐵 + 0.33𝜃𝐶 = 0.5

0.33𝜃𝐵 + 0.66𝜃𝐶 = −11.33
𝜃𝐵 = 4.123
𝜃𝑐 = −19.22
𝜃𝐵 4.123 1
{ }={ }
𝜃𝐶 −19.22 𝐸𝐼
Step 6: member end moments
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀 4 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴
{ } = { 𝐹𝐴𝐵 } + [ ] { }
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 2 4 𝑙 𝜃𝐵
−7.5 4 2 𝐸𝐼 0 1
={ }+[ ] { }
5.5 2 4 4 4.123 𝐸𝐼
−7.5 1 0.5 0
={ }+[ ]{ }
5.5 0.5 1 4.123
−5.4
={ }
9.62
𝑀 𝑀 4 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐵
{ 𝐵𝐶 } = { 𝐹𝐵𝐶 } + [ ] { }
𝑀𝐶𝐵 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 2 4 𝑙 𝜃𝐶
−6 4 2 𝐸𝐼 4.123 1
={ }+[ ] { }
11.33 2 4 6 −19.22 𝐸𝐼
−6 0.66 0.33 4.123
={ }+[ ]{ }
11.33 0.33 0.66 −19.22

<Subject Title> 15
 −6 2.72 − 6.34
={ }+{ }
11.33 1.36 − 12.69
−9.62
={ }
0

Case 2:

Step 1 : discretization and kinematic indeterminacy

𝜃𝐵 , 𝜃𝐶
𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
∆𝐴 = ∆𝐵 = ∆𝐶 = 0
𝜃𝐴 = 0
Step 2 : element stiffness matrices
𝑀1 𝐾 𝐾12 𝜃𝐵
{ } = [ 11 ]{ }
𝑀2 𝐾21 𝐾22 𝜃𝐶
Element 1
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = [ 𝐿 𝐿 ]
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
𝐿 2 4
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
4 2 4
1 0.5
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.5 1
Element 2
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = [ 𝐿 𝐿 ]
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
𝐿 2 4
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
6 2 4
0.66 0.33
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.33 0.66
Step 3: Assembly of global stiffness matrices
𝐾11 = (𝐾11 )1 + (𝐾11 )2
= 1𝐸𝐼 + 0.66𝐸𝐼 = 1.66𝐸𝐼
𝐾21 = (𝐾21 )1 + (𝐾21 )2
= 0 + 0.33𝐸𝐼 = 0.33𝐸𝐼
𝐾12 = (𝐾12 )1 + (𝐾12 )2
= 0 + 0.33𝐸𝐼 = 0.33𝐸𝐼
𝐾22 = (𝐾22 )1 + (𝐾22 )2
= 0 + 0.66𝐸𝐼 = 0.66𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = 𝐸𝐼 [1.66 0.33]
0.33 0.66
Step 4: force vector
{𝑃} = {𝑃𝑁 } − {𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 }

<Subject Title> 16
 𝑃1𝑁 𝑃
={ } − { 1𝐹𝐸𝑀 }
𝑃2𝑁 𝑃2𝐹𝐸𝑀
0 𝑀 − 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝑃𝑁 = { } 𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 = { 𝐹𝐵𝐴 }
0 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵
Fixed end moments
2.5 − 12 −9.5
𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 = { }={ }
12 12
0 −9.5
={ }−{ }
0 12
{𝑃} = { 9.5 }
−12
Step 5: solve for unknown
[𝐾]{∆} = {𝑃}
1.66 0.33 𝜃𝐵 9.5
𝐸𝐼 [ ]{ } = { }
0.33 0.66 𝐶 𝜃 −12

1.66𝜃𝐵 + 0.33𝜃𝐶 = 10
0.33𝜃𝐵 + 0.66𝜃𝐶 = −12
𝜃𝐵 = 10.36𝑚𝑚
𝜃𝑐 = −23.36𝑚𝑚
𝜃𝐵 10.36 1
{ }={ }
𝜃𝐶 −23.36 𝐸𝐼
Step 6: member end moments
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀 4 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴
{ } = { 𝐹𝐴𝐵 } + [ ] { }
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 2 4 𝑙 𝜃𝐵
−2.5 4 2 𝐸𝐼 0 1
={ }+[ ] { }
2.5 2 4 4 10.36 𝐸𝐼
−2.5 1 0.5 0
={ }+[ ]{ }
2.5 0.5 1 10.36
−2.5 0 + 5.18
={ }+{ }
2.5 0 + 10.36
2.68
={ }
12.86
𝑀 𝑀 4 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐵
{ 𝐵𝐶 } = { 𝐹𝐵𝐶 } + [ ] { }
𝑀𝐶𝐵 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 2 4 𝑙 𝜃𝐶
−12 4 2 𝐸𝐼 10.36 1
={ }+[ ] { }
12 2 4 6 −23.36 𝐸𝐼
−12 0.66 0.33 10.36
={ }+[ ]{ }
12 0.33 0.66 −23.36
−12 6.83 − 7.70
={ }+{ }
12 3.41 − 15.41
−12.87
={ }
0

<Subject Title> 17
 Question No. B3

Solution to Question No. B3:

Question No. B4

Solution to Question No. B4:

Find Length:
 From 1 to 4
2.166 m
 From 1 to 2
2.5 m
 From 1 to 3

√2.1662 + 2.52 = 3.30 𝑚

1) Discretization:

<Subject Title> 18
 Choosing of Co-Ordinate:
Member Node 1 Node 2 Node 1 Node 1 C S
Co-Ordinate Co-Ordinate 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑌2 − 𝑌1
𝑙 𝑙
𝑋1 𝑌1 𝑋2 𝑌2
1 (2.5) A B 0 0 2.5 0 1 0
2 (3.3) A C 0 0 2.5 2.166 0.75 0.656
3 (2.166) A D 0 0 0 2.166 0 1
4 (2.5) D C 0 2.166 2.5 2.166 1 0
5 (3.3) D B 0 2.166 2.5 0 0.75 -0.656
6 (2.166) B C 2.5 0 2.5 2.166 0 1

2) Stiffness matrix of element:

C2 CS −C2 −CS
𝐴𝐸 CS S2 −CS −S2
[𝐾] =
𝑙
−C2 −CS C2 CS
2
[−CS −S CS S2 ]
At Element/Member No.1
C=1 S=0 1 2 6 5
1 0 −1 0 1
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]1 = [ 0 0 0 0 ]2
2.5 −1 0 1 0 6
0 0 0 0 5

1 2 6 5
0.4 0 − 0.4 0 1
[𝐾]1 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0 0 0 0 ]2
− 0.4 0 0.4 0 6
0 0 0 0 5
At Element/Member No.2
C = 0.75 S = 0.656
1 2 7 8
0.562 0.492 −0.562 −0.492 1
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]2 = [ 0.492 0.430 −0.492 −0.430 ] 2
3.3 −0.562 −0.492 0.562 0.492 7
−0.492 −0.430 0.492 0.430 8

1 2 7 8

<Subject Title> 19
 0.170 0.149 − 0.170 −0.149 1
[𝐾]2 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0.149 0.130 −0.149 −0. 130 ] 2
− 0.170 −0.149 0.170 0.149 7
−0.149 −0.130 0.149 0.130 8

At Element/Member No.3
C=0 S=1
1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 1
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]3 = [ 0 1 0 −1 ] 2
2.166 0 0 0 0 3
0 −1 0 1 4

1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 1
[𝐾]3 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0 0.923 0 −0.923 ] 2
0 0 0 0 3
0 −0.923 0 0.923 4

At Element/Member No.4
C=1 S=0
3 4 7 8
1 0 −1 0 3
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]4 = [ 0 0 0 0 ]4
2.5 −1 0 1 0 7
0 0 0 0 8

3 4 7 8
0.4 0 −0.4 0 3
[𝐾]4 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0 0 0 −0.4 ] 4
−0.4 0 0.4 0 7
0 −0.4 0 0 8
At Element/Member No.5
C = 0.75 S = -0.656
3 4 6 5

<Subject Title> 20
 0.562 −0.492 −0.562 0.492 3
𝐴𝐸 −0.492 0.430 0.492 −0.430 ] 4
[𝐾]5 = [
3.3 −0.562 0.492 0.562 −0.492 6
0.492 −0.430 −0.492 0.430 5

3 4 6 5
0.170 −0.149 − 0.170 0.149 3
[𝐾]5 = 𝐴𝐸 [ −0.149 0.130 0.149 −0. 130 ] 4
− 0.170 0.149 0.170 −0.149 6
0.149 −0.130 −0.149 0.130 5
At Element/Member No.6
C=0 S=1
6 5 7 8
0 0 0 0 6
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]6 = [ 0 1 0 −1 ] 5
2.166 0 0 0 0 7
0 −1 0 1 8

6 5 7 8
0 0 0 0 6
[𝐾]6 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0 0.923 0 −0.923 ] 5
0 0 0 0 7
0 −0.923 0 0.923 8
3) Assemble Global stiffness matrix:

K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18

K 21 K 22 K 23 K 24 K 25 K 26 K 27 K 28
K 31 K 32 K 33 K 34 K 35 K 36 K 37 K 38
K 41 K 42 K 43 K 44 K 45 K 46 K 47 K 48
[K] =
K 51 K 52 K 53 K 54 K 55 K 56 K 57 K 58
K 61 K 62 K 63 K 64 K 65 K 66 K 67 K 68
K 71 K 72 K 73 K 74 K 75 K 76 K 77 K 78
[K 81 K 82 K 83 K 84 K 85 K 86 K 87 K 88 ]

[K] =

<Subject Title> 21
  0.57 0.149 0 0 0  0.4  0.17  0.149
 0.149 1.053 0  0.923 0 0  0.149  0.130

 0 0 0.57  0.149 0.149  0.170  0.4 0 
 
 0  0.923  0.149 1.053  0.130 0.149 0 0 
 0 0 0.149  0.130 1.053  0.149 0  0.923
 
  0.4 0  0.170 0.149  0.149 0.57 0 0 
 0.170  0.149  0.4 0 0 0 0.170 0.149 
 
 0.149  0.130 0 0  0.923 0 0.149 1.053 

<Subject Title> 22